weight of strong ammonia. Leit to soften for weeks
without heat.
Rub'ber-cloth. 1. Fabric covered with caout-
chouc.
2. Caoutchouc in sheets. See Caoutchouc ; In-
DIA-P.UEBER.
Rub'ber-cut'ting Ma-chine'. A machine for
making threads of caoutchouc for nhiirs.
Jacques' machine is shown in Fig. 4489 by longi-
tudinal and transverse vertical sections. It has a
Fig. 4489.
( tuth Rubier.
Jacques' Rubber-Cutting Machine.
series of disks with sqtiare cutting-edges and motinted
upon spindles, arranged in such proximity to each
other as to allow the disks of one spindle to mesh
with the disks of the other. The disks on each
spindle are prevented from revolving thereon by
means of a spline or feather, and are separated by
gage-plates of a thickness equal to the thickness of
the cutters, and of a diameter sufficient to support
the sides of the disks during the cutting operation,
so that they shall not deviate laterally.
Rub'ber-file. A heavy, fish-bellied file, desig-
nated by weight, which \'aries from four to fifteen
RUBBER-GAGE.
1998
RUDDER.
pounds. They aie of squarB or triangular section,
and used foi* coai'se worlc.
Wliun tliey liave tliref Hat faces and one rounded,
they arc known its luilf-tliick hies.
Rub'ber-gage. A device for ascertaining the
ijuantity of inilia-ruliber rec|uircd
Fig M90. to nuke a given article, Tlic ves-
sel (Fi^'. 44110) is parlially lilled
with water, and tlic lower inde.\
set at the hight of its level. The
model of the object is then im-
mersed in the water and the upper
inde.\ set at the point to whicli tlie
water rises. The model being re-
moved, the vessel is again lilled to
the iiight of the lower indc.< ; rub-
ber is aildeJ until it rises to the
RtMer- Gngt. upper ini|.'.\. The a!no.int rei[iiire.l
to make it do this is that vvliich
the article requires for its mmufacture, to whicii an
additi'in ni ly be mide for loss or wastage.
Rab'ber-kalfe. A circular b'ade rotate I at hi ;li
speed and kept constantly wet by a jet m spray of
water. It is techiiically known as a rabb-r-si, o.
Rub'ber-mDld. 1.' A U.isk or former lor shap-
ing phistic rubber.
Z. A vulcmite mr>ld for shaping plates for artili-
cial dentures, etc.
Rub'ber - mount'ins. (Sxddlcry.) Harness
mounting in which the metal is covere.I with vul-
canized india-rubber iu imitation of leather-covered
work.
Rub'ber-saw. A tool used in cutting india-
rubber, — caoutehouc. It is not properly a saw, but
is so term -d in the trad.'. It is a circular knife,
driven at high speed, ami kept constantly wet by a
ji^t or spray of water.
Rub'bing. Tlie process of straigliteningthe wires
for needles. The wire is furnished in coils, fi'om
which the blanks are cut in double lengths. The
bend is taken out of them by a process called rab-
biiij. Several thousands of the pieces of wire are col-
lected within two broad and heavy rings placed on
a shelf in the furnace, and heated to redness. A
slotted bar, called a smooth file, is then pressed upon
the needles in the pack, the rings piojecting inti
slots in the bar, which is reciprocated endways, so
as to rub the wires against each other as the jia^if
rolls back an 1 forth until, by mutual attrition, the
beml is .all taken out.
Rub'bins-paunoh. (Xcaticil.) A piece of
wool nailed on the forcside of a mast to prevent in-
jury to the latter by yarils or spars in raising or
lowering.
Rub'bias-stoae. (Brlcklnying.) A grit-stone,
which is placed upon the banker or bricklayer's
bench, and upon which sto.ies are rubbed smooth
after being dressed by au axe to a shape suitable for
giged arc'ies, dimes, nicli's, or similar work.
Rub'ble. (Afawfi.7-11.) Broken stone, brickbats,
small stones U5e J in tilling behind the face courses
of walls.
Rub'ble-ma'son-ry. Differshom coui-scdrubble
in not being built in courses.
A.i'itarant RiiMe ; Ashlar Faring.
Coursed and riMlc masonry are sometimes com-
bined, and produce a rusticated etlect, as iu the il-
lustration, where the coping a b, the piers a c, the
plinth cd, and the quoins bdaw of coursed masonry,
giving soiiility to the wall and adding to its appear-
ance. With thick walls, the facing may be of ash-
/.(cr, lilled in with rubble. Occasional bond or liend-
iiuj stones a keep the facings from settling apai't.
Rub'ble-work. (MusuHnj.) Masonry in which
stones are used iu the rough without being dressed
to size, unless on their exposed faces (c. Fig. 4491).
It is regular coursed when the courses are of the
same hight ; irregular coursed when the courses are of
dillerent bights ; random or uncourscd when stones
of different bights are used in the same course.
Ru-belle'. 1. (Emiineling.) Probably from the
red tourmaline. (Ger. ItubcUan.) A red color in
enameling.
2. (Mctalhirgy.) (Ger. Rubclle, from reihen, to
rub.) An iron plate on which ores are ground to
test tbi'm or prepare for test by assay.
Rub-ir'on. A plate on a carriage or wagon-bed
against which tlie lore-wheel rubs when turning
short.
Called wheel-guard plate in a field-artillery car-
riage ; one is placed on each side of the stock.
Rub-stone. The Hat stone on which the curri-
er's knife is ground to an edge. The clearing-stone
is one of liner grain, on which the knife receives a
more perfect edge, which is then turned over by a
steel.
Ru'by. 1. {Printing.) The name given in Eng-
land to a type eonvsiionding to that called Agate
in the United States. See Agate.
reorl.
Agate or Ruby.
Nonpareil.
2. (Horology.) The jewel of a watch. The end-
stone is usually a ruby in first-class work.
Rud'der. 1. {Nautical.) A Hat frame hung to
the stern-post of a vessel and affording a means of
steering.
The pintles of the rudder are booked upon the eye-
bolts of the stern-post, which afford an axis of oscilla-
tion as the rudder is moved to and fro liy the tiller.
Rudders are not as old as boats by any means.
The first, rudder was a ]iaddle or oar held over the
stern. One is shown in the .sculptuies of Nimroi.d.
The Kile boats of ancient Egypt had rudders, one,
two, or three in number; sometinies the oar trav-
ersed on a beam at the stern, or it was slung from a
post on which it was pivoted.
The rudder is shown in two forms in the nneient
paintings of Edfou ; projecting at the stern like an
oar, and pivoted vertically. The latter form has
the tiller.
Hesiod recommends to hang up the rudder in the
smoke of the chimney when out of service.
The rudders of the ancients were paddle,'' which protruded
througli ports in the j*tern, or re-'-ted in rowlork,s on the ttilTrai!
of the ship or boat. In the tempestuous voyage of I'nul, when
they liad " di -covered a certain creel* with a shoi-e, into which
they were niinrled, if i^ were possible, to thrust the J-hip,*' tliey
to(iI{ '-up theaneliora," " eonimitfed themselves unto the sci,"
loosened the fisfenines of the rudders, " hoisted the ninirtSHil
to tile wind, and made towards shore," Paul wrote well on every
subject he undertook, and the account of his voyafre pives us a
better idea of the mode of navigation 2,01 years Hgo thnn any
other work which his come down to our time. The rudders,
where more than one w.is used, were on each quarter, protrud-
InfT thrnuph holes in tltc counter.
The f'lremost p:trt of t'le frnme of a rudder is the luitilf-Mock.
Its slope Is termed the rnXv of the rudder ; this depends on the
rake of the stern-post. Its upper cylindrical end i.^ the ntdittr-
It'nl, It rises throuflh the ri/r/i/z-r-^/nr/ in the stern. Its lower
end in the lieH. and rests on the step. It turns on pittites, flt-
tini into eves called brnres. on t!ie stent-pnst or nnl./er.pnst.
T,ie front edire of the rudder is henrdetl or beveled, to allow it
to be put I ver eit aer w.iy to a greater angle.
RUDDER-BAND.
1999
RUG.
Ru lUers are shecuhed with copper or mixed-metal sheets. )
T.ieruaJer, waen hung, is guarded against bt-iag unsliipped '
by a movable piece called a wood-lock, which is screwed upou ;
Fig. 4492.
Ancient Ship {Jrom a Painting at Pompeii).
the stem-po5t or ru Ider, and fits into a score a little above the
upperiuo«t pintle.
Lumley'.^ two leived rudder (Enfjlish) has a body hinged to
the stern-pD-t hi t le usual way, and a tail hinged to the body.
The part.* ;ire also connected by a i/oke, which causes the tail
to assume t'.xe same angle relatively to the body that the body
doesrelitivL'ly to the snip
Hitider-chaiTis Oind pen fanis &Te chains securing the iradder
to the st«rn. See Rudder-ceivin.
The ntddfT is moved by the kelm. This may be a mere lever,
called a tiller, moving in a horizontal plane. Such was the
original device, still used in boits and by Chinese navigators.
Another form is the yoke ; a horizontal bar on the rudder-
head, athwartship, and having ropei from its respective ends,
whioh are used by the coxswai^i or steersman io moving the
rudder. This is common in boats.
The usual form in ships consist of a wheel (see Steering-
wheel) with ropes or chains winding on the axis of the wheel
and passing through sheaves to the tiller or yoke on the rudder-
hei'l.
On the steamboats of our Western and Southern rivers, a j
tiller is dispensed with, the rulJer being operated by wire cords ,
or chains which proceel from the steering apparatus in the
pilot-house or " Texa''," on the hurricane deck. The chains
are made fast to the outer extremity of the raider. Hempen
curds were formerly used, but several accidents having been
made'much more fatil from the cords burning off, rendering
the vessel unmanageable^ wires and chains have been generally
substituted.
2. (A^friaiJticre.) A sieve for separating the chaff
from tlie ^ain. Probably a corruption of Riddle.
Rud'der-band. (XmUicil.) That member of a
rudiler-hinge which has bands to brace tlie rudder
and an eye for the pintle on tlie part attached to the
st4»rn-p(fst.
Rud'der-bresch'ing, (N'nUicftl.) A rope for
lifting the rudder to ease the motion of the pintles
in their fjudgeons.
Rud'der-case. {N'aiUical.) The well in the
stern occupied by the rudder-stock. The ricdcUr-
trunk.
Rud'der-chain. {Nautical.) One of the chains
whereby the rudder is fastened to the stern quarters.
They are shackled to the rudder by holts just
above the water-line, and hang slack enough to per-
mit the free motion of the rudder. Their use is to
prevent the rudder being lost in the event of its
becoming unshipped. They also sometimes led in-
board, to be used in steering should the rudder-head
or tiller give way.
Rud'dsr-coat. (yaufical.) A canvas clothing
to the rudder-stock, which keeps the sea from pass-
ing throu','h the trunk in the counter.
Rud'der - pen'dant. (Xaiifical.) A continua-
tion of the rudtler-cliain, secured by a staple around
the quarter, under the molding. In the en<l of the
pendant a thimble is spliced, to which may be hooked
a tackle, in ca.se the tiller or head of the rudder is
carried away.
Rud'der-port. (Shipbuilding.) The hole in a
shiit's counter for the passage of the rudder-liead.
Rud'der-tack'le. A tackle employed for oper-
ating the rudder in case its head is carried away or
fur working a make-shift rudder.
Ru-den'ttire. {Architecture.) The figure of a
rope or start", sometimes plain, sometimes carved,
with which the third part of the flutings of column*
is fretpientiy filled up.
Ru'der-a'tiou. A term used by Vitnivius for
laying of pavement with pebbles.
Ruffle. A strip gathered and sewn on one edge
and the full edge hemmed. A double ruffle is full on
both edges and gathered in the middle. A puff is
gathered on both edges and full in the middle.
Ruf'fler. 1. A sewing-machine attachment for
foiming ruffles in goods. That illustrated at A^ Fig.
4493, is Toofs, particularly designed for the Singer
machine, but its mode of attachment may be varied
to suit other machines.
The arm a is connected by s screw at 6 to the preBSer-foot bar
of the sewing - ma-
chine, and to it is con- Fig. 4493.
nected by a rivet c the
lever rf, which is
forked at f \o receive
the nut securing the
needle, from which
nut it derives motion.
The lever d carries
a set-screw e' for ad-
justing the amount
of movement given to
the feed plate / at
each reciprocation of
the needle, which
passes through a slot
at the rear ol the feed-
plate.
The goods are
placed between the
feed-plate and the
presser-foot of the
machine, and as the
needle passes upward
and down ward, carry-
ing the long arm of
the lever^/withit, the
arm g of the index
device h reciprocates
the feed-plate to an
amount previously "^ Kufflf.rs.
regulated by the ad-
justment of the screw e' \ at each forward movement the feed-
plate acts on the presser-arni.rarrjinp forward and folding the
cloth, which is penetrated by the needle as the latrer destends
and causes the backward n oven ent of the fei d-pl:ile.
In the Johnston riiffler( H, Hg. 4413), a fliding-plate a is re-
cured to the bed-plate b cf the n.achine by rivets or screws j»afs-
tng through slots in the plate, fo as to permit the necessary
motion. The plate n is re» iprocated by the forked lever c op» r-
ated from the rcedle-bar. The moven.ent of the plate a and the
depth of the gather or ruffling are regulated by a 1 ent lever d
pivoted on the sliding-plate. One htui of this lever pas-^es un-
der a slotted piece e attached to the slidirg-platc, and the other
has a projection at it« end for holding it in either of a scries of
notches/ The cloth is held bct^'cen a spring s a^tiched to an
arm It on the bed plate, and a spring / connct ted by an arm to
the sliding-plate. which is reciprocated at eacli n ovi'n.ent of
the needle to a distance determined by the previous adjustment
of the lever d.
2. A sort of heckle for flax.
Ruff-^vheel. {Mrtallurgij.) An ore-crushing
mill for the pieces whiih will not feed iuto the usual
crusher.
Rug. {Fabric.) A nappy fabric made for a wrap-
per, cover, or protection.
1 A rnihcay-ritf/ is a coarse shawl for wrapping the
legs or for use as a blanket.
I A bed-rug is a nappy, woolen, colored blanket.
A hearth-rug is a tufted fabric on a backing con-
j sisting of a hempen, linen, or cotton web. It is
j made in the manner of a Turkey carpet. The verti-
I cal chain of the web is stretched between the yam-
\ bkam above and the cloth-beam below. A number of
RUGGING.
2000
RULE.
colored \voi-.sti'J yarns are luiiig over a bjir to the
right i>f tlie weaver, who, taking the end of one yarn,
attaelies it tu the chain, cuts it off to the proper
lengtli, then twists in anotlier, wliich he severs in
tlie same manner, and in tliis way forms a row of
tufts across the warp. He ne.\t passes a shoot or
two of weft, and drives tlie weft against the web
with consideralile force to compact the fabric.
Rug^ging. 1. (Fabric.) Coarse woolen wrapping
or lilanket eloth,
2. (Siiddleri/.) A coarse cloth used for the body
of knee and otlier horse hoots.
Ruhm'korff Bat'ter-y. Fig. 4494 shows Tie-
mann's KuhiukorU' battery for medical purposes, b b
urements. It is divided into inches and fractions,
and is usually jointed, so that it may be folded
up and carried in the pocket. Those used by some
classes of artificers are, however, made in a single
piece.
Fig, 4496 is denominated a clinometer rule. A
small spirit-level is set into one of the legs, and be-
ing provided with a pivoted branch folding into a
cavity in the other leg, the rule may be used as a
clinometer or slope level ; a plumb, sijuare, bevel,
protractor, or T square ; in combination with a
stiaight edge, as a parallel ruler, and also for ap-
proximately deterudning bights and distances trig-
onometrically
" Abroad to find out one to en-
gnve my tables upon my new
sliding rule with silver plates, it
being so small, that Browne, that
made it, cannot get one to do it.
So I got Cocker [the celebrated
arithmetician, Ob. 1679], the fa-
mous writing muster, to do it, and
I set an hour by him, to see him
design it all.'" — Pepys's Diary ^
1664.
Fig. 4496.
Ttemann^s Ruhmkorff' Battery.
are the cells, and a a elements of the piles. In the
middle compartment is shown the induction-coil, and
on the partition are holes A B C D forming a kind
of |)eg-switch. The two connectors are placed in one
or other of the holes, according to the re<[uired extent
of the length of coil desired to be embraced in the
circuit.
Ruhm'korff Coil. A form of coil devised l)y
Ruhmkortl', for causing intense electro-magnetic cur-
Fig. 4495.
•.ihinkorff I
rents by induction. It consists of an inner primary
coil, made of wires about No. 1.5, wire gage, in ilianie-
ter, I'orniiijg part of the circuit of a battery, and having
an axial bundle of straight wires of soft iron, united
at each end to a disk of similar metal. The outer,
secondary coil is of much smaller wire, about No.
32. wire gage, in diameter, and very much greater
length. In a large api)aratus, the former might be
about 90 yards, and the latter 90 miles long. The
convolutions of the secondary coil are carefully i'l-
sul ited from each other and from the primary coil,
ami its ends are secured by binding-screws n h sup-
ported by glass jiillars. See Induction-coil ; In-
l)iu'rrii!ii:M.
Ru-ille'. (Fr. ruillie.) {Bui'dinrt.) A pointing
of ninrtar at the junction of a roof with a wall higher
tlnn itself. A tillet of niort;tr to shed the water.
Rule. An instrument for making linear meas-
Rules.
Some rules have a slider in one leg ; in Ounter's
scale this is graduated and engraved with figures,
enabling various simple computations to l)e made
mechanically.
When Dalton (who died in 1844, tet. 78) made
known his discovery of the theory nf clnunical
j equivalents. Dr. Wollaston invented a sliding rule,
j on the ])rinciple of Gunter's, for facilitating clienacal
calculations ; it was employed for determining the
chemical equivalence of compound bodies, and the
proportion of one substance necessary to decompose
another.
Pattern-makers use a rule whose divisions are
made a certain per cent huiger than .standard meas-
ure. Iron castings shrink in cooling about 1 per
cent, or J of an inch to a foot. The patterns there-
fore require to be made proportionately larger. By
u-ing a rule J inch in a foot longer than the st.ind-
anl, every measurement of the pattern is made
proportiouately larger without the trouble of calcu-
lation.
RULE-JOINT.
2001
EULING-MACHIXE.
\Vhcn a wooden pattern is made, from which an
iron pattern is to be east, the hitter being intended
to serve as the permanent, foundry pattern, as there
are t«o shrinkages to allow for, a double-contraction
nth is employed, or one in which the measurenieuts
are in excess ^ inch in every foot, for iron.
The shrinkage of brass is about i\- of an inch to
the foot. Iron castings weigh about 14 times as
much as the pine patterns.
2. (Prinling.) a. A thin plate of metal, used for
separating headings, titles, the eoluniiis of type in a
book, or columns of figures in tabular work.
Rules are of the same hight as the type, and some
have a guttered face so as to print a douUe line.
b. A slip of metal laid above the last line set, to
facilitate placing type in the stick.
3. {Plastering.) A strip or screed of wood or
plaster, placed on the face of a wall as a guide to
assist in keeping the plane surface.
Rule-joiat A movable joint in which a tongue
on one piece enters a slot in the other, and is se-
cured by a pin or rivet. When the two pieces are
in line, their emls abut, so that movement is only
possible in one direction. This arrangement is used
for carpenter's rules and tabledeaves.
Rul'er. An instrument with straight .sides, for
guiding a pen, pencil, or seriher in drawing straight
lines. The fiducial edge, when divided, enables
linear measurements to be laid down therefrom.
The rcgula (ruler) of the ancient Romans was thus
divideil, as are the ndes of carpentei-s and other
artisans at present.
Desk-rulers ai'e either flat or round ; the first have
a beveled edge to prevent ink flowing from the sides
of the pen on to the pa]ier. The round fonn is very
convenient for ruling parallel lines by one accus-
tomed to its use.
The 'common parallel ruler is composed of two
straight-edged arms, which are kept parallel by
means of two pieces pivoted to each. Sometimes
an intermediate parallel piece is inteqiosed, or a
single straight-edge, having a roller near each end,
is employed.
The universil adjustable ruler (a, Fig. 4497) comprises a
graduated straight-edge and a protractor, euabiiog aogular
Fig. 4197.
b. DoltoQd's ruler ; has a roller near each end.
c. Three-part ruler,
rf. Cross-brace ruler.
The draftsman's table is provided with two triangles : one
having the angles of 45' and 90% and the other, 30°, 60°, and
Fig. 4498.
m
^
,i
\'^-
- .-^5j
^:s!C^
Ussa
^ -=^61
Rulers.
measurements to be made or parallel line" to be drawn at any
anffle with the edjje of the table or drawins-board.
Theriiler6is also adapted for drawing parallel equidistant
linps: the protractor bein^ dispensed witli.
There are several varieties u?ed for drawing parallel lines.
a. Two-part ruler ; the most usual kind.
126
Parallel Rulers.
90°. By holding the former of these steady with the left band,
at sueh an ailjustnient that the edge of the trianaile shall be
coincident with the snven line, a line parallel with the said line
may be obtained either above or below it, by slipping the tri-
angle 6 on the triangle a.
e has a metallic straight-edge imbedded in the face.
Other rulers have parallel hinged slats , or consist of an elastic
stnigbt-edge, which will yield to the bent pages of a record or
.".rrr.unt-bo'^k ; a straight-edge considerably elevated from the
paper to prevent ink soiling the latter: one provided with
clamps to secure it to the edges of a book ; containing recess
for holding pencil or pen, made of folded sheet nietiil or both ;
T-shaped for ruling lines parallel or at right angles to edge of
book.
Rule-staff. (Sfitpbuihlincf.) A lathe about 4
iiK-lifs ill ln't-adth. nseil for laying off ciirvps.
Rul'ing-ina-chine'. An arrantrtMnent for ruling
sheets of paper for blanks or for writing.
Tlie Muiplest ruling-mnehine, perliaps, is a pen
and straiglit-edge. A cylindrical ruler with a guide
for the ruling-pen is a common device.
In ruling paper with farnf. lines for writing, the
sheets are passed singly under a series of ruling-]ieiis,
ari-anged at proper distances apart to give the lines.
The pen is a bent strip of thin sheet-metal, form-
ing a trough, downjjOnch the ink or dye runs from
a bit of cloth or sponge, which is saturatetl witli the
fluid. Two or more coloi-s may be ruled in parallel
lines by employing a set of pens for each color.
Blank-books and blanks with printed headings are preferably
ruled of late years by the ruling-machine, instead of on the
letter-press, the rules in the latter ca-se makiug an impression
in the paper which is liable to catch the pen.
Perpendicular rules are sometimes drawn from different points
at the top of the page, when heads and sub-heads are printed on
the paper. This is accomplished in a ruling machine by raiding
some of the pens until the sheet has passed to the point from
which the lines are drawn, when the pens are lowered to the
paper. This is accomplished by hand, or by a cam movement
operating a striker.
All the pens are lifted at once at the foot of the sheet, gen-
erally by a cam mechanism.
Blanks and blank-books are generally printed before ruling.
The ruling of note and letter paper on three pages is accom-
plished by a cam nmvemcnt which raises the pens when half-
way across the outside of the sheet. The expense of ruling on
three pages is therefore greater than where the paper is ruled
entirely across.
Compound lines, as the heavy lines in account-books, when
of two colors, are ruled by pens of different length, one pea
extending forward on the machine beyond its neighbors. The
lines are thus brought close together without crowding the pens,
and the dye first run upon the paper has an instant of time to
sft before the second color is reached.
Zigzag, wavy, and cross lines are ruled on bank-notes, checks,
etc., by giving the papera double motion while under the pens.
Very neat designs and tints are sometimes secure»i in this way.
In Hickock's machine, the sheets from tlie feel-table are re-
ceived by the roller a and carried, by an endle.>*s belt and cords,
beneath the row of pens 6, from which they arc conveyed by