in the spffder'hx an endless belt, which rapidly rotates the Xhe point of the spindle is gently pressed cen-
guiding tubes of the sliver as it comes from the drawing rollers, trally against the end of the shaft, cau.«ing the
The bobbin is made into a cop with conical ends, as in the spindle to rotate therewith ; the time that it U
other machine, each successive layer being shortened, a-s its jjeld in contact with the shaft is noted by a
diameter increases, so that each shall have the same length of watch, and an inspection of the dials shows the
yam. number of revolutions made. See Speei>-g.4GE ;
Speed-gage. -\ velocimeter.
English [Kitent Xo. 2,692 of 1855 is for a ."speed- 1 2. (Xantical.) A log consisting of a
indicator for locomotives or railway-trains, and con- spiral vane turned by the passing water,
sists of a governor driven by a cord from an axle of and registering its revolutions. See
the engine or car. As the balls rise with increased A'elucimf.tek : Loa.
speed, they actuate a lever and that a piston which Speed-meas'ur-er. .\n instru-
elevates a colored liquid in a graduated glass tulie. . lueiit invented by Jlr. Carey, for raeas-
Fig. ,=1367.
SPEED-MULTll'LIER.
i>:iGi
SPEED-KECOKDER.
uring the number of revolutions made by the wheel
of a carriage. It is secured by straps to one of the
spokes near the liiib, and has clock-work mechan-
ism for rcf^'isterinf,' the niuuber of revolutions. See
Odomktki; ; Si'i:kii-uai:e ; Speed-kecokdek.
Speed-mul'ti-pli'er. {Gearing.) An arrange-
ment of gearing by whicli pinions are driven from
larger wheels, the pinion-shalts carrying large wheels,
and so on. It is seen in the motion work beneath
the dial of a watch, by which the in<ptiuii of the cen-
ter arbor is geared ujj to di'ive the minute-hand and
seconds-hand. It is the inverse of tlie watch-move-
ment proper, in whicli the relatively slow-moving
wheel, which receives the first impulse of the spring,
becomes the quicker motions of the wheels in the
direction of the escajjement.
This gearing-upov gearing-doion, or speed-multiply -
ingordcornxing, is found in many kinds of machineiy.
Fig. 5368 is an arraugenieut of gearing wittiin a series of pul-
leys, upon which tlie driving-belt may be shifted to increase
the power or speed of the drum. See also Nos. 73,424, 75,677,
*^'^^- Fig. 5368.
=J1
In Fig.
the motive shaft has arms which carry spur-
wheels engaging the in-
Fig. 5369. ner gear of the drum,
and a pinion wliich is
fast to the second shaft,
having similar arms and
spur-wheels engaging a
pinion ou the third shaft.
This may be extended as
far a,s desired ; the pro-
portion between the
planet-wheels and their
pinions regulates the in-
crease of speed gained.
Muttipiyiiig Gear. Fig. 5370 shows the ap-
plication of the princi[ile
to a mowing-machitie,
m
The slow speed of the ground- wheels is
Fig. 5370.
geared up to give a rapid reciprocation to the cutter-bar. The
pinion to whicli the cam A is attached terminates a system of
sp<?ed-multiplying gear mounted upon the main axle ; from this
gearing motion is communicated to the cutter through the
medium of a yoke surrounding the cam, a pitman-rod, crank-
lever, etc.
Speed-pul'ley. {Machinery.) A cone-piilley.
Ont; having several faces of varying diam-
eter, so as to give ditferent rates of revo- Fig-537L
lution.
Speed-re-cord'er. A contrivance
for ri^eording the speed of a carriage, rail-
way-car, vessel, or the revolutions or pul-
sations of a machine. The record is made
up of the progress in a given time ; in
the case of vehicles of any kind, it is
made up of distance and time. An
odoinetcr or other vclocimeter usually has
a train of wheels similar to those of a
Gas-meter or ARmiMOMr.TEK (wliich
see), the reading being taken of the num- speed-Pulley.
ber of revolutions, for instance, within
the space since the last reading was had. Such a
machine is, after all, a mere counter^ and does not
fulfill the conditions of a spced-rcc&rder.
Some of the cab-odometers combine the factors of distance
and time, so that when the cab is moving a record is made by a
train of wheel aud pointers of the distance traveled ; and when
the cab i;? at rest, while still hired, a time-measurer is set in mo-
tion, which keeps a record of the ]ieriod of rest. This does not
yet fulfill the conditions of the problem, as it is but a double
register, aud the result is derived from the sum of the two, thev
not being contemporaneous in action. Cab-odometers are to be
found iu English patents -
No. 14.176, on852.
No. 2,131, of 1856.
No. 883, of 1857.
' No. 2,894, of 1857.
No. 1,035, of 1863.
No. 2,082, of 1863.
No. 1,217, of 1864.
No. 2,354, of 1868.
Mowing- Machine with
Speed-Multiplying Movement.
An instrument to be applied or attached to a moving body to
indicate to the eye the rate at which it is traveling is a Spked-
GAGE (which see) Such a one is not necessarily a register, but
merely shows the rate at the time of application or of observa-
tion, as the case may be. The indications may be recorded, and
thus it becomes a recorder. One instrument, to indicate the
actual speed of a locomotive, is described in English patent No.
2,692, of 1855. See Speed-gage.
The true speed -register is to be found iu those devices de-
signed accurately to register the speed of locomotives or trains
of cars at all times between any two points, to show the time
taken to travel any distance between the ends of the route, and
to indicate the stoppages and delays of trains.
An apparatus of this kind may be found in English patent
No. ll,t>19, of 1847. It has dial-indicators whicli show the
speed of the engine and the position of the train on the hne
in reference to proximity to stations or sidings. It registers
a description of the journey, time occupied at, and the rate
between, stations, mile by mile. The record is made upon a
strip of paper marked with perpendicular lines, which repre-
sent miles, and with horizontal lines, which represent minutes.
The paper winds on a cylinder, and is marked by a pencil trav-
ersed by a chronometer. The distance traveled in a given time
determines the movement of the paper, and the motion of the
pencil iu the said time combines to make a mark, the result of
the two factors. The paper is detached at the end of the jour-
ney to be examined, and kept as a record of the trip
English patent. No. 1,673, of 1857, has also a pencil under
the control of a clock, and a traveling paper moved by a wheel
of the train, the record being the joint product of time and dis-
tance.
English patent. No. 2,141, of 1860, indicates the speed of a
train by a colored fluid raised or lowered by a lever acting upon
a diaphragm, the lever itself being worked by a ball-governor
driven by connection to an axle of the engine. A pencil obeys
the fluctuations of the fluid aud makes a record.
United States patents, on the Governor principle. Benckert's,
December 1, 1857. An indicator. It has an arrangement of
governor-balls acting upon segment cams, which turn the
pinion of the indicator finger.
Liernur, November 10, 1S58. A a^eed-recorder. By band
connection from the axte, the governor is rotated, and its ine-
qualities of rate are made to lift or depress a pencil vertically.
The pencil-point rests on a circular disk, which is rotated by
clock-work. The radiating and circular lines on the paper are
expressive of distance and speed, and the pencil-line is the pro-
duct of the two factors.
Billings' speed-recorder for railway-cars, March 27, 1860. A
ball-governor, through the medium of a circular rack and gear-
wheels, imparts motion to a hand, which points out upon a
dial the number of mites per hour at which the train is travel-
SPEED-RECORDER.
2263
SPEED-RECORDER.
ing at the moment. Another haod is carried forward by the
flr^t hand as the speed is increased, but does not recede with it
when the speed dimiuishes It thus registers the greatest speed
attained during the trip.
Other connected mechanism actuates a set of prickers, which,
penetrating at nire intervals an endless strip of paper as it is
wound by clock-work machinery from one roll on to another,
regist-er the distance traveled ; while a second set of prickers,
similarly actuated, record the rate of speed at each mile on the
same strip of paper. The mechanism is driven from a truck-
axle, and is inclosed in a box with a glass front.
Keeler, April 4, 1864- An iti'ticator. The balls and connect-
ing arm of an ordinary governor, driven by gear or band con-
nection from the axle, act upon a piston, which raises or lowera
Fig. 5372.
lines to indicate distances, and with, longitudinal lines to indi-
cate the time consumed in traveling the said distance. A pencil
is actuated by a clock, and made to traverse at a uniform speed
across the chart. Thus the endless moving chart, operated by
the car-wheel, records distance, and the reciprocating clock-actu-
ated pencil records time. A third feature : a steam-gage has a
Keelcr's Speed- Mr asurer.
the movable bottom of a mercury chamber and elevates or de-
presses a column of mercury rising from the said chamber.
Bowsher, May 12. 1868. An uulicator. It has a governor
arrangement, the sliding collar actuated by the balls pulling
upon a cord, which turns the spindle of the" pointer-finger and
4irects it to figures on a diaL
Bilgram, August 22, IS71 An indirntor. It has governor-
balls, which actuate a sliding sleeve-rack, which revolves the
pinion on the axis of the pointer.
Speed and Poage. May 12, 1874. A recorder for registering
the speed of railway-trains. The governor is connected with a
pencil, which rides over A recording sheet and indicates the
speed, while the sheet is moved by the axle of the car and indi-
cates the distance passed over.
The following are not actuated bv governor-balls :
English patent. Xo 1,407, of 186-3. makes a diagram on a.
Bheet of paper, showing the speed of a train, with the position
and duration of its stoppages. The paper is advanced bv clock-
work at a uniform rate, and by means of motion derived from
the tram a pencil is advanced across it«! surface. The direction
Df the line made by the pencil will vary as it moves more or less
quickly across the advancing paper.
English patent. No 2,285, of 1S63. A di.^^k of paper is moved
by a tram of wheels from the crank-shaft of the machine. A
stylus IS raised and lowered at regular intervals, being driven by
a chronometer. See also \o. 2,912, of 1862.
Lewi^' velocimeter, Xovember 26, 1S67, ha.** a train of gear-
ing, which gives indications at regular intervals of the rate of
speed. These are compared with a time-keeper in the same
apparatus.
Horn's mileage retri^ter. May 5. 1868, has a ringing mechanism
operated at each mile : a kind of odometer. A striker also
marks on a surfice traversed at a uniform rate across its path.
Guebhard and Tronchon, April 8. Jy^lB, recording apparatus
for cab-: and carriages, have a drum driven bv clock-work and
receiving a record so connected with the vehicle as to give a
strong and irresular line when the vehicle is moving, and a
light and smooth line when it is at rest. By means of a screw-
movement the pencil is carried in oscillating lines to and fro
acrosi* the drums
Richardson's speed-recorder, .\pril 29. 187.*?. \n endless re-
Tolving chart, driven l»y the wheels, is rule-l with transverse
pencil attached to record the steam -pressure upon the chart, so
that its variations are apparent for all the time occupied in the
journey.
Fig. 5374.
Wytfie^s J^eed- Recorder.
SPEEDY-CUT BOOT.
2264
SPHERICAL-SHOT MACHINE.
M'ythe'a speed-recorder for railway-trains, July 28, 1874. The
«hart is ruled with cross-lines , for distance and time respectively.
It i^ moved by j;ear from the car-axle. The pencil is moved by
«lock-work. The result, when the car is moving, is a diagonal
line, whose angle will depend upon the speed ; the pencil always
moves in its own proper direction at the same speed, and the
paper slips beneath it at a rate corresponding to that of the car.
Brown's revolution imlicatdr, September 1, 1874, has a mer-
cury reservoir and a conmiunicating pipe, which proceeds
radially and then bends upwardly. As the device is revolved
by the machinery, the mercury obeys the centrifugal impulse,
and passing outwardly and up into the tube descends in the
axial graduated tube, its sinking being the measure of the speed
of rotation.
Elliott's tai'hometer, July 28, 1874, is for measuring the speed
of vessels. It has a pipe extending through the hull of the
vessel, to receive the impulse of the water, and another to be
acted on by the suction ; cocks are so contrived that either a
water or a mercury gage can be put in connection with the
water-pipes, for low or high sp'eeds respectively. See also Log ;
VKLOCl.METEa.
Speed'y-cut Boot. (Saddlery.) A peculiarly
shapi'il knee-lioot, designed to protect the knee from
injury from the opposite foot of high-stepping trot-
ting horses.
Spelk. A small rod, used as a splint. A spike
in thatcliing. A rod in a loom, etc.
Spel'ter. A commercial name for zinc. Speller
solder is made from zinc, 1'2 ounces ; copper, 16 :
or zinc, Iti ; copper, 16. The larger proportion of
zinc i.s for a soft spelter solder.
Speii'cer. {iVautical.) A four-cornered fo^-e-
and-aft sail, whose head is extended by a gall' and
its foot usually by a sheet. Its position is abaft the
fore or the main mast, and it is frequently bent to
an auxiliary spar, called the spciicer-mast. It is a
trysail to the fore or main mast, and ditTcrs from
a spanker or driver in position. The latter belong
to the mizzen.
Spen'cer-mast. {Nautical.) A small mast
abaft a lower mast tor hoisting a trysail.
Spend. {.Uininy.) To break ground, to work a
way.
Sperm'a-tor-rhe'a Syringe. (Suryical.) An
instrument for in-
Pig. 6375. jecting the male
J uretlira with emol-
lients, astringents,
Otis' Spermatorrhea Syringe. OV caustic, as the
case may require.
Spetch'es. The trimmings of hides, used for
making ghie.
Sphe'ra-nau'ti-ca. An old-time nautical in-
strument, mentioned in Frobislier's voyages.
Sphere. See (Ji.oue ; Ak.mill.a.uy Sphere.
Spher'e-o-type. {Photography.) A positive
colloilion picture taken upon gla.ss by placing a mat
before the plate, so as to give a distinct margin to
the picture.
Fig. 5378.
-^ 1
Spheie-turn'ing Lathe. A lathe Ibr turning
billiard-balls and similar objects to a truly spherical
form. In Hyatt's (Fig. 5376), the ball is held be-
tween chucks a, attached to opposite spindles, and
moved toward each other by right and left hand
screws. These are operated by two spur-wheels b b
gearing into two other spur-wheels c o on a longi-
tudinal horizontal shalt, so that the ball may be
chucked centrally over the center around wliich the
tool-post is carried. The tool-post d is attached to
a disk e in the center of the lathe, having a threaded
periphery engaged by a worm, by which a circular
motion equal in amount to the width of cut of the
tool is imparted to it at each revolution of the ball.
Spher'i-cal Boil'er. (Steam.) One of globular
form or made up of a number of connected globes.
Harrison's steam-boiler consists of an aggregation of small
and nearly spherical cast-iron shells, with connecting necks,
through which pass bolt-stays holding the several " unit
spheres" together; sevenil plates of these spheres are con-
nected and wholly immersed in the brick furnace The invent-
or has since patented a method for constructing the unit
spheres in wrought-iron See Steam-boiler
Spher'i-cal Case-shot. (Ordnance.) A thin,
spherical shell tilled with bullets. See SllRAPNEL.
Spher'i-cal Lathe. A lathe for turning sjiheres.
(See Si'HEKE-TUHNliNG Lathe.) See also patents.
No. 52,244, Foster, .lanuary 23, 1866; No. 49,122,
Knowlton, August 1, 1865.
Spher'i-cal Lens. A lens of a spherical shape.
Perliaps the earliest form of lens, in the similitude
of the drop of dew on a villous leaf, wliich so beau-
tifully magnifies the filaments.
The spherical lenses have usually an equatorial
groove in a plane perpendicular to the a.\is of the
lens. This is closed by an opaque object, leaving
a central stem. The object is to exclude light and
lateral rays. See Peki.scopic Len.s ; CoDUiNOToN
Lens.
Spher'i-cal Mir'ror. A mirror used in some
forms of the CATAinnPTitic Lights (which see).
Spher'i-cal Sa'w. An annular saw, as the tre-
phine.
A, Fig. 5377 This usually has a guide-point a at the end of
a rod, secured by a set-screw h, and passing through the tubu-
lar stem of the saw. See Trephine.
iJis a crown saw. These are sometimes as large as 6 feet in
diameter and 15 inches deep. In this case the saw is built up
of three or four thin plates of steel bent to form portions of the
Fig 5377.
^padl'
Sphere-Turning Lathe.
Spherical Saw.
circle, and riveted to an annular ring, which is fixed to the sur-
face chuck of a kind of lathe mandrel by means of hook-bolts h ;
the work is grasped in a slide-rest, which traverses within the
saw and parallel to its axis.
( is a rough sheave cut by the crown-saw ; k, a brush back ;
I, wheel-felly ; and m, a chair-back, cut by the oblique action
of the saw.
A saw of a dished shape, the segment of a sphere,
has been used for sawing curvilinear work. The
fence was made as the arc of a circle, and had a con-
ductor to receive the work. The circular fence was
attached to a three-bar parallel rule, so as always to
keep the curvatures of the fence, conductor, and saw
parallel with each other.
Spher'i-cal-shot Ma-chine'. A machine for
imparting a truly spherical fonu to steel or iron can-
SPHERICAL VALVE.
2265
SriDER.
Fig. 5380.
Sphygmograph.
projection / at its free end. is attached to the
spriog c, and carries the regulating screw §■, which
governs the amount of vibration of the recording
lever /i i. also provided with a compressing spring
h; this lever is of the third kind, is very iight, and
carries a thin steel pen or scratcher at its tip A
screw / determines the amount of pressure of the
pulse-spring A recording paper is fixed on a flat
metal backing, connected with clock-work mechan-
j ism, which runs for about 10 seconds ; the whole beingattached
t . 1 . • •' 1 ]• u- u r to the irame a 6. The instrument is bound on to the arm bv a
subse.iuent heating, is placed in cups which are pref- ^° J^ JS-d attached to pegs at its sides. The knife-edged pro-
Shot and SitU Machine.
non-balls. The ball, hot from the molds or from 1
erablv caused to rotate in opposite directions and at jection /taps the lever h Tat each pulsation with a force pro
different speeds. One of the cni)S is uiion a spindle portionate to the strength of the pulse ; the lever describes an
at the end of a shaft D, which has longitudinal mo- in^gular curve on the paper, indicating thc^number and strength
tion by a tail-center, actuated by a hydraulic press
or otherwise, and serves to press the cups together. . . _
The other cup-spindle C is fixed. The cujjs are ing the arterial pulsations,
slacked off at times during the operation, to bring \ Praxagoras. of Cnidos wrote on the pulse, showing
fresh surfaces of the ball under operation. , that it was a measure of the force of disease. He-
Spher'i-cal Valve. See Globe-valve, page rophilus of Alexandria wrote on the pulse, and re-
ef the pulsations, and the momentary variations in their force,
Sphyg-mom'e-ter. An instrument for count-
9S8
Spher'o-graph. An instrument invented for
the mechanical application of spherics to navigation.
By its aid any possible .spherical triangle can be con-
stnicted without dividers or scale. — Bu.iNDB.
Sphe-rora'e-ter. An instrument for measuring
the curvature of surfaces. It consists of a three-
aiTOed frame, standing on three steel pins, which
form with each other an equilateral triangle ; in the
center of the instrument is a vertic?l screw with a
fine thread, and having a large graduated head.
The screw is turned downward until its point reaches
the surface on which the instrument stands ; if this
is a true plane, the index of the graduated screw-
head should mark zero ; if, on the contrary, it is
â– either convex or concave, the corresponding positive
or negative read-
Kg. 5379.
ing indicates the
degree of spheri-
city.
Fig. 5379 is an
instrument for
measuring the
curvature of lens-
ferred it to the contraction of the heart. Erasistra-
tus, his colleague, described the action of the heart,
but supposed that the arteries carried air and the
veins blood. Santorio of Padua invented an instru-
ment for measuring the force of the pulse. See his
" Commentarius in Primum fere Primi Libri Cauonis
Avicennie," A'enet, folio 1626.
Sphyg'mo-scope. An instrument for rendering
the arterial pulsations visible. It is said to have
been invented by Galileo, who, by placing one
end of a light mirror upon the artery leading to the
thumb and the other upon a fixed object, caused the
image of a sunbeam reflected from the mirror on an
opposite wall to vibrate in unison with the pulse.
Fig 5381 is a view of Pond's sphygmo-
scope, patented April 6, 1875 Theessen-
tial parts of the instrument are a liquid
reservoir or receptacle ; an opening in the
Fig. 5381.
an opening
same, which, whether closed by an elastic
and yielding membrane or not, is to be
applied to or over the pulsating body ;
and a tine transparent terminal tube, com-
municating at one end with the reservoir
or receptacle, into which tube the liquid,
when the open end of the receptacle is
pressed on the pulsating body, will enter,
and will therein rise and fall to accord
es or speculums with the movement of the pulsating body,
or of the tools for ^^'^ movement being considerably magni-
fied bv the moving liquid, owing to the
email "diameter of the tube in which it is
received.
grinding them.
Spheromtter. The arm a has two
branches b b,
whose ends are accurately turned and ground to a
circular form. The socket c contains a sliding index-
bar d with conical ends, which is divided to fiftieths
of an inch ; a vernier e enables it to be read to j^qq
of an inch, or by estimation, to Trjjrff
Sphyg'mo-graph. An instrument applied to the
])ulse to ascertain ami record the quickness of its
beating, and its unifurmity or irregularity, as the
case mav be; also, the degree of force with which
the blood is driven through the arteries -or, in „scd for black iieppei
other words, the contractile power of the heart, tit vQ,.i,p in"redient S
late years this apparatus has been used by physi
i^
Pontl's Sphi/g^tno-
scope.
cians for purposes of diagnosis ami in various phys-
iological investigations.
It was originally devised by Vierordt, and subsequently
greatly improved by Marey.
Slarey's instrument, as originally constructed, consists of
a long frame a b, to which is attached a strong steol spring c,
about four inches! long, and having at \ts free end a pad ^,
which presses u pon the artery ; an arm e . having a knife-edged
Spi'ca. {Siar/icaJ.) A form
of bandajre resembling a spike of
barlev. The turns of the bamlage
cross like the letter V, each leav-
in<r a portion uncovered.
Spice-mill. A mill similar to
a coifee or drug mill, for grinding
spices.
A pepper-mill of boxwood \?.
mentioned by Petronius. It was
r from the East Indies, — a fa-
ce Sausage.
Spic'u-la— for'ceps. {Snrtjical.) A dentist's
lontr-nosed forceps for removing small fragments of
bone, etc.
Spi'der. 1. {Machiwrif.) a. A skeleton of ra-
diating spokes ; as a sprocket-wheel consisting of
spokes on a rotating shaft, the ends of the sj)okes
acting as cogs for the links of an endless chain.
h. The internal frame or skeleton of a gear-wheel,
SPIDER-LINE.
226G
SPIKE-MACHINE.
for instance, on which a cogged rim may he bolted,
shrunk, or cast.
c. The solid interior portion of a piston to which
the packing is attached and to whose axis the piston-
rod is secured.
2. (Nautical.) a. An outrigger to keep a block
from the ship's side.
6. An iron hoop around the mast for the attach-
ment of the futtock-slirouds.
c. A hoop around a mast provided with belaying-
pins.
3. (Caiinary.)
a. A kitchen uten-
sil , with feet,
adapted to be used
on the hearth lor
baking or boiling.
b. A griddle.
I Pati'ntcd forms of spike specially intended for securing rail-
way-mils to the ties are numerous ; in most it is sought to in-