times tinged with rose-red ; median coverts white, forming a band ; greater wing-coverts blackish,
broadly tipped with white, forming a wing-bar. Tail feathers blackish brown, narrowly edged
on the outer web with olive-yellow; cheeks, throat, ear-coverts, chest, and breast rose-pink,
darkest on the throat and sides of the body ; lower belly and abdomen whitish ; under tail-
coverts ash-brown, broadly margined with white. The adult female much resembles the adult
female of the preceding species, but is at once distinguished by the white double wing- bar.
[w. P. P. and T. w.]

2. Distribution. The principal breeding grounds of this species are the forests of Northern
Russia, especially those of the Archangel government west to Onega, but it is not known to
breed in the Kola Peninsula, though a nest is said to have been taken once at Upsala in Sweden.
Eastward it is also known to nest in Siberia, but the eastern birds have been distinguished by
some ornithologists as a local race, and range east to Kamtschatka and south to Dauria. During
winter and on migration it has occurred in France, Holland, Germany, Switzerland, Austro-
Hungary and Poland, and on rare occasions in Italy also. Most English records are from the
east coast, also about eleven from Scotland and three from Ireland. [F. c. R. J.]

[AMERICAN WHITEWINGED-CROSSBILL [Loxia leucoptera leucoptera Gm.].

1. Description. Distinguished from the twobarred-crossbill by the wings and secondaries,
which are black with two cross bars of white. The sexes differ in coloration. Length
6 in. [152 mm.]. Head, neck, mantle, rump, and most of the under parts pinkish red,
varying to orange-red ; lower belly greyish white ; under tail-coverts black, broadly margined
with white; the wings are black, likewise the scapulars, the former with two white bands
formed by the white tips to the middle and greater coverts ; tail and upper tail-coverts black.
The adult female has the wings and tail as in the adult male ; feathers of the upper parts
blackish brown, margined with yellowish olive ; the rump is uniform bright Naples yellow ;
under parts similar to the upper parts but brighter. The young birds are conspicuously streaked
above and below with dusky, on an olivaceous ground ; wings and tail much like those of the
adult female, [w. p. p. and T. w.]

2. Distribution. It is very doubtful whether this species has any right to inclusion in the
British list, though it is said to have occurred three times in England. Its breeding grounds
are in the forests of Northern Canada, and on migration in winter it reaches North Carolina,
Indiana, Illinois, Colorado, and Nevada. Casual in Greenland and said to have occurred on
Heligoland. [F. c. R. j.]]

NORTHERN-BULLFINCH [Pyrrhula pyrrhula pyrrhula (Linnaeus). Russian bullfinch.
German, grosser or nordischer Gimpel', Italian, ciuffolotto maggiore].

1. Description. Distinguished from the common-bullfinch (see vol. i. p. 81) by its larger
size (wing 3 - 75 in. [96 mm.]) and by its brighter coloration. The sexes differ in coloration.
Length 6'5 in. [165 mm.]. The adult female resembles the female of the common-bullfinch,
but is larger and of a purer grey colour, [w. p. p. and T. w.]

2. Distribution. This large form of bullfinch breeds in Southern Scandinavia, and has
been met with sparingly in North Norway, and also throughout the greater part of Central and



CLASSIFIED NOTES 469

Northern Russia, except in the extreme north and the Kola Peninsula. It is not uncommon in
the Baltic Provinces and Poland, and also breeds in North-eastern Germany (East Prussia and
perhaps Pomerania) as well as in Galizia and Hungary ; probably also in Montenegro and
Bulgaria, but sparingly. It is only a regular migrant in the most northerly part of its range,
though wandering in the winter months over Middle Europe, and occasionally recorded from
Italy, Greece, and Asia Minor. To Great Britain it is an irregular winter visitor to the
northern islands of Scotland and the east coast south to Norfolk. [F. c. R. j.]

SCARLET-GROSBEAK [Carjiwlnciis erythrinus Pallas ; Pyrrhula erythrina (Pallas). Scarlet-
rosennch. French, roselin cramaisi ; German, Karmingimpel ; Italian, verdone
bastardo}.

1. Description. Recognised by its crimson plumage. The sexes differ in coloration.
Length 6 in. [153 mm.]. General colour of the upper parts crimson, brightest on the
head and rump ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts dark
brown, with rosy fringes ; tail feathers brownish, edged with red ; cheeks, throat, and breast
bright rose-crimson, gradually merging into the whitish of the lower breast and abdomen;
under tail-coverts white, slightly tinged with rosy ; bastard-wing, primary coverts, and quills
dark brown, fringed with olive; iris hazel; bill greyish; legs and toes brownish. The adult
female has the upper parts of an olive-brown colour with dark centres to the feathers,
especially those of the head, neck, and mantle ; rump and upper tail-coverts uniform brownish
olive; lesser wing-coverts like the back; greater coverts dark brown, edged with brownish olive
and tipped with yellowish white, forming a double wing-bar; wings and tail olive-brown,
edged with yellowish olive ; under surface of body yellowish white streaked with brown ;
abdomen whitish. Young birds may be recognised by the yellow tint on the feathers of the
under side. [w. p. p. and T. w.]

2. Distribution. The European breeding-grounds of this species lie chiefly in Russia, but
it is not uncommon in some districts of East Prussia, and is said to have formerly bred in Silesia.
It also nests in Galizia and parts of North Hungary. In Russia its northern limits extend to
middle Finland and the lower Petschora, and south to the lower Volga and Don valleys. In
Siberia its breeding range extends east to the Lena, but in Eastern Asia, as well as in Central
Asia and probably the Caucasus, it is replaced by allied races. On migration specimens have
been obtained not only in the British Isles, but also in Holland, Belgium, S. Sweden, France,
Spain, and Italy. From England and Wales there are four records, and fourteen from Scot-
land up to the end of 1912, six of which are from Fair Island, four from the Isle of May, and
three from St. Kilda. [F. c. R. J.]

PINE-GROSBEAK [Pinicola enucledtor (Linnaeus). French, bouvreuil dur bee; German,
Hakengimpel, Fichtengimpel ; Italian, ciuffolotto del pinete].

1. Description. Distinguished by its large size (i.e. the largest of all the finches), with a
length of over 8 in. [215 mm.]. Sexes differ in coloration. The adult male has the
general colour of the upper parts rose-crimson, mottled on the back by ash-coloured bases to
the feathers ; primaries dusky brown, narrowly fringed with rose-colour ; secondaries and their
coverts broadly margined with white ; tail dusky brown, very faintly margined with crimson
towards the base ; cheeks, sides of the face, and under surface of the body rosy-crimson ; abdomen,
thighs, and under wing- and tail-coverts brownish ash. The adult female is slightly smaller
than the male, and all the rose-red colour is absent, being replaced with golden olive-yellow,
[w. p. p. and T. w.]

2. Distribution. Breeds in Europe only in the north of Scandinavia and Russia. In
Norway its breeding range extends south to Saltdalen, and in Sweden it is only found in Lapland.

VOL. IV. 3 O



470 RARE BRITISH BIRDS

In Russia it is only found in North Finland, the Kola Peninsula, the Archangel government, the
lower Petschora, and the White Sea district. In Asia it breeds in Siberia, but is replaced by a
subspecific form in the east, and by others in North America. On migration it visits Germany,
and occasionally Austro -Hungary and Italy, and there are about fifty records from the British
Isles, though many are not well authenticated. [F. c. R. j.]

THE BUNTINGS 1

[ORDER : Passeriformes. FAMILY : Fringillidce. SUBFAMILY : Emberizince]

PINE-BUNTING [Emberiza leucoce'phala S. G. Gmelin. French, bruant a couronne lactee;
German, Fichtenammer ; Italian, zigolo gola rosso].

1. Description. Recognised by having the crown of the head pure white. Length
6J in. [159 mm.]. The adult male differs from the female, and there is a seasonal change of
plumage. The adult male has the general colour of the upper parts reddish chesnut, except
the crown, which is white; feathers of the mantle mesially streaked with black; lower
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts reddish chesnut fringed with whitish ; primaries brownish
black, narrowly fringed on the outer web with white ; secondaries similar to the mantle ; tail
greyish brown, the three outer pairs with a large patch of white occupying the greater part of
the inner web ; chin, throat, and sides of the neck rich chesnut ; a white collar round the fore-
neck; chest and sides of body chesnut, fringed with white; middle of the chest, belly, and
under tail-coverts white ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white ; iris dark brown. The adult
female is similar to the male, but the markings are less pronounced. The adults in winter have
all the contour feathers fringed with white, especially those of the chest, [w. p. p. and T. w.]

2. Distribution. The breeding grounds of this species lie in Siberia, and extend from the
Urals to the mouth of the Amur. It also breeds in N. Mongolia (Bamberg). On migration it
is found in North China, Kashmir, Turkestan, Transcaspia, and Afghanistan, and also wanders
occasionally westward into Europe, where it has been recorded from Orenburg, Dalmatia, Austria-
Hungary, Italy, Heligoland, and South France, as well as once on Fair Island (October 1911).
[F. c. R. J.]

BLAGKHEADED-BUNTING [Emberiza melanocephala Scopoli. French, touant crocote;
German, Kappenaminer ; Italian, zigolo capinero].

1. Description. Differs from all the other species of buntings in having a black head and
yellow under parts. The male differs from the female, and there is a distinct winter plumage.
Adult male is 7 in. [178 mm.] in length, and has the head and cheeks deep black; the
mantle, back, rump, and upper tail-coverts are orange-chesnut, palest on the rump ; primaries
greyish brown ; secondaries blackish brown, broadly margined on the outer web with yellowish
brown ; tail feathers greyish brown, darkest on the outer web ; entire under parts rich orange-
yellow, brightest on the throat. The adult female is pale chesnut above, tinged with yellow ;
top of the head brown, streaked with black, and the under parts dull yellow, tinged with orange
on the chest. The adults in winter have the feathers of the back fringed with brownish ash
and the yellow of the under parts paler. Iris brown ; upper mandible brown ; lower mandible
grey ; legs and feet flesh-colour, [w. p. p. and T. w.]

2. Distribution. The breeding range of this species in Europe only includes the Balkan
Peninsula and South Russia, but an occasional instance of nesting is recorded from North
Italy, and it is common in Dalmatia. In the Balkan Peninsula it is chiefly confined to the
countries south of Montenegro and the Balkans. It is also a plentiful breeding species in the
Archipelago, Crete, Asia Minor, Cyprus, Palestine, Persia, and Baluchistan. Its normal winter

1 Vol. i. p. 157.



CLASSIFIED NOTES 471

quarters lie in North-west India, but it occurs casually in South Germany, Heligoland (about
fifteen times), Austria, S. France, England (five times), and Scotland (three times), as well as
frequently in Italy. [F. c. R. j.]

YELLOWBREASTED-BUNTING [Emberlza aurtola Pallas. German, Weidenammer ; Italian,

/"In < lit I failure],

1. Description. The male is recognised by the deep chesnut band across the throat.
Length 5i in. [140 mm.]. Whole of the upper parts deep chesnut; lesser wing- and secondary
coverts white, forming a patch on the shoulders ; primary flight-feathers and tail dark brown,
the outer pair having an elongated patch of white on the inner web ; sides of the face, throat,
and fore-neck blackish chesnut ; remainder of the under surface sulphur-yellow ; axillaries and
under wing-coverts yellowish white. The adult female is rufous brown above, plainly and
broadly streaked with black; lower back and rump inclining to chesnut; no white patch on
the shoulders : cheeks and throat butt'; remainder of the under surface of the body pale sulphur-
yellow ; sides and flanks streaked with blackish brown. In the winter the chesnut feathers of
the back and throat have ash-grey margins, [w. p. p. and T. w.]

2. Distribution. In Europe this species is only known to breed in Russia, east of Lake
Onega and north of lat. 50. In Asia it breeds across the continent east to Kamtschatka, Man-
churia, the Commander Isles, and apparently Japan. Its normal winter migrations extend
southward to Siam and India, but it occasionally visits Europe, and has been recorded from
Austria, Bohemia, Italy, S. France, Heligoland, and twice from England (Norfolk, 1905 and
1907). [F.C.H.J.]

ORTOLAN [Emberlza hortuldna Linnaeus. French, bruant ortolan ; German, Qartenammer
Ortolan ; Italian, ortolano].

1. Description. Distinguished by the uniform chesnut hue of the under parts (i.e. with no
streaks of black) and by its olive-yellow throat. The sexes differ in coloration. Length 6 in.
[152 mm.]. Head dusky greenish olive ; general colour of the upper parts reddish brown,
with rather broad mesial streaks of black ; lower back and rump uniform ; primary quills and
tail blackish brown, the latter with the two outer pairs of tail feathers marked with white on
the terminal half of the inner web ; middle of the throat olive-yellow ; fore-neck and chest
greenish olive ; remainder of the under surface of the body pale cinnamon rufous ; axillaries
and under wing-coverts pale yellow ; eyelids white. The adult female resembles the adult male
in general appearance, but is much paler below, the under parts being more yellowish,
[w. p. P. and T. w.]

2. Distribution. In Europe the ortolan is widely but locally distributed in the breeding
season, its range extending north to lat. 68 40' N. in Sweden and 57 in the Urals, while south-
ward it is found in the countries north of the Mediterranean and Black Seas, as well as in
North-west Africa, and in Asia from Asia Minor and Syria east to Afghanistan and West
Mongolia. Though resident in the Mediterranean region, it is a regular migrant in Middle and
Northern Europe, wintering in Africa south to Abyssinia, and occurring in Kashmir. Not un-
common on migration in Great Britain, and once recorded from Ireland. [F. c. R. J.]

ROCK OR MEADOW -BUNTING [Emberlza, cia Linnaeus. French, bruant fan; German,
Zipammer; Italian, zigolo muciatto].

1. Description. Most nearly resembles the East Siberian meadow- bunting, but lacks the
chesnut band across the chest. Length 6 in. [152 mm.]. The sexes are alike, excepting that
the female is duller. General colour of the upper parts rufescent brown, with broad streaks of



472 RARE BRITISH BIRDS

black down each feather ; rump more rufous ; superciliary stripe, chin, throat, and upper chest
bluish grey; lores, feathers behind the eye, and moustachial streaks black; remainder of
under surface cinnamon rufous, brightest on the chest ; primaries and secondaries blackish
brown, margined with rufous; middle tail feathers black, broadly margined with rufous;
remainder of tail black, but with the greater part of the inner webs of the two outer pairs
white, [w. p. P. and T. w.J

2. Distribution. As a breeding species it is chiefly confined to the countries bordering on
the Mediterranean, including North-west Africa, the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan Peninsulas,
Asia Minor, and Syria ; but it is also found breeding locally in S. France, Switzerland, the Rhine
valley in Germany, north to Bingen, and locally in Austria and the Transylvanian mountains.
In Russia it breeds in the Crimea and the Caucasus. Though resident throughout the greater
part of its range, it is migratory in Middle Europe, and winters in North Africa. Five British
records, four from Sussex and one from Kent. In Central and Eastern Asia it is replaced by
allied forms, which winter in India and China. [F. c. R. J.]

EAST SIBERIAN MEADOW-BUNTING [Emberiza, cioides Brandt].

1. Description. Closely resembles the meadow-bunting in general appearance, but is
smaller and lacks the small black spot on the chin. The sexes differ in coloration. The male
has the upper parts brownish, with distinct mesial streaks of black on the mantle and back ;
rump and upper tail-coverts uniform rich chesnut ; primaries and secondaries blackish brown,
the former narrowly fringed and the latter widely margined on the outer web with chesnut ;
middle tail feathers chesnut, broadly streaked down the middle with black, second and third
pairs black, and the two outer pairs black on the outer webs and basal third, and white on the
terminal two- thirds; chin and throat greyish white; a chesnut collar across the fore-neck,
fringed with grey; remainder of under surface brownish buff, darkest on the sides and
flanks. The female is less richly coloured, and lacks the greyish white throat, these parts being
greyish ash. [w. p. p. and T. w.]

2. Distribution. The form, which has once occurred in England, is the eastern race of
this species, E. cioides castaneiceps Moore, which breeds in Eastern Siberia (Ussuria and the
Amur valley), Manchuria, Korea, and part of China, wintering in China. In West Siberia
and Turkestan it is replaced by the western form, but the limits of the two are imperfectly
known. One was caught at Flamborough, "Yorks, in Nov. 1886. [F. c. R. J.]

RUSTIC-BUNTING [Emberiza rustica Pallas. French, bruant rustique; German, Waldam-
mer ; Italian, zigolo boschereccio].

1. Description. Differs from the pine-bunting in having the top of the head and the
ear-coverts black. The sexes differ in coloration, and there is a slight difference in the winter
plumage. Length 5 in. [127 mm.]. Top of the head and ear-coverts black, separated from one
another by a broad eyebrow of white ; remainder of the upper surface chesnut, with mesial
streaks of black on the mantle and back, each feather fringed with ash-grey; median and greater
wing-coverts black, with white tips, forming two bars of white across the wing ; primary quills
and secondaries blackish brown, the former slightly fringed with ash and the latter widely
margined with whitish buff and tipped with pale chesnut ; middle pairs of tail feathers blackish
brown, the two outer pairs with the greater part of the inner web white ; base of the chin black ;
under surface of body white, excepting a broad band of chesnut across the base of the neck
and continued down the sides of the body. The adult female is duller than the male and lacks
the rufous of the throat, while the head and back are brown streaked with black. The adults
in winter have all the chesnut feathers of the upper parts edged with fulvous, especially on the
throat band ; cheeks and throat whitish, separated by a line of black feathers, [w. p. P. and T. w.]



CLASSIFIED NOTES 473

2. Distribution. In Europe the breeding range of this species is confined to Norrland
in North Sweden, where it has been found nesting in Westerbotten and Norbotten ; in Finland,
where it breeds regularly, not only on the east side but also near Sotkamo, and North Russia to
lat. 62 in the Urals on the east and Russian Lapland on the west side. In Asia it apparently
ninges across the continent east to Amuria and Kamtschatka, and is common in Transbaikalia.
On migration the main body moves southward to Turkestan and through Manchuria to China
and Japan, but some move erratically westward and have been recorded from Austria, Germany,
Heligoland, South France, Italy, Holland, and about eleven times from Great Britain. Also
casual in Alaska. [F. c. R. .1.]

LITTLE-BUNTING [Emleriza pus'dla Pallas. French, bruant nain ; German, Zwergammer
Italian, sigolo miuore],

1. Description. Recognised by its black head, with a line of chesnut down the middle
The sexes are alike, excepting that the female is less brightly coloured. Adult male, length
5 in. [127 mm.]. Plumage of the upper parts rufous brown, with distinct black mesial
streaks on the feathers of the mantle, back, rump, and scapulars ; tail feathers smoke-brown
the two outer pairs with an elongated patch of white on the inner web ; head black, with
a band of deep chesnut down the middle; lores, and a patch under the eye as well as the
throat, chesnut ; crop region white, with broad black streaks continued down the sides of the
body ; remainder of under surface white ; iris brown ; bill brown ; feet grey. After the autumn
moult the adults become more rufous, with reddish edges to the feathers of the upper parts.
[ w. P. P. and T. w.]

2. Distribution. In Europe its breeding grounds are confined to North Russia, where it is
found nesting from Onega Bay in the west to the Urals on the east, chiefly between lat. 64 N. and
the tree limit. It is locally common in the deltas of the Dwina and Petschora. In Asia it is
also found across Siberia east to the mouth of the Amur and Mongolia and south to Turkestan.
On migration it ranges through China to North India and Burma, also occasionally to Japan,
the Andamans, and Philippines ; while a good many have been recorded from Europe South
Sweden, Heligoland, Germany, Austria, Holland, and Belgium, France, Italy, and regularly
in small numbers to the British Isles. Most of the records are from Scotland, especially Fair
Island; only about six English and one Irish record. Also from Algeria and Asia Minor.
[F. c. R J.]

WESTERN MARSH-BUNTING [Emberiza palustris palustris Savi. Western largebilled
or thickbilled reed-bunting. French, bruant des marais; German, dickschnabelig
Eohram.rn.er ; Italian, passera di padule].

1. Description. Distinguished from the Eastern race in having the sides and flanks
streaked with chesnut. The sexes are different in coloration. Adult male, length 6J in.
[165 mm.]. Head deep black, separated from the mantle by a deep broad collar of white
feathers ; upper surface of the body reddish brown, very broadly streaked with black ;
wings greyish brown, margined on the outer webs with chesnut at the base and with buft'
towards the extremity ; middle tail feathers brownish ash, with a broad band of black down
the middle; 2nd to 4th pairs black, and the two outer pairs mostly white; chin, throat,
and middle of chest black ; remainder of under parts white, striped down the sides and flanks
with chesnut. Adult female differs from the adult male in lacking the black head and throat,
these being blackish brown, streaked with black like the mantle ; the white collar of the male
is replaced with one of drab-grey, mixed with black ; remainder of the under parts similar
to that of the male. The adults in winter are more rufous on the wings, and the black feathers
of the head are fringed with buff. [w. p. p. and T. w.]



474 RARE BRITISH BIRDS

2. Distribution. Breeds in the south of France, Eastern Spain, Italy, and Sicily. In
Northern Italy it is only a summer visitor, but is resident in the south. Casual in England
(once Kent, May 1908), and replaced by other forms in Eastern Europe. [F. c. R. jr.]

EASTERN MARSH-BUNTING [Emberiza palustris tschusii Ileiser and Almasy. Eastern
large or thickbilled reed-bunting].

1. Description. Resembles P. palustris, but is smaller, and has no streaks on the flanks
and thighs, these parts being uniform with the belly. Length 5| in. [140mm.]. The adult
female resembles the female of P. palustris, but, like the male, lacks the streaks on the sides
and flanks, [w. p. p. and T. w.]

2. Distribution. Breeds in the delta of the Danube and in the marshes of South Russia
from Bessarabia to Lenkoran on the Caspian Sea. Has occurred once in England (Sussex,
April 1912). [F. c. R. J.]

[AMERICAN-SNOWBIRD, Junco hyemalis (Linnaeus), and WHITETHROATED-SPARROW, Zono-
trichia albicollis (Gmelin). Said to have occurred in the British Isles, but probably the
specimens in question had escaped from captivity. [F. c. R. J.] ]

THE LARKS 1

[ORDER: Passeriformes. FAMILY: Alaudidai\

WHITEWINGED-LARK [Melanocorypha sibirica (Gmelin); Alauda sibirica Gmelin.
German, sibirische Lerche ; Italian, lodola siberiana].

1. Description. Recalling the snow-bunting, but easily recognised by the fact that the
white area of the wing is confined to the terminal half of the secondaries. The sexes differ in
coloration. Adult male, length 6J in. [165 mm.]. Top of the head rust-red, faintly fringed
with white ; back of the head, neck, and remainder of upper parts sandy buff, inesially streaked
with blackish brown ; long upper tail-coverts rufous, with a broad shaft-streak ; lesser wing-