pression salient. From this a matrix is taken by the electro-
type process, and this, by a repetition of the process, furnishes
a block from which impressions may be had by tlie usual sur-
face-printing process. The use of the camera is now general
and preferable.

Trans-fer'ring-ma-cliine'. (Engrnrinrf.) This
machine is used by bank-note eugfavers to obtain
upon rollers cameo copies of engraveil dies, and to
transfer impressions from the rollers to the plates,
from which notes, etc., may be printed.

In bank-note and similar engraving, the views, portraits, and
ornaments are not engl'aved immediately upon the plate from
which impressions are printed, but
each design and ornament is en- Fig. 6(105.

graved on a separate piece of soft-
ened steel, which forms a die. The
dies are placed in a closed crucible,
with animal charcoal, brought to a
red heat in a furnace, and, after
cooling, are ready for the transfer-
ring-machine.




the die, making a cameo or sahent impression of the engraving.

The roller is then hardened, and is ready for delivering an
impression to a bank-note plate. The pressure of the roller
upon thel)late in the transferring-machinc is given bya syftem
of compound levers, and is regulated by the pressure upon a
treadle of the foot of the operator, or by a hand-lever. The
rolling is repeated again and again by rocking it back and forth
until the steel of the roller has insinuated itself fully into
every line of the die, whether heavy or light, and the larger
machines can give a pressure of 35 tons.

When a bank-note is ordered, the directors make choice of
the designs they require, each being on a separate piece of
paper, as printed from the die. The choice being made, the
arrangement is to be determined, and the rollers are then
brought forward to deliver their impressions separately upon
the face of the plate, which is attached to the bed-plate ot the
trausfcrriuguiachine. Thus each view, ornamental letter,
portrait, lathcwork, rosette, or star is transferred lo the plate.
The latning is then engraved upon it with the graver, or by
die By lettering is meant the name of the hank and such
matters. The.sc completed, it is ready for the printing-press.
See also Tr,vxsfer-press ; Bakk-note Esgratlng.

Trans'fer-lathe. {Goinincj.) For the purpose
of reduciiig large designs in relief, to proporliuiis
suitable for coin, a machine has been invented iu
France and iniijurted into the United .States Jlint.

If the design has been made iu wax or other soft
material, a cast in metal is taken of it, ami from this
copy, properly lixed in the transferring-machinc, the
ent'i-aviug is made ou the end of the hub from which
dkx are to be sunk.

The brass cast is fastened to the larger wheel of the machine,
and the softened steel plug to the small wheel on an arbor
parallel to the former These wheels revolve at an equal rate.
Across the front of the machine, opposite the faces of the cast
and the steel block, is a horizontal bar, pivoted at one end to a
standard on the bed-piece, and drawn toward the faces of the
cast and block by a spring.

On this lever are two important parts of the machine. A steel
stub projects against the face of the copy and a graver against
the face of the steel block. Now, as the two wheels revolve,
the cameo or salient design on the copy thrusts out the stub,
and the graver is withdrawn iu the equivalent ratio from the
steel. When the steel stub ti;ivcrses the flat face of the copy,
the graver does the same on the steel.

The relative distance of the stub and the graver from the
pivotal point of the lever-bar, to which they are both attached,
determines the proportion which the engraving shall bear to
the cast. The wheels having made a revolution, and a circular
chip having been taken from the steel, the outer end of the lever
is dropped a little, so as to bring the stub and graver to other
places, where the operation is repeated, another chip being
taken.' The operation thus proceeds till the whole face of the
casting and steel have been trav-
ersed, the latter being a "ropy
in little " of the former. The
roughnesses and graver-marks are
dressed off by the tools of the die-
sinker.

Trans'fer-pa'per. Pre-
pared paper used by lithog-
raphers, or for copying in a
press. See page 3 330.

Trans'fer- press. Fig.
6C05 is a bench transfer-
press, invented by George
W. C'asilear and George W.
Tichenor of the United States
Treasury.

The following statement of parts
will sufliciently describe it, in con-
nection with the previous descrip-
tion and the other articles,—
B.iNK-xOTE Enoe.\vino ; Steel-

PL.\TE ESGR.WINO ; CtC.
a, bed.
6, carriage.

c, carriage-lever, which gives the
^"T_ - . - - -_ _ motion.

:iil^^^=" ~ d, connecting-rod.

€, aojustable slide.
Bene). Tratu/cr- Press. /.wedge.



TPwVXSFER-PEINTIXG.



2Gi3



TRAXSIT.



§■, screw.

h, wedge-post.

I, division.

j, dog and spring.

hy slide and table.

i, railway.

r, roU.

);i, rocker for kveling the
roll.

71, screws for moving the
rocker.

Trans'fer-prinfing.



0, beam,
p. beam-box in which the

beam s«ings.
9, uprights.

r, screw for raising beam.
(, fulcrum.

u, adjustable fulcrum-rod.
r, check-nut.
tr. shaft

1, lever of fulcrum which
gives the pressure to the beam.

A name applied to the
jn-ocesses of an4xstatic prbttiiig, chcmUype, and paiiei'
conoyraphij.

In the first a printed sheet is moistened with dilute acid and
pressed upon a zinc \t\ate, which becomes etched in those parts
which have not been touched by the ink : a mixlun* of gum and
water being applied adheres to the etched portion?, leaving the
inked parts intact. On passing an inked roller over its surface
the ink adheres to the printing, but is repelled by the rest of
the plate, so that impressions may be taken £rom it in a copper-
plate-press.

In ehemitype a rinc plate is varnL=hed, etched, and the etch-
ing bitten in with acid : the etched lines are then filled up with
molten fusible metal, which is afterward scraj«ed down to a
smooth level ; strong acid is then applied, which eats away the
zinc, leaving the fusible metal in relief to print from.

In pa It f iconography the design is tniu.-ferred from a print or
lithograph, or else drawn by Imnd, with lithographic ink, on a
line plate. An inked roller being drawn over the plate, the
new iok adheres to the old, and is strengthened by being
sprinkled with powdered rosin. Acid is applied, which eats
away the xinc lK?tween the printed tines, leaving the latter in
relief to print from.

Traus-fer'rer. A base-plate for an air-pump re-
ceiver, which enables the exhausted receiver to be
i-emoved from the air-pump.

Trans-fu'sion-ap'pa-ra'tus. Apparatus for
transfusing blood from one living animal into the
veins of another. The iilea of renewing vital power
by the transfusion of the blood seems to have been
familiar to the ancients, and is found in the works
of the alchemists of the Middle Age^;, who imagined
that it might be the means of jierpetuating youth.

Various successful experiments were tried upon the lower
animals, but the first recorded ojvenition of the kind on a
human subject was by Dr. Denis of Paris, who, in June. 1G67,
injected eight ounces of arterial blood from a lamb into the
veins of a child-

Subsequently calf's blood was infused into the veins of a
maniac, who, shortly after, regained his reason.

These successes led to numerous other attempts of the kind,
but the general results %vere such that the practice was for-
bidden by the Parliament of Paris in It>^JS

The injections were, in these cases, performed bj' means of a
common syringe.

The operation was performed in England at the same period,
and was practiced by Lower, 1691.

"A man that the college [Gresham] have hired for 2C»5 to
have some of the blood of a sheep let into his body, and it is to
be done on Saturday next They purpose to let in about 12
ounces, which they compute will be let in in a minute's time
by a watch."' — Pepts's Diary,2\ Xov., Itj67.

The experiment was performed at Arundel House two days
afterward, upon the person of Arthur Coga. {" Phil. Trans.,"'
Ko. 30, page 557.)

Pepys states that, on the 14th November, 1606, the blood
of one dog was passed into the side of another, the latter
losiug its own blood by the opposite side. The first dog bled
to death ; the latter, whose blood had been substantially with-
drawn and substituted, recovered. He suggest* letting the
blood of a Quaker into an archbishop to amend the life of the
latter.

After the lapse of a century the subject was taken up by
Harwood, whose researches proved that blood could not be
trausfuscd from one animal to another belonging to a different
natural family without fatal results to the latter. More modem
experiments, particularly those of Prevost and Dumas, show
that the blood of calves or sheep injected into the veins of a
cat or rabbit is ^tal, and mammals, into whose veius the blood
of birds is transfused, die. The experiments of Milne-Ed-
wards and Lafond indicate that this result does not take place
when the animals belong to nearly allied species ; thus an ass,
whoso blood was nearly exhausted, was reanimated perfectly by
the blood of a horse

The ditference of results in these cases appears to be at-
tributable to the different sizes and shapes of the blood globules
in animals ; these vary much in different species, and later in-
veBtigations show that the blood of those species whose globules
do not differ greatly in form and dimensions from those of man
may be iigected without iigurions results.



Prevost and Dumas have shown that serum — that is, blood
deprived of its fibrin and globules — is of no effect ; while, on
the other hand, when the fibrin has been destroyed by agitation,
leaving the globules intact, strong revivifying effects are pro-
duced.

Fig. 6606 represents the process as practiced in Paris. The
bared arm to the left is that of the blood-dooor ; the other
that of the person into whose veins the blood is injected. The
blood flows from the arm of the former into a cup, is pumped
from the lower part of the cup, and forced through a canula

Fig. 6606.




TransJvsion-ApjnOTedus,

into the veins of the patient.

In order to prevent coagulation of the blood, the instrument
is immersed in tepid «^ter : the tubes used are of gold.

The aspirator is so arranged that no air can possibly enter
with the blood.

Fig. 6607.




AvtUfxg's Transfusion- Apparatus.

Aveling's apparatus is shown in Fig. 6607. The following
directions are given for using it: —

The appamtus is immersed in a basin of tepid water, and the
air expelled by compressing the bulb.

The arm of the patient having been bound, a fold of skin
over a vein at the bend of the arm is raised, transfixed, and
divided.

The vein is now seized with a pair of fine forceps, raised, an
incision made into it, and a bevel-pointed silver tube a inserted.
When this tube is t.iken out of the water it is kept full by
placing the thumb over its orifice. The arm of the biood-
donor being brought into close proximity to that of the re-
ciunbent patient, an incision, as in ordinary blood-letting, is
made into his arm, and the round-pointed tube b inserted
therein, by an assistant. The india-rubber part of the appji^
ratus, filled ^^iih water, and kept so by turning the cocks at
each end, is now fitted into the two tubes, the cocks are
opened, and the operation commenced by compressing the
india-rubber tube on the efferent side rf, and squeezing the
bulb c \ this forces two drachms of water into the afferent vein.
Next shift the hand from d to rf',and compiess the tube on the
afferent side, allowing the bulb to expand slowly, when blood
will be drawn into it from the efferent vein. By repeating this
process, any quantity of blood can, at a desired rate, be trans-
mitted, the amount being measured by counting the number
of times the buib is emptied.

Trau'sit. 1. {Astronomical.) The transit-in-
.strument is the most important of what may be
called the technical astronomical instruments. The
smaller and portable kinds are used to ascertain the
local time by the passage of the sun or other object
over the meridian, while the larger and more perfect
kinds, in first-class obser\'atories, are used for meas-
uring the positions of stare, for forming catalogues ;
its special duty being to detennine with the ^eatest
accuracy the right ascension of heavenly bodies.

In the latter case it consists of a telescope a supported on a
horizontal axis 6 6, whose extremities terminate in cylindrical
pivots resting in metallic support*! c c, shaped like the upper
part of the letter Y,and hence termed the "Y's,'" and imbedded
in two stone pillars. In order to relieve the pivots from fric-
tion and facilitate the turning of the telescope, counterpoises
d d are provided operatiog through levers e e, carrying friction-
rollers upon which the axis turns. When the instrument is in
proper adjustment, the telescope should continue in the plane



TRANSIT.



2614



TRANSIT.



of the metiiliaQ when revolved entirely round upon its axis,
and for this purpose the
Fig. 6608. axis must lie in a truly

east and west line. To
effect this adjustment its
ends are provided with
screws by which amotion,
both in azimuth and alti-
tude, may be imparted.

Fig. 6609 shows the tran-
sit of the UcUfield Observ-
ator/, England. The
frame supporting the axis
is of nu-tal, and rests on
the top of a pillar of ma-
soury .

All instruments of this
kind have a diaphragm,
consisting of a single hori-
zontal wire and a number
of vertical wires, pluced in
the center of the field of
view, and illuminated at
night by a lamp throwing
its light through one of
the trunnions, which is
made hollow for the pur-
pose, upon a mirror set
at an augle of 45'^ to the
axis of the tube, which
reflects it on to the wires.
At the extremity of the
other axis is a vertical
circle, provided with a
vernier, for measuring declinations. Levels are also attached
to adjust the instrument to perfect horizoutjility, bv to indicate
the correction to be applied to the observation if this adjust-
ment be imperfect.

The portable transit merely differs from the foregoing in
being mounted upon a metallic stand, capable of being trans-
Fig. 6609.




IVansit-Instrument,




VLkfield Transit

ported from place to place, and being readily set np at the
point of observation. The base of the stand rests upon three
foot-screws, by which, in connection with the levels, the hori-
zontal adjustment is made.

The transit instrument in the National Observatory, Wash-
ington, has an object-glass with a clear aperture of 5.^ inches,
and a focal length of h8 inches. Tt is mounted upon piers of
granite, which rest on a foundation of stone, extending 10
feet below the surface of the ground. The cost of this instru-
ment was .IP l,4S0 The object-gliiss was valued at S 320.

The transit in the prime vertical was made by Pistor and
Martins of Berlin. The object-glass of the telescope has a
clear aperture of 5 inches, with a focal length of 7S inches
The eye-tube carries a system of 2 horizontal mid 15 vertical j
stationary wires, with one niov;ible vertiral wire. This in- [
strument is mounted at one end of its axis, and outside of its




Engineers'* and Snrveijon,^ Portable Transit.

supports. It is reversed from one side to the other twice
during every observation ; and though it weighs upward of
1,000 pounds, so perfect is the system of counterpoises, and
the reversing apparatus, that it can be manipulated by a child.
The cost of this instrument was $ 1.750.

A transit-instrument by Bauer of St. Petersburg has the
eye-piece situated in the axis on which the telescope rotates.
A retlecting prism in the middle of this axis receives the light
from the objective and deflects it at right angles to its original

Fig. 6611.





TVoUgktOn^S Tr,in <

position. The observer is thus cnjibled to maintain an un-
changed position, always looking in a horizontal direction.

2. (EiifiinfrriiKf.) The survoyov's tninsit is a port-
ablf instrument of the theodolite kind, designed for



TRANSIT-CIRCLE.



2615



TRANSPLANTING-APPARATUS.



measuring both horizoutal and vertical angles. It is
provided with horizontal and vertical graduated cir-
cles, one or two levels, and a compass, and is mount-
ed upon a tripod-stand. See Theodolite.

Tran'sit-cir'cle. Troughton's transit- circle (Fig.
C611) unites the lunctions of the mural circle and
the transit-instrument.

The telescope is fixed between two parallel, flat mebiUic circles,
or ring:s, the exterior faces of which are graduated to 5'. These
rin^ are connected with the horizoutal axis by two sets of hol-
low, radial arms, so as to form two wheels 4 feet iu diaineter,
and are connected with each other by a system of transverse
and diagonal rods. The axis, 3 feet in length, consists of a cen-
tral cylindrical portion into which the spokes are inserted, and
two projecting cones resting on Y's in two stone piers. The
fiices of these piers coincide with the plane of the meridian.
The Y's are provided with vertical and horizontal adjustments
for placing the line of coUimation of the telescope exactly in
the plane of the meridian.

Tran'sit-in'stru-ment. See Transit.

Trans-la'tor. {2\k<jraphif.) An instrument,
such as a relay, for repeating a message upon a sec-
ond circuit when the line-current of the former cir-
cuit is too feeble to carry the signal to the ultimate
station. A repeater.

Trans -mit'ter. {Telegraphy,) The sending or
dispatching instrument, especially that under the
automatic system, iu which a paper strip with per-
forations representing the Morse or similar alphabet
is passed rapidly tlirough an instrument called an
automatic transmitter, iu which the contacts are
made by metallic points wherever a perfomtion oc-
curs, and are prevented where the pajier is unpierced.

The transmitters of v&Tious electricians agree in the respect
noted, but vary iu details. That shown is the Wheatstone, in



Fig. 6612.




Tran'som. 1. {Building.) A horizontal piece
framed across a doorway or a double-light window.

2. (Shipbuilding.) A beam bolted across the steru-
post, supporting the after end of a deck and giving
shape to the stern. The third, second, audjirst tran-
soms are, referring to them in the rising order, below
the deck transom. The wing transom is the sill of
the gun-room ports ; the /icioi transom is at the liead
of the stern-post and forms the head of the ports.

3. (Ordnance.) A horizontal piece connecting the
cheeks of a gun-carriage.

4. (Siirirtjing.) The vane of a cross-staff.
Tran'som-knee. (Shipbuilding.) A kuec bolted

to a transom and after-timl>er.

Tran'som-'wiJi'dow. {Building.) a. A win-
dow divided liy a transom.

b. A window ovt*r the transom of a door.

Trans-plant 'er. (Agricultural.) An implement
for remoWng and transplanting dowers, bulbs, etc.

In a, the blades may be used separately for digging or stirring
the earth, or pivoted together, to grasp the roots and lift
them with a certain quantity of earth attached, without drop-
ping the latter.

Fig. 6613.




The Wheatstone Transmitter.

which the perforated ribbon-paper strip is caused to advance
step bv step through the machine by the successive
grips of an oscillating cradle, regulated to advance
the paper a distance exactly corresponding to the
previous spacing of the holes by the perforator^ so
that by the action of a rising pin. elevated and de-
pressed alternately at each to-and-fro motion of the
rocking-frame, the message-ribbon is automatically
and mechanically impelled forward. Two other
springfonfacf-pinsareactuated by the same mechani-
cal movement, by means of eccentric cam arrange-
ment". Thus, when the perforated paper ribbon is
carried automaticaliy forward step by step, in rapid
succession, by the action of the central pin, if a cur-
rent-passing perforation is in position at the moment
of passing the paper ribbon with either pin, the re-
spective pin will rise through the hole and make a
metallic contact with the battery through the instru-
ment, sending a current into the line. If no per-
foration in the paper ribbon is in position at the
time of the automatic elevation of the respective
pins, they fall back by the compensating influence of
adjusting springs, and a mute movement is made,
forming an interval in the alphabetical system.

Trans-mit'ting Mo'tion. Items of in-
formation on this subject will be found un-
der the appropriate headings, embracing
details, such as shafting^ clutch^ pullet/,
hand, wheel, gearing, vire-rope, air as a
meaTis of transmitting viotiony etc.



Transplanting'Tools,



6 is a slight modification of the above ; the handles are held
together by the grasp of the hand or by a ring slipped over
them, c is a root-puller.

Trans-plant ^ing-ap'pa-ra'tus. A machine or
truck for removing tiees loi' Tejilanting.

In Fig. 6614, .^ is an end and B a side elevation of a machine



(?^^*,^j>,/?3*




TRANSPORT.



2616



TRAP.



for transplanting small trees, and drawn by a single horse. A
trench is dug arouml the roots of the tree, and the earth left
around them is surrounded by branehes of trees or staves which
are secured by hoops or other suitable means. When a sufti-
cient depth is "attained the earth beneath is cut away and planks

shoved under, Tim-
Fig. 6615. hers serving for ways
_^ are laid over the
- - 1 -^^^ opening. The rear
'^^-^"V^^^ transom of the ve-
4^^^ hielc is removed, and
^^^^ it is run in upon the
ways. Chains from
windlasses at each
end of the carriage
are passed beneath
the boards under
the roots, and the
tree is raised, being




parts of the material in contact with the cutters.
See Fig. 3796, page 1728.

2. (Metal.) A shaper or planer with its cut
transverse of the table. See next article ; also fig.
6150, page 2477.

Trans-verse' Shap'ing-ma-chine'. Fig. 6616
is a sluipiug-iiiarhine with a huri/oiitally reciprocat-
ing cLitter-huad on a pillar.

The cutting-bar has any stroke up to 8 inches, and quick re-
turn-motion. The table is moved up and down by a screw,
and is provided with chuck, center, and vise. Apparatus for
planing circular or any other form or shape is attached. The
feed is self-operating or by hand. See also Fig. 0150, page 2477.

Trap. 1. A snare for animals. See also Ani-
mal-ti;ap.

Fig. 6617 illustrates traps in use among the ancient Egyptians
for catching birds. They were generally made of network
strained over a frame, and consisted of two semicircular sides
or flaps of equal size, one or both moving on the common bar
or axis on which they rested. When set the flaps were kept
apart by means of strings which slipped aside when the bait
placed near the center of the bar was touched, allowing the flaps
to collapse and secure the bird. Another kind was square,
h.aving a framework running across the center and not around
the edges of the trap like the first.

Fig. 6617.



steadied by guys if necessary ; when raised clear of the ground
it is conveyed to the spot where it is to be replanted.

Fig. 0615 is an apparatus of the same kind for removing larger
trees, and requiring several horses.

These have been used in replanting the Bois de Boulogne,
near Paris, which was nearly destroyed during the Franco-
Prussian war of 1871.

Fig. 6616.




N4/^




Shaping- Machine [New York Steam-Engine Company).

Trans'port. (Xinifical.) A ship employed in
the Poiivt*y;ini'i' of troops or stoiTs.

Trans-verse' Plan'er. 1. {IVood-vmrkivrj.) A
plaiiing-machine in whii'h tlie cutters are caused to
move acro.ss or at right anfjles to the material hi'ing
planed. The usual practice is to adjust a rotating
head or arms horizontally and parallel with tlu* ])lane
of the .surface to he operated on, the table trav(ding
in either direction under the head, thus bringing all



Egyptian Trap-Nets {Bent Hassan).

Trapping for birds and vermin was corn-
men of old, the falling shutter and trip-
piiisx-pi-fp being the most usual kiud.

The rabbits (teberifies) of Spain were a great nuisance in the
time of Strabo, destroying both seeds and trees by gnawing
the roots. Tliey infested Iberia, from ('alpe to Marseilles, also
the G.vmnesian islands {Majorca and Minorca). The inhab-
itants of these islands petitioned the Romans for another
land. They were eventually subdued by ferrets from Africa.
(Strabo, Book 111}

Phny refers to similar instances of overrunning by animals,
in Lib. VIII. chapter 29. The inbabi(ant8 of Abdera, in