A strong solution may be used as a test for suberin : when
sections of cork are boiled in strong potash, the suberin escapes
in the form of yellow viscid drops ; when the sections are only
slightly warmed in the solution, the cuticularized walls assume a
yellow colour.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
APPENDIX A 261
A concentrated solution of caustic potash in alcohol is some-
times used with good effect in the preparation of apical meris-
tems, but specimens so treated cannot be permanently kept.
Potassium Acetate (see Acetate).
Potassium Bichromate is used in-dilute solution in water as
a test for tannin, which it colours dark brown : the 1 per cent,
solution in water may also be used for hardening tissues.
Potassium Chlorate is used together with nitric acid as a
macerating agent, and as a test for suberin (see below, Schulze's
Macerating Fluid).
Russow's Callus-Reagent (see above, Callus-reagent).
Bafranin. This may be used in solution in absolute alcohol.
It is especially adapted for staining sections which have been
previously hardened with chromic or picric acid ; it is not so
good for those which have been treated with osmic acid. The
sections must be well washed in distilled water, and then placed
in a small quantity (1 c.c.) of the saturated alcoholic solution
mixed with an equal volume of distilled water ; they require to
be left for several hours in the staining fluid. They must then
be removed, and washed for a short time in alcohol ; then they
must be placed in absolute alcohol, and kept there until they
appear transparent. The sections can now be mounted in dis-
tilled water in order to see if the results are satisfactory, or, if
they are to be preserved, they must be cleared with oil of cloves,
and mounted in Canada balsam or Dammar.
By this means very successful preparations of the structure of
nuclei can be obtained.
Schulse's Macerating Fluid. One gramme of potassium
chlorate is dissolved in 50 c.c. of nitric acid ; or crystals of
potassium chlorate may be left to dissolve to saturation in a
small bottle of nitric acid. This reagent is to be used only in
small quantities, and the process of maceration should not be
conducted in near proximity to microscopes, or other metallic
apparatus.
It is used as a macerating fluid for separating the constituents
of woody tissues from one another, this result being obtained by
the solution of the middle lamella. The tissue to be macerated
is cut into small chips, and boiled in the fluid for a short time in
Digitized by VjOOQIC
262 PRACTICAL BOTANY
a test-tube; the fluid is then poured off and the residue
collected on a filter, and well washed with water; the speci-
mens may then be mounted in glycerine.
Schulse's Solution (see above, Chlor-Zinc-Iodine;.
Sodium Chloride is used as a 10 per cent, solution, or as a
saturated solution in water, as a solvent for proteid-crystalloids.
A more dilute solution (1—5 per cent.) is used for inducing
plasmolysis.
Sulphuric Acid. This is used either concentrated, or dilute (1 to
3 of water). It causes, in either case, the swelling up of cellu-
lose cell-walls, starch grains, &c. ; when cellulose cell-walls
which have been previously saturated with solution of iodine are
treated with sulphuric acid, they turn blue.
Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves cellulose and starch,
but cuticularized or corky cell-walls and the middle lamella of
lignified cells resist its action. It is used with cane-sugar, as a
test for proteids, and a few drops of it are added to a solution
of aniline sulphate as a test for lignin.
It may also be used as a solvent for crystals of calcium
oxalate.
Turpentine is used with creosote, or carbolic acid, as a clear-
ing agent before mounting in Canada balsam.
Water may be used as a mounting medium, and as a solvent
for various reagents ; it may also be used for the cultivation of
small organisms, or pollen-grains, spores, or Fungi, under the
microscope, and for this purpose a moist chamber is to be con-
structed as follows : —
A piece of thick rough cardboard is cut to the size of the
glass slide, and a circular hole is punched out of the middle of
it of such a size as to be completely covered by a cover-slip.
The piece of cardboard is then soaked in water (or boiled in
water when pure cultures of Fungi are to be made), so as to
saturate it, and placed on the glass slide. A drop of water (or
solution as described below) is placed on the cover-slip, the
object is immersed in it, and the cover-slip is then inverted over
the hole in the piece of cardboard. Thus the object is sus-
pended in a drop of liquid on the under surface of the cover-slip.
Any loss from the chamber by evaporation is prevented by
Digitized by VjOOQIC
APPENDIX A 263
occasionally wetting the cardboard on the slide with freshly
boiled, distilled water.
The liquid to be used will of course vary with the nature of
the object to be observed. In the case of Algae, water may be
used ; in the case of Fungi, decoctions of various organic sub-
stances (fruits, animal tissues, &c), or a solution of sugar,
according to the habit of the Fungus. For observing the ger-
mination of the spores of Mosses and Ferns, water will suffice ;
but in the case of pollen-grains a solution of sugar is necessary
(1 — 20 or even 30 per cent., the concentration being different for
different plants) ; for observing the process of cell-division in
the hairs on the stamens of Tradescantia, a 2 per cent, sugar-
solution may be used.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
APPENDIX B
This appendix includes in a tabular form, as being convenient
for reference, the more impQrtant reactions of the parts of the
vegetable cell, and of bodies commonly contained in it.
Cellulose Cell-walla.
i. Coloured faintly yellow by iodine.
ii. Swollen and ultimately dissolved by sulphuric acid.
iii. Coloured blue with iodine and.sulphuric acid.
iv. Coloured blue or violet with chlor-zinc-iodine.
v. Swollen and dissolved by ammoniacal solution of cupric
hydrate.
vi. Stained by solutions of carmine or of haematoxylin which
contain a mordant, by methylene blue, and in* various degrees
by other aniline colours.
Signified Cell- walla.
i. Coloured distinctly yellow by iodine, and by chlor-zinc-
iodine, but in the case of bast-fibres the tint may vary to sherry
brown, or even pink.
ii. Coloured brown and swollen by iodine and sulphuric
acid.
iii. Coloured bright yellow by acidulated solution of aniline
sulphate.
iv. Coloured red with acid solution of phloroglucin (see
Appendix A).
v. Coloured green when exposed to light after treatment with
carbolic and hydrochloric acids (see Appendix A).
Digitized by VjOOQIC
APPENDIX B 265
vi. Stained slightly or not at all by solutions of carmine, and
haematoxylin, but readily by aniline colours.
Cuticularised or Corky Cell-walls.
i. Coloured yellow by iodine.
ii. Coloured yellow or brown by chlor-zinc-iodine.
iii. Coloured yellowish by strong potash : on gradually warm-
ing (without boiling), they become bright yellow : on boiling?
yellow drops of suberin escape.
iv. They resist the action of sulphuric acid, retaining their
clearly-marked outline.
v. On treatment with Schulze's macerating fluid, the cuticu-
larized cell-walls become conspicuous : on boiling in it, their
substance escapes as viscid drops of eerie acid.
vi. They are dissolved slowly by strong chromic acid, but
resist its action for some time.
vii. They are not stained by solutions of carmine or haema-
toxylin, but are coloured by aniline stains.
Mucilaginous Walls, resemble cellulose in many of their
reactions.
i. They swell with water.
ii. They swell to a greater extent with potash.
iii. They do not stain with iodine.
iv. They stain pink with corallin soda.
v. They stain red with Hanstein's aniline-violet, blue with
methylene blue ; some kinds of mucilage also stain with Hoff-
mann's blue.
Callus is found on the plates of sieve-tubes,
i. It is soluble in sulphuric acid.
ii. It is stained by Hoffmann's blue, and by haematoxylin.
iii. Brown by Russow's callus-reagent.
iv. Pink with corallin-soda.
v. It is largely swollen by potash.
Mineral Deposits in cells or cell-walls.
A. Silica. If a tissue be ignited on platinum foil (after soak-
ing in nitric acid, or Schulze's macerating fluid), and the ash,
after being treated with acetic or nitric acid, shows an insoluble
residue, the residue is silica.
B. Calcium Oxalate occurs in the form of crystals.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
266 PRACTICAL BOTANY
i. Insoluble in acetic acid,
ii. Soluble without evolution of gas in nitric acid.
iii. Soluble in sulphuric acid, with formation of fresh crystals
of calcium sulphate, if only small bulk of fluid be present.
iv. Are not stained with iodine, &c.
C. Calcium Carbonate occurs as incrustations, or crystals :
it is soluble in acetic acid with evolution of bubbles of gas
(CO,).
Protoplasm or Proteids generally,
i. Coloured yellow or brown by preparations of iodine,
ii. Coloured yellow by nitric acid : on the addition of potash
or ammonia a bright yellow colour is produced (xanthoproteic
reaction).
iii. Swells and loses details of structure on treatment with
potash, ammonia, or " eau de javelle."
iv. Stains readily with solutions of carmine, hematoxylin, or
Hoffmann's blue ; bright red with Hanstein's aniline violet.
The best stains for the nucleus, and for showing the details of
its structure, are hematoxylin, safranin, and methyl-green.
Plastids show under favourable circumstances the same re-
actions as other proteid bodies.
Aleurone-grains and crystalloids give also the characteristic
reaction of proteids. There is a considerable variety in the
solubility of these, bodies in water, or in salt-solution, in dif-
ferent seeds : the following will serve as types : —
i. Grains without crystalloids.
a. Soluble in water : peony, almond, cherry, apple.
b. Partially soluble in water ; more or less readily soluble
in 10 per cent, solution of common salt.
a. Soluble in saturated solution of common salt ; lupine,
pea, bean, scarlet runner.
/3. Soluble in saturated solution of common salt only
after treatment with alcohol : sunflower, turnip, cress.
2. Grains containing crystalloids.
a. Partially soluble in water ; more or less readily soluble in
10 per cent, solution of common salt.
a. Soluble in saturated solution of common salt : Brazil
nut, pumpkin.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
APPENDIX B 267
, £. Soluble in saturated solution of common salt only
after treatment with alcohol: castor-oil plant, walnut.
In all cases a mass (globoid) of mineral matter remains be-
hind after the solution of the grain : this is soluble in acetic
acid. The sections should be examined in alcohol.
Starch-grains.
i. Coloured blue with solutions of iodine in presence of
water.
ii. They swell in solution of potash.
iii. They swell in water above 65 C.
iv. They swell in dilute sulphuric acid.
v. They swell and are coloured blue with iodine in chloral-
hydrate.
vi. They stain pink in corallin-soda solution.
Inolin.
i. Soluble, but not readily, in cold water.
ii. Precipitated as sphere-crystals on extraction of water by
alcohol or glycerine.
iii. Not appreciably coloured with iodine.
iv. Soluble, without colouration, in potash.
v. Coloured an orange-red with alcoholic solution ot orcin,
after warming with hydrochloric acid.
Grape-Sugar.
i. Soluble in water.
ii. Less soluble in alcohol.
iii. Gives a bulky yellow precipitate with Fehling's solution.
Cane-Sugar differs from the above in giving no precipitate
with Fehling's solution.
Asparagin.
i. Soluble in water.
ii. Precipitated by alcohol.
iii. Distinguished from other bodies which give the above re-
action by insolubility in a saturated solution of asparagin.
Fixed Oils.
i. Coloured black with osmic acid.
ii. Saponified more or less readily by potash.
iii. Soluble in ether.
iv. Stained pink by alkanna.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
268 PRACTICAL BOTANY
v. Some fixed oils are soluble in alcohol : e.g. oil of Ricinus.
Caoutchouc.
i. Swollen, but not dissolved, by potash,
ii. Stained with tincture of alkanet.
iii. Soluble in chloroform or benzol.
Tannin.
i. Coloured deep brown by potassium bichromate, or chromic
acid.
ii. Coloured greenish-blue by solution of ferrous sulphate and
nitric acid.
iii. Gives a bulky yellow precipitate with solution of am-
monium molybdate in strong solution of ammonium chloride.
Resin.
i. Soluble more or less readily in alcohol, or ether,
ii. Coloured red by alkanna.
iii. Coloured blue by Hanstein's aniline violet.
Digitized by VjOOQLC
INDEX
ABCISS LAYER, 84
Achromatin, 28
Adhesion, in
iEcidiomycetes, 231
AZcidium, 232
^Ecidium-spores, germination of,
234
sEsculus, leaf-scar of, 83 ; root of,
88
Agaricus, 226
Air-bubbles, 11
Air- cavities, Marchantia, 191
Alburnum, 59
Alcohol, 5
Aleurone-grains, 130
Almond, seed of, 130
Amphigastria, 191
Amorphous coat of aleurone-grains,
131
Anatropous ovule, 119
Andrcecium, 108
Angiosperms, 34
Annual rings, of Elm, 57 ; of Pine,
139
Annulus of fern, 173 ; of Mushroom,
227
Anther, 108, 117, 146
Antheridia of Fern, 175 ; of Moss,
*79» J ^3; of Marchantia, 193;
of Polysiphonia, 200 ; of Fucus,
206 ; of Ckara, 213 ; of CEdogo-
nium, 218 ; of Pythium, 243
Antheridiophore, 193
Antherozoids, see Spermatozoids
Antipodal cells, 120
Apex, of stem, Sunflower, 47 ; of
stem, Hippuris, 67 ; of root,
Maize, 106 ; of stem, Nephrodium,
157, 166; of root, Fern, 169; of
prothallus, Fern, 175 ; of Poly si-
phonia, 198 ; of Fucus, 205 ; of
Chara y 212
Apophysis, 180, 186
Apparatus, 1
Arboreous type of Dicotyledon, 52 ;
of Monocotyledon, 98
Archegoniophore, 194
Archegonium, of Pine, 143 ; of
Fern, 175, 176; of Moss, 184;
of Marchantia y 195
Archesporium, 186
Archicarp, 238
Arillus, 126
Ascophyllum, 197
Ascospores, 239
Ascus, of Eurotium, 239
Azygospores, 247
Bark, 59
Basidia, 230
Basidiomycetes, 226
Bast- parenchyma, 56, 61, 137, &c.
Beet-root, plasmolysis, 21 ; sugar of,
130
Begonia, crystals of, 103
Bordered pits, 138, 163
Bracken, rhizome of, 163
Bract, in
Digitized by VjOOQIC
270
INDEX
Bracteole, 114
Bryophyta, 179 (
Bundle-sheath, Sunflower stem, 39,
42, 45, see also Endodermis
Bundle-system, of Monocotyledon,
98 ; of Ferns, 159
Buttercup, flower of, 108
Calcium Oxalate Crystals, 103
Callus, 43, 60, 70
Caltha y flower of, 109 ; stamen of,
1 16 ; carpel and ovules of, 1 19 ;
development of endosperm of, 124
Calyptra, of Mosses, 180, 185
Calyptrogen, 107
Calyx, 108, 115
Cambiform cells, 40, 43, 70, 96
Cambium, of Sunflower stem, 40 ;
of Elm, 56, &c; of Pine, 136, 142
Campylotropous ovules, 122
Canada balsam, 33
Canal cell, 175, 176
Cane-sugar, 130
Capitulum of Sunflower, 113
Capsella, embryo of, 121
Carpels, 109, 119
Cauline bundles, 69, 99
Cell-division, 50 ; of Spirogyra, 224
Cell -walls, 18, 24
Cellulose-walls, reactions of, 24, 129
Ceric Acid, 26
Ckara, 210
Cherry Laurel, leaf of, 81
Chlorophyll-corpuscles, 30, 38
Chloroplasts, 30, 79
Chlor-zinc-iodine, 26, 29
Chromatin, 28
Chromatophores, 18 ; of (Edogo-
nium, 217; of Spirogyra, 224
Chromoplasts, 116
Circinate vernation, 157
Circulation of protoplasm, 23
Clearing preparations, 31
Cleistocarpous Ascomycetes, 236
Cohesion, 109, in
Coleorhiza, 128, 133
Collenchyma, 37, 42
Columella, of Mosses, 186 ; of
Mucor, 245
Common salt, 19
Companion cells, 40, 43, 70
Concentric bundles, 69, 152, 160
Conceptacle, 206
Confervoideae, 216
Conidia of Aspergillus, 236
Conidiophores, 236
Conjugation, of Spirogyra, 225
Conjunctive parenchyma, 153, 161
Connective, 117
Continuity of protoplasm, 71, 124
Cork, 52
Cork-cambium, 54, 60, 136
Corky walls, reactions of, 26
Corolla, 108, 115
Cortex, 37, 42, 60, 136, of Chara,
211 .
Cotyledons, 85, 126
Crystals, 55, 66, 103, 141
Crystalloids, 131
Cucurbita, sieve-tubes of, 70
Culture of Fungi, 237
Cupric hydrate, 25
Cuticle, 80, 143
Cuticularized layers, 80, 144
Cutting sections, 6
Cystocarps, 200
Damping off, 241
Dandelion, 73
Date, endosperm of, 129
Datura, 121
Dehiscence, of anther, 118
Dermatogen, 48, 68, 92, 106
Diaphragms, Hippuris, 68
Dicotyledons, vegetative organs of,
34, &c.
Dracana, stem of, 98
Drawing, 15
Duramen, 59
Eau de Javelle, 32
Egg-cell, see Ovum
Elaters, 194, 196
Elder, pith of, 8, 28
Elm, external characters of shoot,
52 ; stem of, 52
Elodca, 23
Embedding, 8
Digitized by VjOOQIC
INDEX
271
Embryo, development of, in Angio-
sperms, 121 ; in Pinus, 149
Embryo- sac, 120, 122, 147
Embryonic cell, 122
Emergences 38, 42
Endodermis, 39, 86, 104, 161, 164 ;
see also Bundle-sheath
Endosperm, 123, 127, 131 ; of
Maize, of Pinus, 147
Epidermis of Sunflower, 36, 42, 78 ;
of Holly, 80 ; of Maize, 100 ; of
Pine, 135
Epiphragm, 180, 187
Epispore, 247
Epithelium of resin -passages, 38, 42
Euphorbia, laticiferous cells, 73
Eurotium, 236
Exospore, 155
Exodermis, 89, 104
Extension of internodes, 49
Female cones, Pine, 146
Fertilization, 120, &c.
Fibrous cells or fibres, 44, 61
Fibrous thickening of wall of
anther, 117
Filament, 108, 146
Filicinese, 156
Floridese, 197
Flower, 108 ; origin and develop-
ment of, 113
Foliar gap, 159
Foot of Fern, 176
Fritillaria, mature pollen of, 1 18
Fuchsia, water stomata of, 82
Fucus, 201
Funaria, 183
Fungi, 226
Funiculus, 119
Gametangia, 219
Gametes, 246
Gelatinous sheath, Spirogyra, 224
Gemmae, 192
Germination, of Helianthus, 132 ; of
Pine, 149 ; of Fucus, 208 ; of
Char a, 214
Gills of Mushroom, 227
Glandular hairs, internal of Fern,
160
Globoid, 131
Glycerine, 19 ; permanent mounting
in, 32
Glycerine jelly, 33
Gonidiophore, of Mucor, 244
Gossypium, 24
Grape-sugar, 129
Guard-cells of stoma, 100, 144, 171
Gymnosperms, 134
Gyncecium, 109
Hairs, 42, 78
Hardening, 4
Helianthus tuberosus, 49
Helianthus annuus (Sunflower),
vegetative organs, 34, &c.
Hepatica, 189
Hilum, 125
Hippuris, stem of, 67 ; apex of,
67
Holly, leaf of, 79
Hyacinthus, protoplasm and nucleus,
27
Hydrocharis, 22
Hymenial layer, 229
Hypoderma, 80, 143
Hypophysis, 123
Idioblasts, 80
Included starch- grains, 79
Indusium, 156, 172
Initial cells of Fucus, 206
Integument, 120, 147
Intercalary growth of CEJogonium
217
Intercellular spaces, 38, 67, 140
Interfascicular cambium, 47
Involucre, III
Iodine solution, 19
Irrigation, 11
Lacunar tissue, 152
Lamellae, of leaf of Moss, 181 ; ot
Mushroom, 229
Lamina, 76, &c.
Lateral roots, 85
Latex, reactions of, 73
Digitized by VjOOQIC
272
INDEX
Laticiferous cells, 73 ; vessels, 73
Leaf- scar, 83
Leaf- trace of Fern, 158
Leaves, origin of, 47, 49, 68 ; of
Dicotyledons, 76 ; of Pinus, 143 ;
of Fern, 156, 171 ; fall of leaf,
8 3.
Lenticels, 52
Lepidium, 241
Leukoplasts, 128
Lignified walls, reactions of, 25
Ligule, 150
Lilac, apex of, 50
Lime, sieve tubes of, 71
Limiting layer of Fucus, 203
Linum, 94
Lupinus luteus, 129
Lychnis ', flower of, 109
Lycopodinse, 150
Macrosporangia, 119, 147, 151
Macrospores, 120
Maize, see Zea
Male branches, Marchantia, 193
Male inflorescence, Pine, 145
Male Shield Fern, 156
Manubrium, 214
Marchantia, 189, &c.
Mares-tail, see Hippuris
Measurement of objects, 15
Medullary rays, Elm, 56, &c. ; of
Pine, 137, &c.
Mesophyll, 78 ; Maize, 101 ; Pine,
143 ; Fern, 171
Micrometer, 15
Micropyle, 120, 125, 147
Microsporangia, 117, 146, 151
Microspores, 117, 146
Monocotyledons, vegetative organs
of, 95
Mounting objects, 9
Mucilaginous walls, 55
Mucor, 244
Mucorineae, 244
Musci, 179
Mushroom, 226
Mycelium, of Mushroom, 226 ; of
Aspergillus, 236
Neck of archegonium, Pinus
148 ; Fern, 176 ; of Moss, 184 ;
of Marchantia, 195
Nectary, 108
Nephrodium, 156, &c.
Nerves, 77
Nitella, 23, 210
Nucellus, 120, 147
Nucleus, 18, 27, 28
CEdogoniutn, 216
Oil, 130
Oogonium, of Fucus, 207 ; of
Chara, 214 ; of (Edogonium,
218; of Vaucheria, 220; of
Pythium, 243
Oophyte, of Selaginella, 155 ; of
Fern, 173; of Moss, 180
Oosphere, see Ovum
Oospore, of Vaticheria, 220 ; of
Pythium, 243
Operculum, 180, 187
Ostiole of Fucus, 206
Ovary, 109
Ovule, of Angiosperms, 109, 1 19 ;
of Pine, 147,
Ovuliferous scale, 146
Ovum of Angiosperms, 1 20 ; of
Pine, 148; of Fern, 176; of
Moss, 184; of Marchantia, 195 ;
of Fucus, 207
Palisade parenchyma, 78, 80
Paraffin, 9
Paraphyses, of Mosses, 183 ; of
Agaricus, 229
Perianth, 112
Periblem, 68, 93, 106
Pericambium, see Pericycle
Pericarp, 126
Perichaetia, 179, 183, 194
Pericycle, 86, 104, 144, 152, i6i,
164
Periderm, 52
Peridium, 233
Perigonium, 179, 183
Perigynium, 196
Peristome, 180, 187
Digitized by VjOOQIC
INDEX
273
Perithecium, 238
Permanent mounting, 32
Peronosporeae, 241
Petiole, 76
Phaeophyceae, 201
Phanerogams, 34
Phaseolus, root of, 94
Phellogen, 54, 60
Phelloderm, 54, 60
Phloem, of Sunflower, 40, 43 ; of
Elm, 57, 60, 65 ; of Cucurbita,
70 ; of Pine, 136
Phloem-parenchyma, 40
Phytophtkora, 243
Piliferous layer, 87, 89, 104, 168
Finns sylvestris, 134, &c.
Pith, of Sunflower, 37, 44 ; of Elm,
56
Pits, bordered, 44
Pitted vessels, 44, 61, 96
Plasmolysis, 21
Plerome, 68, 93, 106
Plumule, 85, 123, 126
Pollen, 109, 118
Pollen-grains, germination of, 117,
146
Pollen-sacs, 117, 146
Pollen-tube, 118, 120, 147
Pollinodium, 238
Polyembryony, 149
Polysiphonia, 197
Polytrichum, 179
Potash solution, 19, 29 ; clearing
by, 31
Potato, starch of, 28, 129
Primary root, 85
Primrose (Primula), flower of,
no
Procambium, 49
Prpembryo, 214
Promycelium, 232
Prothallus of Fern, 19, 174
Protonema of Moss, 188
Protoplasm, 18, 27 ; continuity of,
199 ; movements of, 22
Protoxylem, 61, 104, 136, 153,
163
Primus Padus, flowers of, 1 10
Pteridophyta, 150
Pteris, stem, 163
Puccinia, 231, &c.
Punctum vegetationis, see Apex
Pyrenoids, of Spirogyra, 224; of
CBdogonium, 217
Pythium, 241
Radicle, 123, 126
Ramenta, 156
Ranunculus, flower of, 108
Raphides, 103
Razor, 7
Reagents, 2, and Appendix A.
Reproductive organs, of Angio-
sperms, 108 ; of Gymnosperms,
145
Resin-passages, 37, 42, &c, 138,
&c.
Resting conidia, 242
Rhizoids, 179, 188, 191
Rhizophores, 150
Rhododendron, style and stigma of,
120
Ricinus, seed of, 126 ; seedlings of,
132
Root of Dicotyledons, 85 ; of Mono-
cotyledons, 104 ; of Fern, 168
Root, apex of, 91, 105
Root-cap, 92
Root-hairs, 22, 87, 174
Rotation of protoplasm, 22, 213
Rust of Wheat, 231
Saxifraga, chalk glands of, 82
Scalariform tracheides, 163
Scale-hairs, 68
Scale-leaves, Pine, 134
Schulze's solution, see Chlor-zinc-
iodine
Schulze's macerating fluid, 26
Scilla (Blue-bell), flower of, 112
Sclerenchyma, of Sunflower, 39,
42; of Elm, 55 ; of Ferns, 158,
&c.
Scutellum, 128, 133
Secondary thickening of root, 87 ;
of Monocotyledons, 99
Seed coat, 125
T
Digitized by VjOOQLC
274
INDEX
Seed, of Dicotyledons, 85, 125 ; of
Pine, 147
Segmental cells, 167, 169, 198
Selaginella, 150
Seta, 180, 196
Sexual organs, of Ferns, 175 ; of
Mosses, 183 ; of Liverworts, 193 ;
of Characese, 213 ; of Floridcse,
200 ; of FucuSy 206 ; of
Vaucheria, 220 ; of Pythium, 243
Sieve-plates, see Sieve-tubes
Sieve-tubes, Sunflower, 40, 43 ; of
Elm, 56, 60 ; of Cucurbita, 70 ;
of Maize, 96 ; of Pine, 137, &c. ;
of Ferns, 161-164, &c.
Siphoneae, 219
Soft-bast, see Phloem
Sori, 156
Spawn of Mushroom, 226
Spermatia, 200
Spermatozoids of Fern, 175, &c. ;
of Moss, 183 ;of Marchantia, 193;
of fucus, 207 ; of Chara, 213 ; of
Vaucheria % 220, &c.
Spermogonia, 232
Sphere -crystals of inulin, 74
Spiral vessels, of Sunflower, 44 ; of
Elm, 61
Spirogyra, 17, 223
Spongy parenchyma, 78, 81
Sporangium of Selaginella> 151 ; of
Fern, 156, 172
Spores, oi Selaginella, 154 ; of Fern,
172, of Moss, |86, oiMarchantia>
194 ; of Mushroom, 228, 230 ; of
Mucor, 245
Spore-sac (Moss), 186
Sporidium, 232
Spoi'odinia, 245
Sporogonium, of Moss, 179, 184 ;
of Marchantia, 194
Sporophyte, of Selaginellciy 150; of
Fern, 156 ; of Moss, 184
Spurious tissue, 228
Staining, 30
Stamen, 108, 116, 145
Starch, structure and reactions of,
28 ; optical properties of, 128
Starch-fonning corpuscles, 128
Stellarta, flower of, 109 ; pollen-
tubes of, 120
Stem, herbaceous Dicotyledon,