which a belt may be directly applied, it being surrounded by a
laeglng for that purpose, is caused to rotate by the reciprocation
of two pistons with duplicate heads in cylinders whose axes are
at right angles to each other. The piston-head^ a a' are coa-




Revolving- Cylinder Steatri- Engine.



REVOLVING-CYLINDER STEAM-ENGINE. 1931 REVOLVING-CYLINDER STEAil-ENGINE.

Fig. 4298.




Revolving Steam-Engiru,



nected, as are also 6 h', by the pieces r e e' c'. Yokes ff ft' con- I admitted through thcTalve /"to the central space g*, which serves



nect these wi th a crank e on the main shaft of the trunk. Steam is



4299.




Kipp^s Revolving-Enghu {Fersptctive View).



asastwun-chest. Thearrangement of theporU^is phownat ». The
drum is mounted on trunnions, through oneof whirh the steam
enters, the other eerring to exhaust through one of the hollofi

Fig. 4300.




Sipp's Kevoiving-Ensin€ iiecliuiis).

pillars <■ into the f«»d-wnter heater / ; an eccentric on the main
shnft nl=o operates the fif^i-water pump

In Fie- 4;^"^!, the drum T rotates in hearintr*, the s^e^m pasn-
ine in and out at the respective trunnions The cyJiTider» n^cW-
late Id bearings in the heads of the drum, and revolTc irith it.



REVOLVING-FURNACE.



1932



REVOLVING-GRATE.



Fig. 4301.




Revolving-Cylinder Steam-Engine.

The reoiprocating pistons are connected by cranks to planetary
gears H H which mutually and severally engage a fixed sun-
wheel / on the central axis. Power is transmitted by a belt
on the drum.

Re-volv'ing-fur'nace. The

Briii'kTuT it'Vdlviiig-rmiiace, lor clilo-
riilizing, iU'.siilijliuriziii,<:, and roasting
ores is sliown in Kigs. 4302, 4303, and
4304. It is designed lor roa.sting ores
with salt, and is a liorizontal cylinder,
i-.onstrncted of boiler-plate iron and
lined with fiie-brick. It is 12 feet long
and 6 feet in diameter, supported on
rollers, on which it is rotated by gear-
ing. One enil of tlie cylinder com-
nmnicates with a Iniek fireplace, while
the opposite end is let into the .stack
so that the Hanie from the fireplace
passes through the interior of the cyl-
inder. Within the cylinder there is an iron dia-
phragmorpartitiou protected by fire-proof material and

Fig. 4302.



running longitu- fig 4303.

dinally through
the greater part
of its length. It
is made in sec-
tions, which are
held in grooves
that are ioimed
in the tubular
ribs, which have
open ends extend-
ing outward be-
yond the side of
the cylinder, per-
mitting the pas-
sage of air. When
tlie several sec-
tions are in place,
the entire parti-
tion or diaphragm has the form of a rhomb, whose
ends aie obtuse angles. It is placed at an angle of
10' or 15° with the longitudinal axis of the cylinder,
so that as the cylinder containing the charge is re-
volved, the diaphragm causes a continuous pa.ssing
and repassing of the material Ironi one end to the
other, thereby mixing the wliole mass. A door for
charging and discharging the ore is placed on the
surface of the cylinder opposite the partition. The
outsi<ie of the cylinder has flanges which rest on the
rollers, and a toothed rib, with which
the jiinion is placed in gear, causing the




Bri chner Roa^lins-Funiac.
( Transverse Section).




'////■■■ I'll" '- I'll




Bnickner^$ Revolving- Furnace [ Persjiectwe Vutr).



Bruchner^s Revolving-Furnace (Longitudinal Section).



whole to revolve. The fireplace and fire-fine are of
brick or stone, with funnels large enough for the
ends of the cylinder, which may fit into their places
easily and revolve. Between the end of the cylin-
der and the stack there is a dnst-chaniber, in which
the fine material that is carried through with the
draft may have an opportunity of settling. The
charge of ore for the cylinder consists of 3,000 to
4,000 pounds, with from 6 to 10 per cent of salt.
The cylinder revolves slowly, mak-
ing only one or two revidutions ]ier
minute; it consumes about three
quarters of a cord of wood per day ;
the chloridation is said to be very
thoroughly effected. See also IJo.xsT-
ING-FURN.\CF. ; SILVER PUdCIiss ;
Df.SULPHURIZINT.- FtTRNACK ; SlL-

VEit-MH.i, : Shaft-fitrnace.

Re- volv'ing -grate. 1. One
which exposes dillerent portions in
turn to the feed-opening and to the
greater fire heat, so as to coke the coals
and then gradually bring them to the
point where the fire is more urgent.



REVOLVING-HAMMER.



1933



REVOLVING-SUN.



2. An ore-roasting furnace with a horizontal re-
volving-hearth. See ROASTIXG-FURNACE.

Re-volv'ing-ham'mer. A hammer revolving
with a shaft.

In Fig. 4305, the apparatus consista of an armature revolved

by a crank which
Fig. 4305. carries two hammers,

woose haudleSjhiugeii
respectively upon
axes at the ends of
the armature, may
fold back upon the
armature and upon
opposite sides there-
of in such manner
that the hammers
will rest upon sup-
ports attached to said
armature lyiug with-
in or nearly within
the orbit of the axis
to which the handles
are secured, and the
circle described by
the armature. A
rim or guard of un-
evjual but proper curvature, which lies in the orbit of revolu-
tion of the armature, prevents the hammer from being thrown
from its support by centrifugal force until it shall have passed
beyond a plane projected vertically through the axis of the
armature.

Re-volv'ing-har^row. One wliich rotates in a
plane parallel to the earth's surface, to assist the
(iiagging action of the teeth. In Fig. 4^306, the
beams that hold the teeth are attaoheil at their inner
ends to a hexagonal central hub of iron, provided
vith mortises in each of the six sides. iSee also
Harkow.

Re-volv'ing-light. One character of light as
displayed from a lighthouse. It is one of the forms

Fig. 4306.




Revolving' Hammer.



utes, as may be required, a Fig. 4307.

light gradually increafing to
fuU strength, and then de-
creasing to total darkness.

The ijttermittent has
steady light for a short time,
and a sudden echpse, forming
a dark interval.

The fiashing is a revolving
light in which the light is
always visible, but alternates
in power, the light rising
and sinking at intervals of
five seconds. See Ligeit.

The reflectors are attached
to a square retiec tor- frame,
having an upright central
shaft on which the apparatus
turns. This is supported by a
socket below and a bridge-
piece above. It is rotated by clock-work and gearing. When
the light is alternate red and ivhiie, the lamp chimneys of the
lights on the respective sides are of red and white glass When
two white lights alternate with one red, or vice versa, the frame
is triangular or hexagonal, and the lights on the respective
sides are suitably arranged for the sequence of colors.

Re-volv'ing-ov'en. One having pans which re-
Tolve on a horizontal axis, or a horizontal hearth on




Revolving- Light.



V'






Revolv



of interrupted lights ; the others are termed inter-
mittcnt and flashing. Each of the three is dis-
tinguished from theflxed, whose beams are constant.
The fixed, revolving, intermittent, and flashing are
each capable of variation as to color and number; in
the latter respect as single and double.

The characteristics nbove cited are variously combined, as,
Tfvolvins whitf. r^volvinz red and it'hile, revn'vins red and two
w/iius, dotifj'e fixfJ, double revolving white, etc., etc.

The revolTinj; light is produced by the resolution of a frame
with three or four sides. harinR reflectors of a larger size than
those used for a fixed light, ^ouped on each side with their
axes parallel. The revolution exhibits once in one or two min-



The object is to pass the bread once
around within the time required
for baking, taking ott' a batch
of loaves and putting on a batch
of dough at each portion of a
revolution. See Oven.

Re-volv'ing-pan Mill. A mill for grinding
mortar, etc. The pan a is caused to rotate hy a
pinion on the shaft of the pulley b, which engages
a circular gear on the bottom of the pan. Its rota-
tion causes the rollers c c', jounialed in bearings in
the uprights of the frame, to revolve and comminute

^j-,_^ the material beneath, which is

-^^yy-^^^^^^^^i^l directed toward them hy eun-ed
—^^^^"^^ scrapers.

Re-volv'ing-press. One
form of baling-press, in which,
as the box revolves, screws act-
ing in stationary nuts actuate
the followers in the box, ap-



proaching or withdrawing them according to the
direction of rotation of the box.

The press has usually but a single screw, one
example of which is shown under Baling-I'KEss
(which see).

In the present example, the box rotates on a vertical axis, and
h.is two follower* attached to the ends of screws, one right and
the other left, which screws pass through fixed nuts, one at the
top and the other at the bottom of the frame, so that, as the
box is rotated the followers turn the screws and are thereby
made to advance toward or recede from each other.

Re-volv'ing-Bun. A pyrotechnic device, con-



REVOLVING-TOWER.



1934



RHEOSTAT.



Fig. 4309. sisting of a wheel

upon whose peripliery
rockets of different
styles are fi.\ed, and
which coninnmicate
by conduits, so that
T, one is lighted in suc-
cession alter another.
Re-volv'ing-
tow'er. The revolv-
ing tower or turret,
for offensive or de-
fensive operations,
was the work of Tlieo-
dore R. Timby, of
Saratoga, N. Y. The
idea was conceived
and a model made in
1841, caveated in
1843, and it was pat-
ented to him in 1862.
The original model
had a base, revolving-
tower, and central
lookout, and the
specification of 1843
involved the use of
steam-powerfor revo-
lution and for pro-
pulsion of the Heat-
ing structuie. Tlie
revolving-turret is a
feature in the nioni-
Revoivin^-R'Ms. tors, both as con-

structed by Captain
Ericsson and his successors, and also by Captain
Coles of the British navy, who devised a modified
form of turret. Some notice has been taken of the
subject under AuMoit-FLAriNG ; Gun-bdat ; Iron-
clad (which see). See also Tower ; Turret.

The atl vantages claimed for the turret over the broadside are,

1. Steidiness of carriage ainid.ship3.

2. Hight above water.

3. Greater facility of training and increased field of fire.

4. Protection to gunners, as the port can be turned out of
fire.

5 Rapidity of fire, as the gun may be kept trained while the
embrasure is turned out of tire.

6. That it admits of greater weight of metal being thrown
on one side.

7. Advantage of position, as the gun can be pointed in any
direction without regard to the lay of the vessel.

8 Allows a minimum port-hole without interference with
range

Rhe'o-cord. An instrument for measuring elec-
tro-magnetic resistances. Poggendortt"s (Fig. 4310)
is well adapted for small resistances.

Two platinum wires a b are stretched on a board
and held between clamps cc' dd' at either end. To
the ends d d' are attached silken strings passing over

Fig. 4310.





pulleys and carrying weights, which keep the wires
tense. The wires are insulated from the elam]is and
pass through a box « filled with mercury, wliich
slides on the wires and carries a vernier. When the
damps c c' are connected with the poles of a battery,
the current from c passes through the wire to the
box e, where it is transferred bj' the mercury to the
other wire and conducted to the other pole of the



battery. The distance which the current has to
traverse along the wires is greater or less, according
as the box c is caused to approach or recede from c d,
and is measured on the scale / by an index attached
to the box.

The resistance of the whole length of the wires a h having
been determined, that of each division of the scale is deduced,
and one of these divisions may t>e employed as a unit for calcu-
lating resistances either by the differential or substitution
methods.

A simple arrangement for measuring greater resistances con-
sists of a u umber of short metjiUic bars placed at equal distances
apart on a board, in such a way that their ends may be con-
nected by the insertion of brass plugs between them. Each bar
is attached to one terminal of a German silver coil of definite
re.*istance. When the plugs are all inserted, a current will pa.s8
directly through the series of plat4?s ; but when any one or more
is left out, the circuit is compelled to pass through the resistance
coil or coils connected to the bar or bars thus left out of the
short circuit. The sum of their resistances gives the total re-
sis t.auce.

A modified arrangement on the same principle is employed
for measuring very great resistances. Half of each coil is in all
instances wound iu a direction opposite to the other, to neutral-
ize the iuduction of the coil upon itself.

Rhe-om'e-ter. {Electricity.) A term first pro-
posed by Peclet to designate an instrument to meas-
ure the force of an electric current. See Electrom-
eter ; Galvanometer.

Rhe-o-mo'tor. {Electricity.) Any apparatus
wliich originates an electric current, whether it lie
a magneto-electric current or a voltaic battery, a
thermo-electric battery, or any other source what-
ever of an electric current.

Rhe'o-phore. {Electricity.) A term employed
by Ampere to designate the connecting wire of a
galvanic apparatus as being the carrier or transmit-
ter of the current.

Rhe'o-scope. (Electricity.) An instrument for
detecting an electric current. See Electroscope.

Rhe'o-stat. (Elcctro-maynctism.) An instru-
ment for regulating or adjusting a circuit so that
any recjuired degi-ee of force may be maintained.

Wheatstone's rheostat (Fig. 4311) consists of two
cylinders, one of brass and the other of non-conduct-
ing material so arranged that a copper wire can be



Fig. 4311.




Rheostat.

wound from one to the other by turning a shiftable
handle. The surface of the non-conducting cylinder
has a screw-thread by which the successive convolu-
tions of wire are isolated. Being introduced into a
circuit, the wire is wound on or off the threaded
cylinder by which the resistance is determined, the
brass cylinder being so large that its resistance is
not considered. In the upper figure, the current is



RHEOTOME.



1935



RIB.



shown as traversing a galvanometer a, the rheostat |
6, and the conductor c, the resistance of which is to
be measured. The whole wire being wound on the
brass cylinder, the deflection of the galvanometer is
noted, the conductor c is withdrawn from the cir-
cuit, and the ends de directly connected ; the amount
of wire on the non-conducting cylinder when the
galvanometer indicates an equal deflection, shows
the strength of the resistance c.

Rhe'o-tome. {E ectricity.) An instrument which
periodically interruiits a current. — Fakaday.

Rhe'o-trope. {Eleciricitij.) An instrument which
periodically inverts a current. — Fakaday.

Rhi'no-plas'tic Knife. One for performing the
Ta<;liacotian operation for artificial nose. See ue.\t
article.

Rhi'no-plas'tic Pin. A pin used in securing an
artificial to the natural base or remains of the nose.

The operation for the restor.xtion of the nose was
introduced by Caspar Tagliacozzi at Bononia, about
15o3. He cites successes of former operations in in-
grafting noses, ears, lips, etc. Tagliacozzi obtained
the piece for the replacement by dis.section from the
shouliler or arm of the patient, or a piece from some
obhging person who was willing to be tied to the
patient for a few weeks till the graft united, and
might be severed from the original proprietor.

Liston introduced the plan of cutting the piece
from the forehea<l of the noseless. This plan had
been previously practiced among the Koumas of In-
dia, among whom the loss of the nose was inflicted
as a penalty for various crimes. The brutal punish-
ments or revenges of Europe, a few centuries since,
included various mutilations, pruning off the salient
members, especially those of the Iread, and sometimes,
as in the case of Abelard, organs whose loss no skill
could remedy, and whose imitation would be but an



The " Notary's Nose," by E. About, is an amusing account
of the operation for grafting an artificial nose upon the face of
a man, M. L'Ambert, who is related to have had his fine Ro-
man nose cut off in a duel with a Turk. A vagabond cat hav-
ing eaten the amputated orgin, the patient is reduced to a
choice between the East Indian and Italian methods. The
former consists in cutting a triangular piece out of the skin of
the forehead, the apex at the bottom, at which point the portion
retains its attachment to the brow. The flap is then turned
down and twisted half round, so as to bring the epidermis out-
side, and its edges are sewed to the corresponding outline of the
wound. The Italian method is to cut the flap from the arm, to
which it is left attached at one point to keep up a vital circula-
tion ; the piece is sewed to the outline of the vvound, and the
arm is bound to the head till the junction is perfected.

M. L'Ambert selected an .\uvergnat water-carrier, who con-
sentel to allow the flap to be cut from his arm, which was
bound to the head of the patient, and so they were united for
a month. The interest turns upon the quarrels of the ligatured
parties and a supposed connection of the new nose with the
bodily conditions of the discharged water-carrier, even after the
separation of the parties. The lout becomes dissipated, and the
nose is red and swollen ; sick, and the nose becomes thin , pale,
and attenuated ; he enters a looking-glass factory and absorbs
so much mercury that the notary's gold spectacles become rotten
at the bridge by amalgamation ; he catches a terrible cold, and
" talking through his nose," as the phrase is, has a horrible
Auvergnat brogue ; finally, the man loses his arm by entangle-
ment in some machinery, and the notary's nose drops off.

Rbi'uo-scope. An instrument for examining
the posterior nares, — the rear portion of the nostrils.
A mirror, 4 to J inch diameter, on a stem about 5
inches long, is introduced into the mouth. On the
top of this miiTor is a retractor, to hold back the
palate, in order to obtain an uninterrupted view.
Light is thrown in by means of a reflector, as used
in laryngoscopy. See Laryngoscope.

Rho'dings. (Nautical.) The brass boxes for
the journals of the pump-break.

Rho'di-um. Eipuvalent, 52.2; symbol, Eo.;
specific gravity, 12.1 ; nearly infusible. It is a white,



lustrous, hard, brittle metal, not acted on by acids
when i)ure, and is used for the tips of gold pens.

Rhumb. One of the points on a compass-card.
The circle of 3tJ0' is divided into 32 points or rhumbs,
each interval comprehending an angle of 11° 15'.
These are divided into half and quarter points. See
Maiiinrp.'s Compass.

Rhus'ma. (Leather-manufacture.) A mixture
of caustic lime and orpiment or tersulphide of arse-
nic, used in depilatiou or unhairing of hides.

Warington, finding that the arsenic was ineffec-
tive, and that tlie sulphide of calcium was the active
agent, substituted the latter, per se, and found it
effective in from 24 to 36 hours in softening the
epidermis and loo.sening the hair.

Rhy-sim'e-ter. An instrument invented by Mr.
A. E. Fletcher for measuring the velocity of fluids
or the speed of ships. It is on the princi]ile of the
Lind Anemometer (Fig. 205, page 99), and of Pilot's
Tube (Fig. 661). It presents the open end of a tube
to the impact of the current, which raises a column
of mercury in a graduated tube.

Rib. A bent timber or metallic bar forming a
principal piece in a frame or structure, as —

1. (Sliipu;righting.) One of the curved side tim-
bers of a ship or boat, to which the wooden plank-
ing and the interior sheathing is trenailed or pinned.
So called from their resemblance in form and oh.ject
to the ribs of the human body, which are articulated
in the spine and inclose the thoracic cavity.

In wooden vessels of considerable size, timber of
the required dimensions and form cannot be pro-
cured to make a rib of one piece, so it is made in
sections scarfed together. Tliese are known as the
first, second, and third futtocks, and terminate in the
top-timber. In iron vessels, a bar of the proper size
is bent into the required form.

2. (Carpentry.) a. A timber arch to support a
plastered ceiling.

b. A projecting or tracery molding on a vaulted
ceiling.

c. A curved member of an arch center.

The rib of a bridge or roof may be of iron or wood,
having an arched form and springing from abut-
ments. The rib of a
centering is of wood,
and forms a ]iart of
a frame whose con-
struction depends
upon the span and
expected weight.

Bui/t ribs, con-
structed on the meth-
od devised by Phili-
bert de I'Orme, are
made of several lay-
ers of planks set on
edge, breaking joint,
and connected by bolts. The figures exhibit a side
elevation and plan, and an elevation of a rib con-
structed of straight-edged planks.

Laminated ribs are made of layers of plank laid
flatwise and bolted together. See Arched Bea.m,
Plate III. See also Roof, Plate LI I.

Various other names have been given, as —




Built Ribs.



Decorating rib.
Diagonal rib.
Intermediate rib.
Nerve.



Ridge-rib.

Round rib.

Transverse rib (cross-springer).

Wall-rib.



3. (Bookbinding.) One of the ridges on the back
of a book which serve for covering the tapes and for
ornament.

4. (Machinery.) An angle-plate cast betw»en two
other plates, to brace and strengthen them ; as be-



RIBADOQUIN.



1936



RIBBON-LOOM.



tween tlie sole and wall-plate of a bracket. See

BllACKET.

5. (Mining.) A jiillar of coal left as a support for
the roof of a mine.

6. Out' of the extension rods on which the cover
of an umbrella or |mmsol is stretched. They are
made of whulelione, steel, or cane.

Ri-ba-do'qmn. {Weapon,) A cross-bow for
throwiii'^ l;n';^e darts.

Rib'band. {Shiphitilding.) a. A longitudinal
strip of tiiiibtT following; the curvatures of the ves-
sel and bolted to its ribs to hold them in position
and impart stability to tbc skeleton. A number of
these are fastened at ditferent distances from the
keel.

h. Square timbers of the slip fastened lengthways
in the hilgeways, to prevent the timbers of the cra-
dle slipping outward during launching.

Rib'liand-Unes. {Shipbuilding.) Oblique lon-
gitudinal sections of tlie hull.

Rib' band-shore. {Shipbuilding.) A stmt to
support tbe Irame of a ship while building. Their
heads rest against the ribbands and their bases on
the slip or dork.

Ribbed Arch. {Engineering.) An arch con-
sisting of iron or timber parallel ribs springing
from stone abutments.

Rib'bing-nail. {Shi phuV. ding.) A nail with a
large round head with rings.

Rib'bon. 1. {Fabric.) A narrow fabric used for
trimming.

Ribbons are of various materials, textures, and
qualities. Among these are the following : chin6,
ferrety galloon^ love^ lustring (lutestring), ribbon vet-
vet, sarsnetj satin, taffcty, etc.

The ribbon manufacture is lara:ely carried on at Coventry, in
Engljind, anil at Saiut-Ktienne, in France. A great number of
the improvements in the dirforent branches of the manufacture
are due to the Swiss and Germans, among others the bar-loom,
brought from Switzerland, in 1756, by M Flachat, of Saint-
Chamond, and the economical processes for fining velvet, intro-
duced in 1775, by Roland de la Fiatiere.

The application to the bar-loom of the Jacquard machine,
and of the various improvements derived from it, have re-^ulted
in the production of an admirable working instrument, ^Yith
■which a skilled workman is able to make everything, from sim-
ple taffetas to elaborate portraits. The ornaments vary con-
fiiderably in style and arrangement. Sometimes these are
purely fanciful compositions, — Byzantine, Indian, Oriental,
Chinese ; at otliers, of birds and animals, more or !e-s ap-
proaching nature. The commone:it ornaments, and generally
the most successful, are borrowed from flowers. Buds, corn-
ear.s, — fruits even', — are all suitable for composition. Birds,
and some species especially, lend themselves very readily to
the fancy of the designer, but quadrupeds which are able to
find suitable place in an ornament are rare.

Whatever may he the nature of t!ie design, a practical appli-
cation ia given to it by the card-setter, who transfers it, while
enlarging the size, to a checkered sheet. This sheet assists the
stamping-out machine to prepare tile cardboard sheets for the
Jacquard machine. The warps are made under careful super-
vision, and the threads composing them consist of organzines