valve.
I Somewhat similar is the constrilction adopted by the Hudson
j Brothers in their steam-pump, and it likewise is applicable to
; liquid meters. The larger piston in its motion uncovers a port
. leading to the smaller cylinder; the pressure of water in the
; latter actuates the small piston, and this moves the valve. But
' one valve is thus used at each end of the double-acting appa-
. ratus. The valve-apparatus of K. C. M. Lovell's steam-quarry-
ing machine is thus constructed.
! George I. Washburn's engines, whose construction adapts
i them to be used as meters, are suggested by the foregoing re-
[ marks on the Worthington meter. In Wasliburn's, two pi^ton-
! .stems are used, reciprocating in their several cylinders, and
i each having a plurality of disks. 1 hough his numerous en-
! pines vary in details, the feature of a plurality of disks on pis-
I tons reciprocating in separate cylinders is preserved. In u.ost
I of his engines, the piston of each cylinder is alternately a work-
ing piston and a valve, each governing the admission and exit
I of .â– â– team (or water) to the other C3'linder, reciprocally. In some
other of bis engines, the valve-stem is connected by a reach to
' the working piston.
As it is not desirable to duplicate cuts in a work where they
are necessarily so numerous, we refer the reader to Ste.\m-
E.NGIKE, where the above and other steam-engines capable of
adaptation as wafer-meters will be found described. It is, how-
ever, proper to remark in this connection, that tliis feature of
making one reciprocating piston act as a valve to another simi-
larly moving piston is found in the old and the new steam-
hammer. The main piston in it*: descent, for instance, uncov-
ers a port which admits steam to a piston-valve, whereby the
steam induction is accomplished. See also Pimon-valve.
The Jojiling meter (English) consists of " two short, double-
acting cylinders and pistons, each cylinder supplied at the side
with a common D slide-valve, in appearance precisely like two
steam-engine cylinders with usual pistons and slide-valves, with
the only difference tliat the port in one of the latter is reversed.
These cyhnders are so placed opposite each other that the piston-
rod of the one at the end of its stroke can move the valve of the
other on the * tappet' mode, and vice vtrsn. The whole is sur-
rounded by a strong casing full of the water to be measured. The
mode of opei-afion is similar to tliat of \\'ortliington's meter,
with the exception that the pistons have no dead-water to carry
with them. The piston-rods, however, pass through stuflfing-
boxes, which in the \A'orthingtou meter is avoided. "
See also Fig. 2974, page 1328-
The Hicks meter is adapted from his ingenious steam-engine,
j in which the cylinders are situated radially around a cintral
space occupied by the common crank, to which their piston-
! rods are attached. The piston-ro'ls of opposite cylinders, being
i continuous or practically so, may thus be considered as one,
Fig. 7114.
! m-
Maxim's Archimedean- Screw
Water-Meur,
having a piston operating in two opposite cylinders, with a
steam (or water) space between them. The etfective strokes of
the pistons are made consecutively, each conmiencing a stroke
at each quarterly point in the revolution of the main shaft. In
the meter the main shaft is connected to a register which
records the revolutions, each revolution representing on the
index (in gallons, for instance) the sum of the capacity of the
several cylinders. No valves of ordinary construction are used,
but each cylinder and piston has ports so arranged as Xf) form
induction and eduction passages. Each of the pistons forms an
induction-valve for the piston in advance and an eduction-valve
for the piston in the rear
Chandler's meter (Fie 71U1 is one of the reciprocating-piston
class. The water, entcrinc by the induction-pipe a, jiasses
through ports b to tlu' interior of a valve r, having a reciproca-
torv motion within the piston, which consists of two heads d d'
connected bv rods / / ; Howing througli the ports//, it forces the
piston away from tlie head e of the ca*:e tqward the bead *â– ', the
water contained between the latter and the head d' of the piston
passing through the ports g- s between the valve and the piston
to the discharge- opening h of the meter. On approaching the
WATiiK-METER.
2742
WATEli-METER.
, the spiral spring k' on the rod i strikes agaiDst this
huad, reversiog
Fig. 7115. the iiioveiiieiit of
the valve by ineiins
of !i lever A, one
end of which is
pivoted in a slut
ill one of thestiiys
I and connected
witli one of two
elliptical springs
m buving a de-
pression in which
a collar » centrally
surrouucliug the
valve rests. This
movement of tlie
vatvo closes the
ports/ /"and opens
the corresponding
ports between the
valve and piston,
protiucing a re-
the water wliieh had
nd meter to
Fig. 7118.
Pif.ton fVater-Mt'ter.
Spencer's Piston Water-Meier.
verse movement of the piston, and causin;_
accumulated between the heads d e of the piston
tiow between the valve
and piston at that end
toward tlie discharge-
opening.
The piston-rod o is
connected with suitable
mechanism for register-
ing its reciprocations.
Fig. 7115 shows an-
other form of this me-
ter, having a differently
arranged spring and
rod for causing the
throw of the valve,
which is cushioned by
annular water-cham-
bers p p at each end of
the piston.
In a third modi-
fication, the valve is
shifted \\y a weighted
forked lever partially
embriioing it and con-
nected with the sliding
rod.
The Despers water-
meter has two connect-
ed pistons, a valve, and
registering-pinion.
In Spencer's (Fig.
7116), two measuring-
chambers fg act alternately to receive and discharge the water
The case containing the operating parts is tight, and is so con-
structed as to form the heads of the cylinders, whereby stuffing-
boxes are ilispensed with.
The pistons are connected to
the cranks of the shaft of
tlie eccentrics, which o)jerate
the slide-valves through the
medium of conue*' ting-rods
;( n See also Fig. 2'J74, page
1328.
Class 5. The. meier-wheel.
I largrave's meter ( Fig. 7117)
has two chambers B C which
are alternately tilted to be
filled with water from the
induction-pipe G G. The
water flows in turn througii
the pipes f g, the partition
D preventing its being re-
s ceived into the opposite
'chamber. When full, it is,
by its own gravity, assisted
by the weight H, which
rolls from side to .«ide on
the track 7, tilted until
the projecting stem of a
valve at its lower
angle strikes a stop in
the chamber A, which
opens the valve and
allows the water to
escape into this cham-
ber, whence it passes
through opening / into an air-chamber J, or direct to the
place of delivery In the mean time the other chamber is being
filled, to be tilted in its turn. The chambers B Care balanced
on a knife-edge e, and the induction and eduction cocks are ar-
ranged to be simultaneously opened and closed. See also LiuuiD-
METER, Fig. 2y"U, A
Meter-Whfel Water- Meter.
Pulsating- Diaphragm IVater- Meter.
Class 6. The pulsating diaphragm.
Baldwin's meter (Fig. 7118) has au elastic diaphragm dividing
it into two chambers, each having an inlet and outlet aperture,
the former provided with a valve «, and the latter having the
separate valves c' c'~. The diaphragm is centrally attached to a
sleeve o o' sliding on the rod 5s', and which, as it moves alter-
nately from side to side through the medium of the levers 22',
moves the valve « so as to close one and open the other of the
induction-openings. The same movement operates to open one
and close the other of the eduction-openings, a rapid motion
being imparted to the rod 5 s' toward the end of each stroke by
the arms x x', which have friction-rollers on their ends acting
against the wipers rr', and are actuated by springs y y. The
eduction-passages h i coalesce in a single pipe. See also Fig.
2970, B (two figures).
Class 7. The bucket and balance.
Weller's {Fig. 7119), though adapted for use as a water-meter,
is more particularly designed for oil , spirits, etc. It consists of
a box or frame A A, on which are mounted two ciisks of equal
capacity, and rocks upon a central pivot. Two levers H H' are
connected by chains i^ i^ to quadrants G G or their equtva-
Fig. 7119.
Balancing - Chamber Water -Meter.
WATER-MILL.
2743
WATER-PRESSURE ENGINE.
lents, which operate to open the induction and close the educ-
tion cock of each caj*k when it is tilted into elevated position,
and vice versa. When a cask becomes filled, its weight over-
comes that of the empty cask and (hat of a ball /, which runs
in ways, and is then at the depressed end of the box ; but as that
end ritJes, the ball rolls toward the other end, and, striking the
lever Wat that end, causes it to pull the chain so as to open
the eduction and close the induction cock of the lower cask,
while opening the induction and closing the eduction cocks of
the upper one. The flexible discharge-tubes K K belonging to
each cask coalesce in a single tube.
An adjusting-ball B' is provided for graduating the prepon-
denince of the ends of the box, to adapt the meter for liiiuids
of dilTcrent gravities. See also Fig. 2973.
Wa'ter-mill, Water-mills were probably in-
vented ill Asia.
One is described near one of the palaces of Jlithri-
dates of Pontus, 70 B. c. See Guinding-mill.
Strabo speaks of one on the Tiber, 70 B. c.
Antipatei-, the contemporary of Cicero, alludes to
one in an epigram.
Vitruvius, 50 b. c, describes their construction as similar to
the lyi7ipnnum, with circumferential floats or paddles which
were acted upon by the force of the stream, driving tlie wheel
round. On the axis of the water-wheel was another wheel with
cogs, which meshed into the cogs of a horizontal wheel, ou the
upper head of whose axis was a tenon inserted in the millstone.
79).
Public
riiny refers to water-mills (died a. d.
Fig. 7120.
water-mills
Were established in
Kome in the time of
Honoring and Arcadius
{\. D. 39S). They were
driven by the water of
the aqueducts.
When the Goth Vi-
tiges besieged Rome,
A. D. 5o5, he caused the
water - supply of the
fourteen aqueducts to
be cut off, and reduced
the people to great
straits for meal. Pro-
copius says that below
thebridgewhich readies
the walls of the Janicu-
lum, Belisarius cxttnd-
ed ropes, well fiisteued
and stretching across
the river, secured on
both banks : to these
he moored two boats of equal size, separated by a small space
in which a water-wheel revolved and turned the grain-mills
erected on the boats. At different places on the river, where
the current was strongest, he arramred other mills, and thus
ground a sufficient provision for the city. This was in the
reign oif Justinian.
Fig. 7121.
Backus Waler-Mutor.
1 ning sewing-machine.s, organs, etc., being driven by
I watiT from the customary i.'ity mains.
' See also devices in RoT.vnv Pump, Rotary Steam-engine,
etc., which may be adapted to be driven by the force of a cur-
rent of water. This is the converse of tlie condition first
stated, where the engine raises the water ; as it is a mere substi-
tute of water for steam in the last-mentioued case.
Wa'ter-pack'er. { J TeH -boring.) A cap on the
, to]i M' a ])ipe to e.xelude surface-water.
i Wa'ter-pil'lar. A hollow standard and over-
! luin<< arm for supplying a tender with water. Also
j known as a watcr-cranc, from its form. It has a
revolving swan neck, and the valve is operated by
a hand -wheel, rods, and miter gear. Also called a
Watku-ikane (which see).
Wa'ter-pipes. James Watt devised sectional
water-pipes with flexible articulations to enable the
pipe to accommodate itself to the inequalities of a
river bottom across which the water was to be con-
veyed. He derived the suggestion from the articu-
, lations of the tail of a lobster.
i See Pii'E, for enumeration of kinds and purposes.
I *' The wat«r brought from the mountains of Cordova was
I conveyed to the palaee of the Khalifs, and thence distributed
into every corner and quarter of the city by means of leaden
' pipes, from which it tiowed into basins of dilTcrent shapes made
of the purest gold, the finest silver, or plated brass, as well as
into vast lakes, curious tanks, and amazing reservoirs, and
fountains of Grecian marble, beautifully carved. In this palace,
too, was an astonishing j^t d'enit, which raised the water to a
considerable hight,and the like of which was nowhere to be
seen in the East or West." — Makkaeis {Arabic), History of the
\ Moha?7imetJan Dynasties of !ypain.
Wa'ter-plate. One heated by water in the
jacket, to keep the viands warm. Count Caylus has
engraved a very handsome specimen of one.
Wa'ter-press. Anotlier name for the Hydro-
sT.vTic Pi;]:ss (wliieli s<-e).
Wa'ter-press'ure En'gine. An engine used
where there is a considerable fall of water of mod-
erate quantity. It is used in some of the German
mines. The watei- under pressure drives a piston in
i a cylinder, somewhat in the manner of steam.
The nnme is sometimes applied to the turbine-
wheel, which was lirst used on the Continent of
: Europe, and, in some remarkable instances, falls
of several linndreds of feet are thus utilized. See
Turbine; Hydraulic Engine ; Water-engine;
Water -MOTOR.
Fig. 7122 shows Schmid's oscillating- cylinder water-engine
(Swiss). The steam -passages are in the lower fuce of an arc
having its center at the trunnions, a being the main water-pipe,
and c d becoming alternately the induction and eduction pas-
sages.
Fig. 7122
Lane 'Water-Molor ^ attached to a Sewing' Machine.
T?7a'ter-mo'tor. An application of the water-
wheel to purposes of a domestic nature, such as run-
En^inc
The Coates and Lascell engine (Fig. 7123) is of the vertical
kind. The valve shown- at B C is balanced and self-packing.
The induction-port a is located at one end in one of two trans-
verse disks 6 at the end of the valve. These fit closely the in-
terior of the valve-chest c, and arc connected by a flat plate d.
A hollow trunnion e admits the water, which flows in the direc-
"WATER-PRESSUKE PUMP.
744
WATEK-PUOOF SAFE.
tion of the arrows into the valve-chest.
ing opeiiinjjs ^ serviug as
eduction-port;; tor tlie valve,
diffuses the prtv^fure. An
orifiee h oppo.-iite tlie hollow
trunnion admits water back
of the disk and nearly bal-
ances the end prt-ssure of
the valve, only sufficient ex-
cess of prfssurc being al-
lowL-a fo pivcU the washer
whidi keeps the joint from
ii-aUing. This pressure may
be relieved, if necessary, by
means of the set-screw/. An
auxiliary pipe and valve A,
opened by means of a sepa-
rate eccentric, are arranged
to give an additional sup-
ply of water when the pis-
ton has traversed one
A curved plate/, hav-
Fig. 7123.
Water- Pressitre Pump.
Water- Pressure Engine.
fourth of the length of the cylinder, so as to equalize the mo-
tion of the crank.
Wa'ter-press'iire Pump. {Hydraulics,) A
macliiiu* lor usinj< the pressure of a body of water to
raise a smaller iiuantity to a greater elevation, as to
the upper stories of houses where tlie pressure in the
watev-inains and regular service is not sulticient.
The pump is placed in the cellar of the house, attached to
the service-pipe between the street-main and the kitchen. All
the water used in the house passes through it, works its pis-
tons, and forces a percentage to a reservoir on the top story for
distribution.
It moves when water is drawn, and is at rest as soon as it is
stopped, so that the free use of the water in the lower part of
the house supplies that part which is higher than the city
pressure.
It may be worked with brook-water, the pump taking its
supply from a spring.
"Wa'ter-proof Glue.
Dissolve one ounce of gum-sandarac and one ounce of mastic in
half a pint of alcohol, and :uM one ounce of clear turpentine
At the same time a verv thick glue is to be prepared and added
to the first-mentioned solution, both of them heated nlmost to
the boiling-point, and stirred intimately together. After mix-
ture, it is to he strained through a cloth, when it will be ready
for use. This glue is to be applied hot.
â– Wa'ter-proofing. The process of rendering
any substance impervious to water.
Its principal application is to textile fabrics ; many solutions
aud compositions having been employed for the purpose, among
which may be enumerated petroleum; whiting and water;
alum, white lead,
and watiT : the Fig. 7124.
same ingredients,
with acetic acid
added; tar, for tar-
paulins ; oil, for oil-
skins ; a mixture of
boiled linseed - oil,
pipe-clay ,l»urnt um-
ber, white lead, and
pumice-stone , for
tarpaulins, coach-
covers, awnings,
etc. India-rubber
has now nearly
superseded all other
agents for water- ^x.
prootiug textile fab- ^*\)
rics. See India- ^-'
RUBBER.
Dr. Reimann's
process consists in
precipitating an in-
soluble salt, as sul-
phate of lead, in
the fiber of the
clnth by drawing it
through a tank di-
vided into three
compartments; the
first containing a
warm solution of alum; the second, warm solution of acetate of
lead: and the third, pure water, which is kept constantly re-
newed. The cloth is theu beaten and brushed, to remove the
salt adhering to the exterior, and finally hot-pressed and
brushed. Cloth thus treated, it is claimed, is rendered imper-
vious to water, but permits air to pass freely through it.
Wa'ter-proofing Leath'er,
A number of special compositions have been employed for
rendering leather water-proof by filling up the minute pores.
Among them are: 1. Boiled linseed-oil, mutton suet, yellow
beeswax, and rosin, melted and applied while hot to the leather
slightly warmed. 2. Linseed-oil, rosin, white vitriol, spirits of
turpentine, and white-oak sawdust. 3. Yellow beeswax, Uur-
gnndy pitch, turpentine, and linseed-oil 4 Two parts tallow
and one rosin. 5. Apply a coating of tallow to the leather, and
afterward a second coating of one psirt copniba balsam and two
naphtha. 0. Caoutchouc, boiled for two hours in linseed or
neatsfoot oil.
Wa'ter-proofing Pa'per.
Szerlmlev's process is as follows: a, 30 ounces of glue, gela-
tine, or size, and3 ounces of gum-arabic, are melted in 10 pints
uf liot water ; A, 20 ounces of soap aud 4 pounds of alum are
also melted in 30 pints of hot water, and the compounds a aud
h are mixed, constituting composition No. 1. ^ gallon benzole
1 and 1 giillon paraftine oil are mixed and heated, and 24 ounces
j resin melted in: to these, resin, oil, and copal, or mastic var-
' uish, may in some casirs be added ; the whole is boiled to a
nmderate degree of consistency, forming composition No. 2.
The article to be water-proofed is dipped in composition No. 1
' and dried, and aftepward composition No. 2 is applied with a
i brush or in other convenient manner.
I A water-proof packing-paper is made by first coating the pa-
! per with a resinous liquid; it is then painted over with a solu-
tion of glue and soot ; when this is dry. the water-proofing
i compound is applied with a brush. This is prepared by dissolv-
I in" '1\ ounces of shellac in 2 pints of water, which is gradually
j brought to a boiling heat,- the shellac being stirred until thor-
! oughly dissolved and softened, when i ounce pulverized borax
is gradually added, until the whole becomes intimately incor-
porated. While hot, any mineral color, as lampblack, red or
I yellow ocher, or umber, may be added : when cold, it is ready
: for use.
' Another recipe for water-proofing paper is to pass the paper
rapidly over aud in contact with the surface of a solution of
oxide of copper in ammonia. It is theu drawn in .succession
between two pressing-cylinders and two drying cyhuders. The
solution shghtly dissolves the cellulose of the paper, converting
it into an impermeable varnish.
Another recipe consists in soaking good paper in an aqueous
solution of shellac and borax. It resembles parehuieiit-pnper
in some respects. If the .iquious solution be colored with ani-
lilie colors, very handsome paper, of use for artificial llowcrs, is
prepared.
Wa'ter-proof Safe. A floating safe for marine
enierijencies.
Garlirk's water-proof safe consists of an interior and exterior
casing of sheet-metal, the space between the two being divided
into compartments which may be filled with cork or air.
Double doors provided with water-tight packing are used, so
â– \VATER-PROPELLER.
2745
WATEK-TWIST.
that in case of shipwreck or other contingency the safe will
float if thrown overboard, without danger of injury to the con- ,
touts I
Wa'ter-pro-pel'ler. A Rotauy Plmp (which \
see). '
Wa'ter-pump. An air-pump in wliich a falling
or ilrivun botly of water is made tliu* means of imhkint;
an exhaust current of air, or air and steam, from a
room, a vacuum-pan, a condenser, etc.
The aspirator of the liboratory is eonstructed for assisting
the filtering oper.inon by vvitlidrawini; the air from the lower
surface of the filtering: materi.il, so that the superincumbent at-
mosphere shall press upon the upper suriin-e of the liquid and
force it throu'jh the filter. (See Asimrator.) The device is
called Bunsfti's pump, also .S7*rrHo-i!/-|iunip
Its uses in niechauics. be - ;ides the laburatory and hospital
uses, are in removing steam from the steam-engine condenser
and the pan for evaponiting vegetJible extracts, notably the
vacuum-pan of the sugar-refinery. It is also used for obtnn-
ing an induced draft in varuum ventilatin'^-machines, and for
forcing a current in p'f.num ventilatin-i-maciiines. This niay be
etTected by using the natuni head, or by mechanically forcing
the water through the pipe into which the air is drawn by en-
tanglement with tlie passing \v;iter, on the principle of the diffard
injector, or by pulsalive or iptermittent action, as iu one illus-
tration under AspiRAtoa. See also TaocvR.
â– Wa'ter-ram. See Hyduaulic Ram, page 1150.
"Wa'ter-ret'ting. Tlie process of retting or rot-
tituj tiax or hemp liy steeiting in water, to soften
tlie mucilage which binds toc^ether the fibrous and
cellular portions. See Ri-:ttin"<;.
"Wa'ter-room. {Steam.) The space in a steam-
boiler occupied by icatei\ as distinct from that which
contanis steam.
According to Bourne, of the whole boiler-room, or internal
capiciry of the boiler, there are very nearly i water-room and
i steam-room. According to Robert Armstrong, there are i
water-room auJ h steam-room.
Wa'ter-sail. {XautkaJ.) A sail set in very
li^rlit airs and smooth water, below the lower stud-
dinLi-sail booms and next to the water.
Wa'ter-screw. A water-elevator on the princi-
ple of the Archimedean screw, but consisting of an
inclined axis with a spiral projection, rotating in a
cylinder whose lower end is suhnn^rged. There is a
loss of water between the thread of the screw and
the casing. It differs from the ordinary Archime-
dean screw in this, that the latter has a spiral canal
in which the Hange of the screw is united with the
casing, and the latter revolves therewith. See Fig.
4707.
â– Wa'ter-shell. An invention of Professor Abel
of the English oi-diiance-depaitinent.
It is a common shell or cast-iron cylinder filkil
with water, into which is fitted a small cvliii.l-r
containing a quarter, or, at the most, half ;iii
ounce of gun-cotton ; it is then hernictici
sealed : a few grains of fulminate of mercury :
pl.acc'l between t!ie gun-rotton and the fuse, an i
iL-i soon as the latter is fitted, the shell is ready
for firing.
"Wa'ter-snail. The Arcliimedean-
scvew punip. â– Also called the spiral
pump. Tlie spiial water-channel is
wound around an inclined rotating axi-.
and somewhat resembles the convolutiuus
of a shell, but ju'eserves the same latitude
wliile progressing longitudinally in the
direction of the axis of rotation. Si.'l-
Fig. 4707.
The iCdtcr-scrcvj has an inclined axis
with spiral projection, and rotates within
a cylinder whose lower end is submerged.
Wa'ter-ta'ble. A coping or project- ^
ing stone to shed the wet. It occurs on
the various stages of buttresses, tops of
batt'ements, etc.
Wa'ter-test. A test for the limpidi-
ty of water. Other ipialitative and quan-
titative tests concern the ingredients ; tliis, the
color.
Mr. King, city analyst, Edinburgh, employs a solution of
caramel, made by adding 10 grains by voluniu of solution of