over which the band from the larger wheel passes. A roving, i Spi'rals, In'strU-ment for Dra'W'ing. {Draft-
ing.) An instrnnient for drawing scrolls or spirals.
Fig. 5114.
either on paper, in the ordinary course of mechani-
cal or architectural drawing, or to lay out scrolls for
hand-rails of winding stairs, etc.
Instruments for drawing Spirals and ScroUs.
No. 97,571. Truesdell Dec, 7, 1.S69.
No. 99,So3. Crandell Feb. 15,1870.
No. 138,053. Stebbins AprU 22, 1873.
Instruments for laying out Stair Curves.
5,.380.
18,110.
24,703.
60,796.
75,423.
'" 707.
Wooster Dec. 4, 1847.
Stewart i?ept. 1, 1867.
Shaeffer July 12, 1859.
Clow JulV 16, 1867.
Hoover Mar. 10, 1S68.
Schollar Dec. 7, 1869.
Spinning- Wheel.
being attached to the end of the spindle, is twi-ted as the latter
revolves, the roving being allo.ved to slip between the finger
and thumb of the spinster, who also extends the roving by rc-
tra*-ting the hand, or by retiring from the wheel, which con-
tinues its motion by the impetus acquired- The required length
and hardness of twist being ob-
Fig. 5415. tained by this combined drawing
and twisting operation, the yarn
is disengaged from the point of the
spindle and wound intoa cop, the
end of the yarn being attached to
the end of the spindle, so a.s to
project and allow another roving
to be connected thereto.
Fig 5il5 is an improved form of
the old-fiushioned hand-spinning
wheel. It is set in motion by a
treadle, which turns the large wheel,
around which are bands passing
over two pulleys near the ends of
two horizontal spindles, which also
carry flyers. The roll of fiber is
placed on an upright pin, and the
spinster, drawing out two thin
slivers, attaches them to the two
spindles, passes them between two
ot the teeth on each spindle, and
imparts a rotjiry motion to the
wheel, at the same time dmwing
out the slivers, which are thus elon-
gated and twisted by the flyers to
a degree proportionate to the ve-
locity of the rotation- When the
drawn-out sliver has been twisted
sufliciently, the yarn is removed
from between the teeth of the fly.
ers and wound upon the spindles
bv reversing their motion, two
other slivers are drawn out, and the operation proceeded with
as before, and so, forming two continuous threads, until all
the fiber in the roll is ex-
Spinning- Wheel.
Fig. 5416.
Spiral Gearing.
liausted.
Spi'ra. {Arcliili'c-
turr.) T]ie h.-use of a
column. This mem-
ber did not e.\ist in
the Doric order of
architectuie, hut is
always jiresent in the
Ionic and Porinthian.
Spi'ral Bit. A
wood-boring tool
adapted to be used
in a brace. It is made
of a twisted bar of
metal, and lias a hol-
low axis. See Bit,
»n, .<•■. V, Fig. lifl.-).
Spi'ral Gear'ing.
A gear-wlieel liaving
niesliiiig spiral ribs
Spi'ral Pump. A form of the Archimedean
screw water-elevator, consisting of a pipe coiled
spirally round an inclined a.xis. It is said to have
been invented about 1750 by Andrew Wiiz, a pewterer
of Zurich, and was emiiloyed in Florence with some
improvements by Bernoulli, in 1779. See SciiEW.
Spi'ral-rib Bit. A wood-boring tool adapted to
be used in a brace. It has a spiral flange twisted
around a eylindrii-al shaft. See Bit, 0, Fig. 695.
Spi'ral Screvsr. A screw formed u]ion a conical
or conoidal core. In the example, it serves as a
driving-screw to force clay
Fig. 5417. fioni the hopper into the
molds beneath.
Fig. 5418.
Brick-Hachine.
Double Helical Spring.
Spi'ral Spring. A coil whose ronnds have the
same diameter, and which is generally utilized by
compression or extension in the line of its axis. The
balance-spring of a chronometer lience is spiral, and
is utilized by an expanding and contracting action in
a plane at right angles to the axis. See Fig. 632.
A helical spring has coils of decreasing diameter
as they approach the center, like tlie mainspring of
a watch. (See Mhvement, Fig. 3246.) The spiral
spring is used in Salter's bjUance and in dynrimoine-
tcrs ; also in bedstc-ad-springs, as in Fig. 623, page
261.
Fig. 5418 shows a double helical bedstead-spring,'
the coils increasing upwanl and ilownward from the
IX)int of smallest diameter at tlie niid-hight.
Fig. 5419 shows .some ap]ilioaMons of the spiral
form to car-springs. A number more are shown at
Fig. 1143, page 483.
a h are respectively a vertical section and a hori-
zontal section of Godley's car-spring. Thi' case is
o]wn at top and bottom, and has a cential fixed dia-
phragm, against which the concentric spirals abut.
c is Godley's spring, with an open end and a slid-
ing partition.
SPIRAL SPRING.
2276
SPIRIT-LAMP.
Fig. 5419.
/, a spring having an inner edge of greater vertical
thickness.
g, a silling made of metallic strands or .strijjs,
twisted or braided and then coiled.
Ill Fig. 54'20, a bed c/are springs of the Culmer
Spring (,'ompaiiy.
f/ It, Nichols, Pickering, & Co., spiral spring.
•/, the Vosc: spring.
Spi'ral-spring Coup'ling. A cou]iling for a
piiir of slial'ts iiieeting at an angle. Tlie ends of the
spiral coiiiiect to the respective shafts and make a
bent eoujiliiig. Si-e Fig. 'iOiL
Spi'ral-vane Steam-en'gine. A form of ro-
tary steam-engine in which tlie steam acts against a
screw whieli winds around a cylindrical core.
The example shows two such screw-cylinders, having each a
right and left hand screw, so arranged that the threads meet in
the eent<'r, at which point the steam is admitted, and from which
point it passes to cither end of the cylinder, where it exhausts
Fig. 5421.
^
Spiral Car-Spritigs.
d is another of Godley's springs,
^^^_ having tlat surfaces at the portions
^^^»^ liable to come together, and webs
'"â– ' ':,0 of lesser tliickness beyond the con-
' , tacting surfaces.
/^ e is Allen's conical spring with
spiral coils of upwardly decreasing
) diameter.
— — -^ca
Fig. 5420.
CoT-Springi.
Spiral- Vane SUam-Engine.
into the other cylinder, in which it returns to the center, where
an aperture is provided for its escape to the atmosphere The
screws are geared, and upon the shaft of one a pulley is placed
for the purpose of transmitting power to any machinery to be
driven.
Spi'ral 'Wheel. The spiral thread of the disk
drives the spur-gear, moving it
the distance of one tooth at every Fig 5422.
revolution.
Spiral dears are those in which
the teeth form an angle to the sur-
face, .so that the teeth slip insen- 1
sibly into engagement, avoiding \
jar. Each tooth is a small section
of a .screw. See also Fig. 5416.
Spire. 1. {Archikcturc.) A
structure of pyramidal or conical Spiral Il'/ieci.
form surmounting a church or ca-
thedral. For bights of spires, see Tower.
2. (Mining.) The tube carrying the train to the
charge in the blast-hole. Also called the rued or
rvsh, as the spires of grass or rushes are used for the
]iui'jiose.
Spir'it-col'ors. A style of calico-printing pro-
duced by a mixture of dye-extracts and solution of
tin, conimonly called spiril by dyers. The colors
are brilliant but fugitive.
Spir'it-lamp. \ lamp burning alcohol. Used
for iiiaiiy piir]iiis(is in the arts where lieat rather than
light is required.
Tlie hlast spirit-lamp {A, Fig. ^A2Z) consists of a vessel n for
containing a mixture of alcohol and turpentine, and a cylinder
b containing an arpind wick snjiplied with the mixture through
the pipe c. and snhjected to a blast of air from a pipe fl, which
comes up through the table e. The hla.st-pipe can be fixed at
different bights, and is supplied with jets of different sizes, to
Ruit the regulated supply of spirit aod the bight of the exposed
portion of the wick.
SPIRIT-LEVEL.
2277
SPIRIT-METER.
The Russian spirit-lamp (B C) consists of an exterior cylin-
der a, coutaiuiug a shorter interior annular cylinder />, having
tt bottom c, through which p;i.sses the pipe //, which constitutes
the onlv communication between the interiors ol" the two cylin-
ders. The outer end of this pipe terminates in a tine orifice.
The cup e is then tilled with alcohol or pyroxilic spirit, which
Kg. 5423
Spirit-Lamps.
is poured into the chamber b through the nozzle /", afterward
stopped with a cork- .\u equal amount is then poured into the
outer cylinder a and ignited ; this soon causes the spirit in the
chamber to boil, the vapor is forced through the tube (/, and,
being set on fire by the flame, produces a continuous column of
buruiiig vapor 6 inches high, which will last from 12 to 16
minutes. The cup e also serves as acover to the lamp, and is
used .IS an extinguisher.
Spir'it-lev'el. A level consisting of a glass tube
nearly tilled with alcohol, prel'eralily colored. The
remaining space in the tube is a bubble of air, and
this occupies a position exactly in the middle of the
tube when the latter is perfectly horizontal. The
mash, so as, in connection with the known caj)acity
of the vessel and correction for temperature, to as-
certain the amount of spirits produced. See Hy-
DKU.METEK ; AlXUHOLMETEU.
The term spirit-meter is more properly applied to
a measuring device ; and, for internal revenue pur-
poses, the hiyh or low vjtues or spirits are occasion-
ally tested by the hydrometer, to find the specific
gravity, the iiuantity of the spirit at proof being de-
duced from tlie two factois.
Spirit-meters are of several kinds : —
1. Therotatiugdruniortym]anuui of known capac-
ity, usually divided into chamber's, like a gas-meter.
2. The piston vibrating in a cylinder of known
capacity, and registering its pulsations.
3. Various applications of the device known as
the rotiiry pump.
4. Vessels of known capacity, alternately filled
and discharged ; usually suspended from a beam
whose oscillations as the lighter one rises and the
heavier descends are made to actuate an inde.\ mech-
anism. See also Ligrin-METEK ; Watkk-meteu.
(1.) In Augenstein's meter (Fig. 6126), the spirit passes from
Fig. 5426l
g.
tube is mounted on a wooden bar, which is laid on a
beam or other object to be tested ; or it is
Fig. 5425. mouuteil on a telescope or theodolite, and
^ forms the means of bringing the said instru-
ments to a level position. See Level.
Nearly in its present form it is supposed to
have been invented by Dr. Hooke, some time
in the latter part of the seventeenth century.
Another tube is placed in a mortise trans-
versely of the bar, to enable the instrument
to be used as a phcmb.
Fig. 5424 is a level which may also be used
a.s an inclinometer, the reailing being in de-
grees or linear measurements. The ring is
adjusted for plumbing vertical surfaces, or
leveling surfaces, by the movable ring and
its set-screw. Inclination from these posi-
tions is indicated by a circular scale and
index.
Spir'it-lev'el Qnad'rant. An instru-
' ment furnished with a spirit-level and used
for taking altitudes.
Spir'it-me'ter. An instrument for meas-
uring the amount of spirits passing through
a pipe or from a still. The ordinary alcohol-
mc/cr is but an adaptation of the hydrome-
ter, having a special scale in combination
Alcohol- ^^'tli * system of tables to be used by the in-
mcier. spector to test the gravity of the wort and
Augenstein^s Spirit-Meter.
the worm of the still through the pipe A into the chamber B,
and fiUs the upright cylinder C, whence it overflows into a sec-
ond upriirht cylinder containing a straining diaphragm b. It
thence flows through the pii>e r, and is discharged into the hol-
low axis of the revolving cvlinder E, whence it e.«ca pes into that
one of its compartments G G G which is at the time in com-
munication with the pipe c. As these become filled, they descend
bv gravity and discharge their contents through the peripheral
openings s ,? s into the reservoir H. whence the liquor is con-
ducted off by a pilieQ. On the exterior of the cylinder Fare a
series of brushes, or dippers, which take up a small quantity of
the spirit from the chamber K and convey it to a cup. from
whence it is conducted by the pipe ;> to a reservoir /. At suit-
able intervals the liquor in this reservoir is tested, serving as a
sample of aU that has passed through the meter. Each of the
SPIRIT-METER.
2278
SPIROMETER.
coinpartmenta G measures a ^iven uaiform amount, and the
flow nf spirit into one or the other of them is contiuuous. Suit-
able clock-woi-k mefhayisiii is provuleil for registering the
amount which passes through the apjHvratus.
(2.) Weaver's meter (Fig. 5427) hsis a piston B, which is
caused to oscillate in the cylimler A, to each end of which the
liiiuid tn he measured is alternately admitti-d through ports A' /,
opeued and closed by a circular valve provided with an iirmf,
Fig. 5427.
Wf-aver's ^pirit-3Ieter.
which is moved toandfroby springs i-X:', one of which is brought
into action Jis the other is released at the end of each stroke-
The valve is circular, and oscillates in a horizontal plane to
change the relation of its port* with the inlet and outlet ports.
As the piston moves toward the left, the spring in the right-hand
end of the tube is compressed in consequence of the resistance
oppn.-^c'l thereto by the arm projecting from the valve stem, but
when the piston h:us nearly completed its stroke, said arm is
freed and actuated by the compres.sed spring so as to suddenly
reverse the valve. The springs being duplicated, the operation
is the same under the opposite movement of the piston.
(3 ) The rotary-i>ump principle is sufficiently illustrated'iu
Figs. 44il5, 446t5* See also the devices under JIotart Steam-
EWGINE, Plate IJIl. page 1991.
(4.) Tice's meter is shown in Fig. 5428. The spirit coming
from the still through the pipe A is received in an exterior
chamber containing a thermometer Band an upright cylinder
Fig. 5428.
in this position the elevated arm of the rock-shaft lis engaged
by one of the swinging latches J J, which prevents the can from
descending until enough litiuor has accumulated above the
diaphragm / to raise the float K, causing a bent pivoted arm i,
to which it is connected, to act agiiinst the latch J and relejise
the shaft /, permitting the eau to des<-end- The valve / then
closes by the action of the spring A on its stem, while the valve
g, provided with a similar spring, opens, and the liquor fluws
into the trough /V,and is conducted away by a pipe r/. This
operation alternately takes place with each can, the number of
times each Ls filled and emptied being automatically recorded
by suitable registering mechanism opemted through the medium
of the levers O O' P P'. The amount measured each time is
that contained in the lower comjjartment only.
Devices are attached to the meter to indicate if any attempt
has been made tn t.iniper with the meter or pass liquor through
it without biiiiu' piii|nrly measured in the cans.
In another f"rm nf this meter, siphons are employed to dis-
charge the cans, which may be connected to a weigh-beam in
order that the strength of the spirit may be ascertained directly
from its weight.
Payne's meter (Fig. 5429) consists of a frame containing the
tanks C C, which are placed on a vibrating yoke. Thcdistilled
spirit passes first into one of the tanks, and when it has filled
the tank causes it to overbalance the empty one, which is in
turn filled, the first one being emptied automatically at the
Fig. 5429.
Tice^s Spirit-Meter.
Payne''s Sptrtioinetn.
same time by a valve beneath. The tanks are th\is filled and
emptied alternately ; the number of times each is filled and
emptied being recorded upon dials by means of suitable
mechanism. As the spirit passes through the tunnel into
the tank, a small quantity is retained in the sampling de-
vice, and caused to flow into the receivers. The sampling
device consists of a tube, provided with valves, supported by
a suitable mechanism, the valves being so arranged that
at each oscillation of tlie tjinks they will allow the sample
contained in the tube to pass into the chamber, and from
thence into the receiver.
Spir'ket. (Shiphuildhift.) A space fore niid
aft bt'twi'on floor-tinilicrs or futtocks of a ship's
frame. Distance bet\veen rimffs.
Spir'ket-ing, {Shiphuiklmg.) a. The
strake of inside
plankiiifi hetween the Fig- 5430.
â– water- ways, which
rest upon the deck- iZZ
C. in which is placed a hydrometer D. The thermometer and ' beams and the ])ort-siUs. ^
hydrometer niav both be si 'If- registering, and leave a continuous
record on an endless band of paper.
From the chamber the liqimr flows through the pipe Finto
the tilting hopper G on a rock-shaft /, by which it is directed
into the weighing cans e f' alternately. These are ench divided
into an upper and a lower compartment by light diaphnigms rr',
having valves ff, which admit the liquor from the upper into I
ll^^l \\^A
the lower compartment when the can is raised, as at/. While i the capacity of the chest.
b. Thp stiakc hetween
the upper deck anrl tlie
p'nnk-shcar. The quick-
irnrl'.
Spi-rom'e-ter. An instrument for measuring
Sptrketing, etc.
SPIT.
2279
SPLICE.
Browns Spirometer.
Tile breath-holder is
an inverted chamber
submerged in a water-
bath. The breath is
conducted bj' a flexible
pipe and internal tube,
so as to collect in the
cliarnber, which rises in
the water. An index is
attached to the chamber,
and is graduated ou its
lace, so as to indicate
against the edge of the
index-case the cubic
inches of air expired. A
chest-measurer.
The extreme hight of a coliima of water which can be sup-
ported by tbc muscular act of e-xpiration, transmittal by ttio
lips, is abovlt si.x fc-et. With the majority of wind-instruments,
the pressure required fol the high notes is consiJertibly greater
than that required for the low notes, each instrument liaviuj; .a
pressure ratio of its own. The clarinet is an e.xception to tue rule.
Spit. 1. An iron rod, on which meat is impaled
for cooking.
Fig. 0132 is a representation from the Bayeux
t.apestry of a Norman dinner-table. The pieces of
meat were handed to the guests on skewers, and
fowls upon the spits on which they were roasted.
,,t\ Fig. &i32.
to protect the machinerj- from wet and dirt projected
by the wheels when running.
2. (J'c/iicle.) a. A guard over a wheel, to keep
dirt from reaching the occupants of the carriage.
b. A guard near the door, to keep the dre.ss from
rubbing against the wheel in entering or aligliting.
Splay. {Architecture.) The inward or outward
expan.sion of an opening ; the difference lietween
its greatest and least cross-sections. Instances are
found in the slanting or beveled expansion (jroin, in
Gothic and Domestic architecture, to doors and win-
dows.
The splayed sides of the chimney -jambs are called
covintjs.
The term fluing is applied to the slanting jambs
of a Gothic window.
Splay'er. (Tilc-mnl-lnrj.) A segment of a cyl-
inder on which a molded tile is pressed to give it a
j curved shape, for a pantile, ridge or hip tile, gutter
or drain tile.
I Splice. 1. (Naulical.) The joint by which two
ropes are united so as to make one co?itiiiuous length,
or the two ends of a single rope are united, to form
a gromniet or eye.
In the short splice, used for popes which are not to be rove
through blocks, the strands are unlaid for a convenient length,
and each passed over one and under another of its correspood-
Fig.5434.
Gorman Waiters servtlt^ at Taide (Bayeux Tapestry).
One guest is drinking from a horn, another is raising
a tankard ; wooden plattere and a box of salt are
probably intended by the other table furnishing.
2. (IF'earing.) A horizontal pin in the chamber
of a wearer's shuttle, for receiving the spool or piru.
Spit-box. A spittoon. A cu.y>adorc.
Spit-stick'er. (Engraving. ) A graver or sculper,
witli convex faces.
Spit-toon'. A bo.x or crock for saliva. Spittoons
for railway-cars are arrangeil with covers and auto-
matic discharge. Fig. 5433 has a valve at the bot-
Raitway-Car Sptttoon.
torn, which is closed when the lid is lifted, prevent-
ing the draft of air thiou.sli the opt-ning. When tlie
lid is closed, the valve o})ens and discharges the con-
tents.
Splash-board, {^chicle.) The leathern or
wonden lioaril in front of the driver. A clash.
Splash'ers. 1. (Locomotive.) Guard - plates
placeil over the wheels of locomotives to prevent
any person coming in contact with them, and also
ing strands on the opposite rope for a sufficient distance, aa
shown at a & c. Fig 54^. The ends are then drawn taut, usu-
ally trimmed off close, and frequently the splice is covered by
serving.
The ti»i§ splice d e for ropes which are to pass through blocks
is formed by unlaying
Fig. 5435.
the strands fora longer
distenceand layingtwo
belonging to each rope
in the scores formed by
unlaying the opposite
strands of the other.
The third strands are
split and united after
the manner of the
short splice, while the
ends of the two others
are united by splitting
and interlacing in the
same manner This
distributes the joining
over a considerable
length, rendering the
enlargement scarcely
perceptible,
y, r/ne-splice.
g^ puddin^-spliix.
h, long splice
The long-roUiitg splice is used for lead-lines, fishing-lines, etc.
The cut or eant splice [k n, Fig. 543tt) is made by cutting a
piece from .a rope and laying open the ends of the strands. The
strands of the piece to %vhich it is to be attached are laid open
with the marlinspike, and the ends of the cut-off piece are passed
}o between the strands of the first.
The ft/p-splice / m is made in a precisely similar way, the end
of the rope bejng worked into the standing part.
A </rai<jinff-spiice — principally used for cables — is made by
utiiaying several fathoms of the two ropes to be joined, making
Fig. 5436.
Spticts.
Splices,
i, short splice.
SPLICED EYE.
2280
SPLINT.
a sliort splice, taperinp; the ends of the stramia and laying them
along in the spiict's between the strands of the other cable,
where tliey are secured by seizings. So called, because it is
readily taken apart
A tapered splice is formed by pradually tapering the strands
of each rope after making a short splice and passing them in
between tlio strands of the other, again tapering and passing
through, and so on until the unlaid strands are expended.
2. {Machiiierij. ) To unite adjacent pieces by means
of overlajuniig or scarfing' the parts together, secured
by bolts or tish-plates. See Fishing.
3. {CarpaUn/.) A scarf -joint by wliich timbers
are united. See ScARF.
Spliced Eye. {Nautical.) The rope is bent
around a thiuible, and the end spliced into the
standin,!; p;irt.
Splice-piece. {Railwny.) A fish-plate or break-
joint piece at the junction of two rails. See Fig.
2001.
Splic'ing-fid. {Naulimh) A tapered wooden
pin or inarlins])ike, used in opening the strands of a
rope in splicing. It is sometimes driven by a mallet
called a coin III" tuh-r.
Splic'iiig-ham'mer. A hammer having a face
at one end and a point at the other, used in splicing.
Splic'ing-shack'le. {NuidkuL) A device for
enabling a hempen cable to
be bent to a chain-cable.
The shackle at the end of
the latter has a thimble like
a dead-e3^e, around which
Splicing- Shackle, the hempen Cable is passed,
and the end spliced to the
standing part.
Spline.
Fig. 5437.
Fig. 5438.
Spline.
(A/achitiery.) A rectangular key fitting
into a seat on a shaft and occupying a
groove in the hub of a wheel, which slips
thereon longituilinall}', but rotates there-
with. Ajht/hrr.
Splin'ing-ma-chine'. {Mdal-work-
iiiij.) One for cutting key-seats and
grooves. See Slotting-machine ; Key-
seat ClTTTEIl.
Splint. 1. {Surgical.) A flexible and resisting
lamina of wood, metal, bark, leather, or pasteboard,
to keep the parts of fractures in appiisition and pre-
vent displacement. They are usually padded, and
fixed by roller-s or tapes.
Splints for fractured limbs are shown in Plates XVTTI., XXII.,
XXVI , XXIX. , extt-nsion and counter-extension apparatus in
Plates XXII., XXV., of " Magazyn oste Wapeu Iluys der Chi-
rurgyns door .lohanncs Scultetus," Doordrecht, 1658.
Fig. 5439 shows an apparatus for the reduction and retention
Fig. 5439.
of fractures. The extension of the wounded leg is by means of
bandaging tapes and a spring-balance. The counter-extension
is by a roil attached to a cross-bar and connected to a splint on