employed in painting.

The dissolving of lead in vinegar to make a pig-
ment was known to the ancients.

Various methods have been and are used in its
numufacture.

Ry the Dutch process, generally employed in England, where
the inanufaoture was introduced about 1780, metallic lead cast
in star or circular shaped gratings 6 or 8 inches in diameter is
placed in pots containing strong acetic acid, over, but not in
contact with, the acid. The pots are imbedded in a mixture of
new and spent tan, and are covered with boards, over which is
another layer of pots also inibed'led in tan, and so on until a
stack is built up some 20 to 2.0 feet in hight. The process is
conducted within a covered chamber.

A double reaction takes place in confequcncc of the heat '
generated by the fermenting tan; the volatilized acetic acid
changes the metal into an acetate, which is converted into a
carbonate by combination with the carbonic-acid gas evolved by
the tan. The process occupies from 4 to 6 wt-eks.

In France, pits lined with masonry are constructed for the
purpose. Stable-manure is employed as the fermenting ma-
terial. A similar plan is adopted in Holland. IJelgiinn, and
some piirts of (Jermany. a (Fig, 7208, A) is a plate of csist-k-iid
rolled into spiral form ; this is placed on an annular Icdgi- in
the pot h, so as not to be in direct contact with the acefir acid,
and the pot is covered with a leaden plate c; the stock of pots
is arrangi'd as -■shown at d.

It is of great importance that the lead should be pure, conse-
quently siieet-lead is not used, cast-metal only being employed.
Any iron gives the pigment a tawny hue ; and if silver be pres-
ent, it becomrs dingy when exposed to the light.

Lead prepared in this way is afterward subjected to the action
of a crushing-mill, and then passed through a separator, by
which any remaining unconverted or " blue " lead is removed.
It is then ground in water, run through troughs arranged to
arr<'St any metallic particles which may still rcninin ; passed
into tanks, where it is precipitated ; and, finally, dried iu large
pans previous to being mixed with oil.




Zinc.


Nickel. Iron.


m


19




8.75


RO


10


7


(


25.4


31.6 2.6




Cadmium


5.5


19.8 4.7


'tor.


(Optics.) A re



White-Lead Pits and Process.

In the improved method, as practiced iu England, the lead is
fir.«t converted into litharge, which is mixed with a small pro-
portion of the acetate of lead, and then subjected to the action
of carbonic-acid gas, derived from the combustion of coke In
France, the process of Th^nard and Hoard is employed- Lith-
arge is dissolved in acetic acid, forming a solution of basic ace-
tate of lead, through which a current of carbonic-acid gas is
passed.

B is the apparatus employed at the works at Clichy. a, tub.
provided with a stirrer, in which the litharge is dissolved : the
acetate is drawn off into the tank 6, where the impurities st-ttle,
and j.s then allowed to tiow into the tubular decomposition-
ves?el c, where carbonic-acid gas from the kiln d, filled with
chalk 2i, coke 1 part, is, after parsing through the purifier e,
conducted by the tubes to points near the bottom of tlie liquid ;
when the process is complete, the supernatant neutral acetate
of lead is drawn off, and the white-lead, in the form of a semi-
fluid magma, passes into /

Sulphate of baryta is extensively used for the adulteration of
white-lead. This substance is nearly as heavy as the lead, and
is perfectly white, but not so brilliant. It has not the bmly of
white-lead, but is not so easily afTected in color by noxious
gases, white-lead being soon discolored by sulphureted hydrogen
gas.

The carbonate of idnc is a good substitute. See Zrsc.

For other proces.ses, see English patents: —

11,.521, of 1847, Charles R. Lothman. Vapors prodticcd in
the process of brewing and air arc introduced into the lead-
chambers.



WHITE-LE.U).



2773



■\VHITE-METAL.



12,246, of 1848, Thomas Richardsoa Finely divided metallic
lead is treated with acetic acid, steam, and hot air, in trays
lined with slate flags, at a temi»eniture of yO= to 100° F.

12,724, of 1849. J E. D. Kodgers. Lead is cast into sheets,
which are doubled, and hung on frames. Troughs on the tloor
of the chamber are charged with malt, sugar, etc. 8team is
admitted, through dilute acetic acid, in other troughs.

8,091, of lSo7, Edwin Uills. Lead ore, n»asled to drive off the
sulphurous gases which ai« used for making sulphuric acid, is
formed into stacks, and acetic-acid vapor introduced at their
bases.

1,411, of 1858, Brown and Young. Carbonic-acid gas is passed
through nitrite of lead, in solution. The carbouate thus
formed is li>Liviated with lime-water.

88, of 18»}0, George Hobinson. Chloride of lead is mijEed
with carbonate of ammonia.

1,288, of 18'jO, William Baker. Uses salts of acetic acid in-
stead ot the acid itself.

t>42, of 18ol, J. A Phillips. The carbonic acid is expelled
from lead ores by a dull red heat, and they are boiled in a
strong solutiou of neutral acetate of lead ; a current of car-
bonic-acid gas then cau.ses a precipitate.

2,427, of 1865, Peter 8pence. Ore prepared as above is treated
with a carbonate, then with caustic soda, and, lastly, with car-
bonic-acid gas.

1.4135, of l.St}7, William R. Lake. Chloride of sodium and
oxide of lead are heated, forming oxj'chtoride of lead ; the
Pctsty mass is treated with carbonic-acid ga5.

1,278, of 1867, A. M. Clark. Metallic lead is moistened with
the spray of acidulated water, and then treated with carbonic-
acid gas, under pressure ; the process is completed by treat-
ment with chlorine and carbonic-acid gas.

List of UmUd States Patents for White-Lead,



Xo.
66,139.



Xame and Date.
Fell* el a/., June 25.



No. Name and Date

Holland, Mar. 18, W,.

Clark.t % Dec. 4, '28.

95. Richards, Dec. 2. "36

160. Phillips, April 17, 37.
264. Ripley, July 11, '37.
767. Cumberland, June 7,

'38.
994. Holland. Nov. 3, ■38.
1,115. Button el al,, April
10, -39.

1.231. Clark, Julv 11. 39.
1,424. Clark, Dec. 5, '39.
1,535. Trovills, Mar. 31, "40.
1,744. Gardner, Aug. 28. 40.
l,8l>4. Cory, Oct. 8, '40,

3.232. Gaijner, Aug. 26, '43.
8,'292. Pattison, Aug. 12, '51.

12.616. Baker, April 3, '55.
13.657. Rowland, Oct. 9, '55.
13,931. Schwabe, Dec 18. '55.
18,'244. Hannen,Sept.22, 'oi.
19,771. Hannen,Mar. 30,'58.
20,731. Rowland,June29,'58.
22.036 Smith, Nov. 9, '58.
22,679. Smith, Jan. 18, '59.
23.815. .Mbert,Mav3, '59.
25,106. Erdmann, August 16,

•59
29,665. Brumlen. Aug.21,'60.
30.521. Maver, Oct. 23. '60.
31,'224 Brumlen, Jan. 29, '61.
a3,.337. Cary, Sept. '24, 61.
38.'283. Coblcv, Apr. 28. '63.
42,407. Rowland, Apr. 19, '64.
45,587. Coggeshall et oi., Dec.

27, '64.
46,705. Archer et al., March

7, '65.
48,099. Rowland,June6, "65.
48,'243. Baker, June 13, '65
51,018. Chadwick, Nov. 21,

■65.
52,144. Delafleld,,Ian.23,'e6.
53,093. Spence, March 6, '66.
53..583. Delaflcld, Apr. 3, ■&>.
65.'249 Delafield. June 5, '66.
66.1)8.5. Fell'la/,,J'lv24, '66.
59,135. Overmann, Oct. 23,

•66.
59,901. Fell* et al., Nov. 20,

'66.
59,902 Fell f( a/, Nov 20,66.
62,097. 'Van Der Wevde,* Feb.

12, '67.
62.130. Hanncn, Feb. 19, '67.
64,7*53. Hannen, Mav 14. '67.

66.137. FelUlo; ,June25,'67.

66.138. Fell et aJ.. June 25,^67. 155,5.39. Morse, Sept. 29, '74.

* Antedated,
t Reissued.
See also Ztsc-wHiTE.



66,140. Fell • et oL, June 25,

'o7.
67,99'2. Lewis, Aug. 20, '67.
70,930. Gattman,* Nov. 19,

'67.
77,818. Jacobi, May 12, ^68
80,16S. Haiinen,t July 21,

'68.
83..357. Bartlett, Oct. 27, '68.
85,796. Dale et al.,% Jan. 13,

'69.
86,8-35. Ilannen,* Feb 9. 69.

89.074. Reikirt, Apr. 20, '69.
91,267. lUpetti, June 15, '69.
91,466. .Maier, June 15, '69
92,816. Gattman, Julv 20, '69.
94,'214. Jacobi, Aug. '31, '69.

95.075. Bradley, Sept 21, '69.
95.097. Dwclle, Sept 21, 69.
95,201. Cuddy, Sept. 28, 69.
97,3-55. Dale ft a/., Nov 30,69.
97,936. Lewis e( oi.,Dec. 14,

'69.
104,434. Cuddye(a/.,June21,

'70.
105,431. Cuddv, Julv 19. '70.
108,433. Bartlett, Oct 18, '70.
108..571. Dwelle, Oct. 25, ^70.
109.125. Hatfield, Nov. 8, '70.
112.')l»i. Lewis. March 14, '71.
112,607. Lewis, March 14, 71.
112.1508. l*wis, March 14, •71.
11.3,014. Brumlen, Mar. 28, •7L
114.405. Burridge, -Mav 2. '71.
116,1504. Lewis, Julv 4' ^71
118,794. Davison, Sipt. 12, '71.
120,556. Wheeler, Oct 31, '71.
120,916. Wadsworth, Nov. 14,

•71.
122.404. Pollock, Jan. 3, '72.
125,153. Whiting, April 2, '72.
127,395. WTieeler, Mav 28, '72.
136.446. Mevlert, Mar. 4, 73.
137,474. Osgood, April 1, '73.
140,721. Milner, Julv 8, 73.
142,199. Bo>hne, Aug 26, '73.
142.419. ToUe. Sept. 2, ^73.
145,713. Armstrong, Dec. 23,

•73
148,862. Tuttle el a/.. Mar. 24,

•74.
151,166. Sevin, May 19, '74.
1.51.497. Mevlert, June 2, '74.
151.799. Ru'eger, June 9, '74.
154.61.". Brumlen, Sept 1, '74.



J Extended.

j Patented in England.



"White-lead Mill. A mill for grinding white-
lead, fiiliiT in a dry or moist condition.

Fig. 7209 illustrates an apparatus invented by .M.M. Hameline
and Besanijon, in which the production of flying dust, iiijurious



Fis- 7209.



to tbe health of the
workmen, is reduced
to a minimum. The
dried cakes of lead
are placed in a hop-
per a, from whence
thej fall upon an
eodle'^s band t> within
the chamber c, by
which they are car-
ried to the mill rf,
where they are pul-
verized- The powder
fills upon a sieve,
over which is a teries
of brushes connected
to and revolving with
the uiill'Spindle The
largrtT particles are
conveyed off through
a thaunel f, while
those which pass
through tlie meshes
fall on to a second
sieve with brushes,
the larger particles,
as before, being dis-
charged through a channel e' at the side, while the finer ones
pass through and fall upon an inchne, by which they are con-
ducted iuto a vessel /, which may contain oil, or where they
may be collected in the dry state. The chamber c has at its
upper p;irt a pipe #r opening iuto the shaft A, which carries off
such dust as is not condensed by means of steani-jets i entering
the chamber.

Fig. 7210 illustrates a mill for p-inding white-lead in oil or
water. The pigment having been sufficiently moistened and
mixed is fed through the hopper at the top, and is thoroughly
comminuted aud incorporated with the oil by the grinding
action of two grooved disks, the upper one of which is rotated

Fig. 7210.




While-Lead Mill.




While-Lead Mill.

by gearing driven by belt and pulley and the lower one station-
ary. The spindle of the upper disk is stepped in a lever which
, is adjustable by a screw-rod and hand-wheel to vary the dis-
' tance between the feces of the two disks, so as to regulate the
fineness of the product.

I White-leath'er. Leather tanned with ahini
and salt, which does not discolor the hide or give it
the brown appearance due to tanning by oak-bark
or otlier ooze. See Tawing.

"White-line. 1. {Printing.) A blank space be-
tween lines of t\*pes.

2. (Xauticoj') At) I'vfarrrd cord OT TOjte.

"White-malle-a-ble Alloy. See list under
Au.OY. specifically the list in 2d column, page 63.

■WTiite-met'aL " A temi usually applied to an
alloy in which zinc, tin, nickel, or lead is in such
quantity as to ^ve it a white color, if white be a
color, a-s it is for all reasonable purposes of descrip-
tion. See list, 2d column, page 63.



WHITENING.



2774



WHOLE-AND-HALF COMPASS.



■Whit'en-ing. (Leather-manufaclurc.) The pro-
cess of cleaning hides at the beam, by passing a
knife with a tine edge lightly over the flesh side, to
bring it to the elean and lit condition for waxing.

Whit'en-ing-ma-chine'. A nunhine for remov-
ing tile red .skin or cuticle from the grain of rice
after the onter husk has been hulled off.

The mafliine has a fitone of coarse grit fixed on a spindle.



like a grind.stone, and revolving in a sheet-iron case, punched ! ci'eased.



in form and adapted to clo.sely fit the bore, studs
and expansible rings being dispensed with. Cannon
and small arms, both muzzle and breech-loading, are
constructed on this principle, the breech-loading
form, however, being generally adopted.

Fig. 7212 illustrates one of the latest of Mr. Whitworth's
improvements. The gun is of cast-steel, compressed while still
fluid state, whereby the tensile strength is greatly iu-



witli holes like a grater, the protuherances of the apertures
being inward. A space of about 1 inch intervenes between the
stone and the case, and the latter has a door on the periphery,
at which the rice is introduced. The stone is rotated by a band,
at a rate of 250 revolutions per minute, and the case is allowed
to rotate slowly. The rice is rubbed by the stone, the grain.s
agaitist each other, and against the asperities of the casing.
The heat produced by friction swells the grain and bursts the
cuticle, which is rubbed off, and escapes, in the form of rod
dust, through the holes in the c.ising.

Kwhank's rice-polishing or whitening machine (English pat-
ent, 1819) specifies a pair of concentric cylinders, the outer
one fixed, and the revolving inner one covered with sheep-skin,
with the wool outward. The rice is rubbed between the two,
and the cuticle is thereby rubbed olf and the grain polished.

Shiel's whitening-machine (English patent) consists of two
wooden runners, covered with sheep-skin, with the woolen and
the flesh sides of the skin exposed to the rice, which passes be-
tween the runners. The wool intervening between the leather
and the wood gives a certain elasticity to the rubbing surfaces.

Whit'en-ing-stone. A fine-grained stone um
by cnttiTs.

White Pat'terns. (Dyeing.) In the India
baiiilanna hamlkcn hiefs the white spots are pro-
duci'd by covering tlieni with sealing-wax and tying
up tightly to protect them (i'om the action of the —
dye. European mannraotiirers employ a resist or
discharge for the same iiurpose, citric or tartaric
acids being largely useil for the latter object. The TL'-i
yellowish tinge which the white spots acquired
during the subser|uent washing was formerly provided
against by mixing cow-dung with the water ; the
phosphates of lime and soda mixed are now, how-
ever, used to |iroiluee the same result.

White-rub'ber. Caoutchouc mixed with such
quantity of any white pigment as to give a dead
white color to it. The ingredients are added in
combination with sulphur, so as to make a white
vulcanite when heat is applied. Oxide of tin, chalk,
whiting, etc. See Ivor.Y, Aiitifictal.

White-stuff. (Gilding.) A composition of size
and whiting used by gilders to cover woodwork on
whic-h golil-leaf is to be laid. See Gilding.

White Tom'bac. A white alloy imitating sil-
ver. Clipper, 14 ; zinc, 1. Arsenic to whiten. See

MllCK-SII.VlCK.

■White'wash. A milk of lime used for ])ainting
walls. Its extreme whiteness is sometimes moderated

by a little black
Fig. 7211.



A in a. vertical, B a horizontal section, C D end elevations
showing the breech in open and closed positions respectively.

The barrel a is strengthened by a reinforce band b ; in large
guns more than one of these bands may be employed. The
central part of the rear end of the reinforce is cut away, forming
a groove in which the breech-block c slides. The faces of this
opening have a series of parallel grooves J, adapted to receive a
corresponding series of teeth c f on the breecli-block, and by
which it is lield when pushed home in position tor tiring.
These grooves arc very slightly inclined to tlie axis of the bore,
so that as the breech-block is moved into this po.'ition it is
drawn up close to the face of the breech. The movement
is elTected by a levery", connected by interlocking projections
with a pinion g^ which gears with a rack h at the l>ottom of the
breech-opening ; .a pawl / dropping into a notch in the pinion
^ serves to hold it in place, but may be lifted to permit its re-
uiovai. The cartridge-chamber k is of larger diameter than



rig. 7212.





or other color.
An addition of
size renders it
nioi-e (hu'able.
White - wash'-
iiig-ap'pa-ra'-
tus. A reservoir
with roller ami
brush forwhiten-
ing walls and
ceilings.
The bibulous lar-
ger roller distributes the wash from the reservoir upon the ceil-
ing ; the smaller roller acts as a guide, and the brush precedes
to remove dust.

Whit'tle. .\n old name for the clasp-knife.
" A Sheffield whittle." — Ch.\ucer.

■Whif'worth Gun. (Ordnanee.) A kind of rifle
inventeil by -Mr. Whitsvorth of Manchester, Eng-
land. The bore is hexagonal in section and has a



Whitworth Gun,



W/iitewashin^-Apparatus.



the bore of the gun, and is somewhat enlarged at its bnse ; to
facilitiite the insertion of tlie cartridge a groove I or a circular
opening, cunvsiMinding in diameter to the cartridge,is also made
in tlie hroitli-hlocU : this opening receives a shot-guide in hav-
ing an apcrtun? through which the projectile is passed in load-
ing, and by which it is directed into the bore ; when in place
this guide is removed and the cartridge inserted ; to facilitate
this the rear end of the bore is very slischtly enlarged. By
turning the lever / the breech-block is tlien slid into firing
position and the gun is ready for discharge. Tbe interlocking
projections on the lever and the pinion g having a certain
amount of play allow the lever to act as a hammer to more
effectually start the breech-block at the commencement of tlii.<(
and of the return movement. A sfeel gas-check n is provided
to prevent escape of gas at the breech. It will be observed
that the grooves d are undercut to prevent any tendency on
the threads of the breech-block to separate the two parts of
the rein force-band which serve as guides, o is the upper end
of the elevating screw-link.

The nine-poundei" field-gun on this plan is made from a solid
ingot of steel, no reinforce-band being employed. Its length
is fi feet 2 inches; weight, 8J cwt. ; external diameter at the
breech, lOMnches ; muzzle, 4} inches; diameterof major axis of
bore, 2.72 inches; of minor axis, 2 47 iijehes; charge of powder,
21 pounds.

The rifling has a twist of 1 in 55 cahbers, and the ordinary
projectiles are 3A diameters in length, and are fired as east,
without being trimmed up. The carriage is also of steel, weigh-
ing 10 cwt.

Steel shot having their sides smoothly dressed up are fre-
quentiv employed with the Whitwortli gun, which is peculiarly
adapted for firing solid shot, though hollow projectiles are also
used.

Small arms rifled on this plan are better suited for liard
metal than leaden projectiles ; with the former great penetra-
tion autl accuracy are attainable.

"Whole. {Min'nKj.) "Where the coal has not been
wnrki'il.
Whole-and-Half Com'pass. A proportional

eompass liavinj::^ two pairs of k^g.s, one pair twice the
lon^th of the otheis, so that their re.spective reaches
are as 2 to 1. A kiiul of rcduciiiff or ciilnrging



very rapid twist. The projectiles are very elongated i compass. Tlie Herculaneum cabinet shows a pair of



WHORLER.



2775



WILLOWING-MACHINE.



such, and the same may be seen in Fico-
roni, **Gem. Liter.," tab. 6, 4to, 1757.
Such are also seen in the Pompeiiau col-
lection. Also known as a biscciinfj-
compass.

Whorl'er. A potter's whirling-table,
on which he shapes circular articles.

Wick. A bundle of fibers to lead oil to
the tlanic, where the oil is evolved as gas
to maintain combustion. It acts by capil-
lary attraction, and usually cousists of
a bundle of soft-spun motion threads.
Though the wick is usually charred, it is
not a necessary condition. Some of the
lighthouse lamps are made to overflow at
the- wick-tube, keeping so constant and
profuse a supply that the wick is scarcely
affected.

Small tubes of glass or bundles of wire have
been used as wicks ; asbestua was used by the
ancients, and is yet used by the moderns. Gor-
don's English patent, many years since, described
wicks composed of glass, mcUilIic wire, or asbes-
tus in tine filanieuts, formed into small bundles
and bound spirally with wire or wriip|>ed in wire-
gauze. The liquid is conveyed by capillary at-
traction in the fine interstices between the paral-
lel filaments to the flame.

Inventors have not entirely neglected the sub-
ject, as the following will indicate : —

Leslie, October 26, 1858. A wick composed of
a single yarn, double-looped.

Worteudyke, April 2(j, 1S59. A lamp-wick com-
posed of strands that have received a preparatory
twist in one direction are then spun in a contrary
direction with and coiled upon a thread, and are
Wfwle-anft- then twisted together.
Half Coin- Weeden, January 1, 1861. A wick composed
pass. of a single strand in a series of single loops.

McKee, December 23, 18(52. A lamp-wick made
out of pulp, and felted or hardened together, instead of being
woven, plaited, or twisted, and this whether the pulp be incased
in an outer protection or not.

Connelly, January 6, 1863. The wick consists of an outside
case or wrapper of linen, muslin, or other suitable substance,
folded lengthwise overa filling of loose rawcotton, cotton-yarn,
paper, pulp, or other substance possessing sufficient cjipillarity,
the joint of the outside case or wrapper being secured by a
narrow strip of thin uiualin or other material pasted upon one
Bide of the wick, where the edges of the wrapper meet.

White, August 28, 1863. A roving of unspun cotton, flax,
jute, or other vegetable fiber, covered with a coating of gluten,
by being passed through a vessel containing a solution of glu-
ten, from whence it is passed to a tube to bring it to the proper
shape, and afterward dried.

Larcher, July 7, 18t53. At the upper end of a common wick
is a section of asbestus, which is fed by the ordinary wick, with-
out waste of material.

Meucci, February 28, 1865. A lamp-wick made of paper
pulp, and strengthened by means of bobbinet or other similar
material.

Furlong and Long. April 4, 1S65. The wick is saturated with
a mixture of alum, graphite, and water, to render it nearly
incombustible

Noyes, December 19. 1865- The wick is made of closely
woven fiber, inclosing loose longitudinal fibers to lead the oil.

Le Count and Chard, February 27, 1S66. The wick is made
of wool or woolen cloth.

Topliff, June 19, 1866. The lamp-wick is treated with alum
and gum, to preserve it from combustion.

Le Count. October 30, 1866. Cotton threads run longitudi-
nally through the wick, to increase its conducting power.
Hoard, November 20, 1866 The wick is made of paper pulp.
Martiue, March 5, 1867. The wick has a core of wood, twine,
or some firm substance that will consume with the wick ; the
addition gives stiffness to the wick, and enables the teeth of
the elevating wheel to operate upon it more effectively.

Count Rumford invented the flat wick of soft cotton woven
for the purpose, of the right width.

Argand of Geneva invented the tubular wick and the lamp
named after him, which was the first lamp reijuiring a wick
of that character.

The modification of the Argand, invented by Fresnel, for ;
lighthouse purposes, has 4 concentric wicks, the outer one 3^ |
inches in diameter

LWnge invented the lamp-chimney, adding it to the tubular
wick and central air-tube of Argand.

The mosque of Cordova was lighted by oil-lamps and wax- I
candles, in the time of Al-Mansur. 75 pounds of cotton were |
consumed each month of Rumadhan. The number of brazen '



chandeliers was 280; the cups for oil, 7,425. The annual con-
sumption of oil, 125 kintars (12,.50(} pounds). The wax-candles
for Ramadhan, 3U0 pounds, with 75 pounds of cotton >«rn for
wick. The largest chandelier had 1,854 cups for lights. The
four large ones were only lighted on special occasions, and
burnt nrghtly 175 pounds of oil. — Makkari's (Arabic) His-
tory of the Mohammefla/t Dynasties of i<pain.

"Wick'et. 1. A gate, formed like a butterfly-
valve, in the chute of a water-wheel, to graduate the
amount of water passing to the wheel. It has a
central spindle with a wing on each side.

2. A small gate for foot-passengers.

3. A hall-high door.

Wick-trim 'mer. A shears for trimming wicks.
It has u.sually a shelf on one blade to hold the por-
tion cut oti'.

Wide-gage. In England, th^ gage of the Great
Westein liuiluay, 7 feet.

(-Hir broad-gage is such as the Erie. See Rail-
way-gage.

Wig. A false head of hair ; the hair is fastened
into a fabric or false scalp.

Some very fanciful and well -const rue ted wigs are found in the