the trees, will often render trees deemed unproductive, and of poor
quality, productive, and of the best. New plantations, if to be
made in old worn-out soils, should first have a liberal dressing or
virgin -earth or leaf-mould from woods. Free use of liquid manures,
applied during winter and spring, have to our knowledge kept a
plantation of the quince in fine health and bearing for upwards of
thirty years. Bog-earth, or salt marsh-mud, is frequently used in
the States bordering on the ocean or salt water.
Situation. ā A shaded situation, and moist, has been almost uni-
versally advised ; neither of which is at all essential. Shade, on
the contrary, is objectionable; while, in soils well supplied with
manures and salt, moisture sufficient M-ill always be found.
Transplanting, Pruning, and Distance apart. ā The Quince is
hardy, and the fall is best for transplanting ; but, when not conve-
nient, its roots strike so readily that no one should be deterred, even
if left until late in spring. Newly-planted trees should be pruned
back very closely, or say two-thirds of the last year's growth cut
INSECTS ā USES. 433
away, and all branches for a distance of eighteen inches from the
crown cut away, thus leaving the tree with a stem or body of
eighteen inches ā just sufficient to enable one to dig and cultivate
around it underneath the branches. The distance apart for trees
destined for an orchard should be about twelve feet each way.
The object of pruning orchard trees should be, to keep the head
open and regular ā cutting away all crossing limbs and suckers.
"The bearing branches, or spurs of the quince, are small twiggy
shoots, produced on wood at least two years old. These bear two,
three, or more fruit-buds. These produce shoots two or three
inches long, on the point of which the fruit is borne singly. These
spurs have always wood-buds, as well as fruit-buds, and therefore
should be shortened back the spring after they have borne, in order
to produce new spurs at the same point."
Insects, etc. ā "Tlie borer sometimes proves a formidable enemy.
It is the larva of an insect which attacks the wood of the trunk, near
the surface of the ground, and works inwards, usually upwards, but
sometimes downwards, to a distance of several inches into the wood,
during the summer season.
"As the borer frequently destroys the tree, various means of pre-
vention have been resorted to. The remedies described for the
apple-borer are found useful. When the insect has onc-e obtained
possession, the best method appears to be direct attack. Scrape
the soil from the trunk, and cut with a knife lengthwise?; and not
across the bark and wood, till the insects are found. Repeat the
operation once a week for several times, as a part escape the first
examination. Then cover the wounded parts with a mixture of
warm tar and ochre or brickdust. It is a great saving of labor to
arrest early their progress ; hence, trees should be examined fre-
quently. They may sometimes be extracted by a flexible barbed
wire, when cutting out would too much mutilate the tree."
In spring or early summer months the ends of the branches often
turn black and die. By some, this is declared to be caused by an
insect, (scolytus,) and the remedy said to lie in the cutting off and
burning the branches. We do not so regard it, but believe it rather
caused by atmospheric change ; as a bright, clear, hot sun imme-
diately opening at about midday, after a warm, softening rain, will
often exhibit the result of blacking ends of young, tender shoots, in a
very few hours.
Uses. ā The quince is never eaten in a raw state, but has, from
the days of Columella, been highly esteemed for making of marma-
lade, preserving, stewing, to give additional flavor to tarts of apple
and of pastry, etc. In medicine, the expressed juice, repeatedly
taken in small quantities, is regarded as cooling, astringent, and
19
4S4
THE QUINCE.
stomachic. Dried quinces are said to be excellent. Gathered care-
fully by hand, the quince may be wrapped in paper, and, placed in
a cool room, kept until near midwinter.
Varieties. ā Of these there are but three really worthy of descrip-
tion, and, of these, two only worthy cultivation to any extent. The
Chinese Quince ( Cydonia Sinensis) is cultivated only as ornamental.
Its fruit is egg-shaped, dull green, with hard, dry flesh ; its flowers
rosy red, very pretty. The Japan Quince {Cydonia Japonica) is
also only cultivated as an ornamental shrub. There are three vari-
eties, bearing flowers bluish white, scarlet or crimson ; and of the
latter, with flowers nearly double,
with a pleasant odor ; not eatable.
The fruit is dark green, hard,
Orange Quince.
Apple Quinre.
App!e-shaj>td Quince,
Angfers Quince,
Cydonia v. Maiformi*.
This is the variety most generally grown, and most esteemed.
When fully ripe, its rich golden yellow resembles more the color of
THE QUINCE.
435
an orange than.fts shape correspDnds to the general form of apples;
therefore we prefer the name orange to apple-shaped. It is not rare
to find it grown from seed, and the seedlings sold as the Orange
Quince, when, in truth, as many of the seedlings are likely to pro-
duce the pear-shaped or even far inferior fruit, as seedlings from a
good pear or good apple, when the parent was grown by itself. It
is often gathered before ripe, which is not until from the middle to
last of October. If gathered too early, they do not cook tender.
Leaf^ ovate pointed ; fruity large, ovate, obtuse pyriform, varying to
obovate conical ; stem^ usually in a slight depression. When well-
grown and cared for, the skin is smooth, of a rich golden yellow.
Without care, it becomes small, knotty, and w^oolly. Core^ large,
and placed nearest the blossom or calyx end ; 5eec?Ā«, reddish brown.
Portugal Quince.
. Cydooia Luaitaoica..
This variety is readily distinguished in the tree, by its leaf being
round, or as wide as long, and very downy underneath. The true
436 THE QUINCE.
variety is yet scarce in the West. It has the reputation of being a
shy bearer, but trees in our grounds have produced equally as abun-
dant as the Orange Quince. Fruity medium to large, regular oblong
pyriform, smooth, of a paler yellow than the Orange variety ; coro.
medium, and placed near the centre ; seeds, light brown ; Jiesh, mild,
less astringent than other varieties ; cooks tender, and turns a fine
purple or deep crimson, hence highly esteemed. It ripens about
ten days earlier than the Orange Quince ; requires very rich, deep
soil.
Pear Quince.
Pear-shaped Quince, I P>Tiform Quince,
Oblong Quince, | Cydonia Sub. v. Pyriform.
This takes its name from the fruit being shaped much like mar/
varieties of the pear. It is of medium size, roundish oblong or pyr-
iform, tapering to the stalk. Skin^ dull yellow ; flesh, firm, tough,
dry, but of high flavor. When stewed or cooked, it is less tender,
and the flesh less lively in color than the Orange Quince. Leavt%^
oblong ovate. Season, last of October.
New Upright.
Paris de Fontenay.
A variety first introduced to notice by Messrs. EUwanger and
Barry, of Rochester, N. Y. It grows upright, strikes readily from
cuttings, but after the first year's growth seems to lose vigor and
aflerwards ^ro^$ very tardily. It has not yet fruitea.
THE RASPBERRY.
Rubus IdcBus. Rosacece of Botanists.
A LOW deciduous shrub, found wild in the woods, both of this
country and Europe. The roots being permanent and the stems
biennial, they throw up a number of shoots, which produce fruit the
second year and die. Our present cultivated varieties have been pro-
duced by high cultivation of seedlings from a variety no better than
is to be found common in the fence corners of our slovenly farmers.
Propagation and Transplanting. ā New varieties are produced
from seed ; the seedlings having a tendency to depart materially
from the character of the parent, as in the instance of the " Orange,"
produced from seed of a crimson berry.
Seedlings are easily grown by planting the berry when fully ripe,
about one inch deep, in light loamy soil, where it is a little shaded.
They will fruit the second or third year. Varieties are usually in-
creased by transplanting the suckers or offsets. They can be pro-
pagated by cuttings, which is done much in the manner of managing
cuttings of the rose ; the care and attention requisite, making it
only desirable in case of rare or new kinds. A few varieties, as the
American Black and English Red, sometimes propagate by their
branches bending over until the ends touch and become covered in
the ground.
In transplanting, the root should be protected from drying winds
or hot suns, and the cane should be cut back one-fourth its previous
season's growth.
The rows should be north and south, and three to four feet apart,
according to the vigor of the sort, and the plants placed one every
two feet. Some plant three in a hill, the hills four feet apart. We
think they become matted too soon in this way.
Soil. ā All cultivators agree, that while the raspberry may be
made to grow on gravelly loam, slaty soil, or stiff cold clay, it can
be relied on for a crop only whcni planted in a rich deep loam, where
there is moisture, but such drainage that water will not stand. For
those whose gardens are upon soils naturally unfavorable, deep
trenching, placing coarse barn-yard manure at the bottom of the
ti-ench, and covering the surface with two inches of leaf mould from the
woods, will often render the plants productive, especially in wet seasons.
Situation. The situation should be open, fully exposed to light
and air ; to this end the advice to form rows north and south.
Culture and Training. ā In large plantations the weeds are kept
down mostly wi h the plough and cultivator, hoeing where the culti-
rj^r^s^^ ā¢ā¢^^
438
THE RASPBERRY.
vat or does not reach. Where the variety is hardy, a single prun-
ing in the spring is all that is necessary. This should be done early
in March or April, according to the season or section of the country
where located ; and consists in cutting away the canes of last year's
bearing, leaving four to six of the strongest of last year's growth for
the coming crop; these to be cut back one-fourth, cutting away all
shoots of slender growth, and also all suckers unless wanted for
future planting. Varieties requiring winter protection should have
the old fruiting canes cut away in September. Where increase of
plants is wanted, they should not be dug or hoed around early in
spring.
An English gardener in our immediate neighborhood has prac-
tised the followmg modes of training ever since our residence m the
north of Ohio :
Figure 9 represents the canes prepared for fruiting, in April.
The uprights are posts
jv^ua'-s/a^-^-'^- made of cedar or locust,
four inches square at the
bottom, and two inches
at top. The horizontal
lines may be of tarred
rope or annealed iron
wire, coated with coal
are tied by strips of bass
In figure 10, the
arched portion tied to
the stake in the centre,
represents the canes of
last year's growth pre-
pared for fruiting the
coming season.
^''&- i*^- Figure 11 represents
the plants in the fall ; the upright canes being those of the season's
growth, while the arched
Ct % ones are those wh^'ch
mM have produced fruit and
must be cut awav.
Insects. ā The rasp-
berry is generally free
from destructive insects.
Dr. Munson, of New
Haven, Conn., in a paper
to the American Pomo-
logical Society, speaks
Fig. 9.
tar. To the horizontal wires the
bark, such as is used in budding.
'mi^
janes
Fig. u.
PROFITS ā AUTUMN FRUITING. 439
as follows of one. We have not seen it West. " It is a fungus of a
bright orange color, and infests the under side of the foliage of the
common red raspberry, Ruhus Idceus^ in Connecticut ; and the ex-
haustion occasioned by this fungus causes the plant to put up a
multitude of spindling stalks, and renders it wholly unproductive.
This affection disseminates itself, and I know of no remedy."
Protection. ā Many of the best varieties, like Eed Antwerp, re-
quire protection in winter, north of Philadelphia, in order to insure
& full crop. This is best and easiest done by two men passing along
the rows, one bending down the canes to the ground, while the other
with a shovel throws two incites of earth upon them.
Gathering Fruit. ā This should be done in the cool of the morn-
ing, when they are higher flavored than at midday.
Uses. ā " The raspberry is held in general estimation, not only as
one of the most refreshing and agreeable sub-acid fruits for the
dessert, but it is employed by almost every family in making pre-
serves, jams, ices, sauces, tarts, and jellies ; and on a larger scale by
confectioners, for making syrups; by distillers, for making rasp-
berry brandy, vinegar, etc. Raspberry wine, made in the s.rme
way as that of currant, is considered the most fragrant and delicious
of all home-made wines."' {Downing.) Its fruit, immediately sue-
Deeding the strawberry, and not liable to undergo acetous fermenta-
tion in the stomach, is regarded and prescribed by many pliysicia)is
as a promoter of health.
Profits. ā Seldom failing to produce a crop when grown on suit-
able soil ā requiring comparatively little labor to prune and keep
the plant in order ; always meeting ready sale at fair prices ā it is
surprising that more attention has not been given the culture of the
raspberry by orchardists and farmers. The " Red Antwerp," which
is mostly grown for the New- York market by cultivators on the
Hudson river, is stated to have produced 3,300 baskets of one ]'int
each, from 'three-fourths of an acre; and $1,500 has been realized in
a single season from sale of product of three acres. A plantatiun
of raspberries will be in perfection the third year, and continue pro-
fitable five or six years, when it is best to form a new one on a
fresh piece of ground.
Autumn Fruiting. ā Any variety may be caused to mature its
fruit in the autumn, })y cutting away all shoots in spring, and stop-
ping in the young shoots about midsummer. It is, however, an
unprofitable course, as the plant is unfitted for another season's
fruiting, except in the same way, and the yield is only about one-half.
110
THE RASPBERRY.
Classification and Varieties. ā We have made but two classes
of the raspberry, from the great difficulty of selecting those only for
a first class which would bear the mark of worthy general culture.
IK-retofore, the Red and Yellow Antwerps have always been re-
garded as finest for the dessert ; but sinct the introduction of the
Fastolf and the Orange, they have by ver} many been regarded as
surpassed in delicacy.
CLASS I. ā Worthy General Gulture^Ā»or farther Trial hy Amateurs.
American Black.
Thimbleberry, | Common Black Cup,
Black Raspberry.
This is to be found common around old stumps and in fence-
corners in the country. Cultivated in deep, loamy soil, in the
garden, it increases in size nearly one-fourth ; and ripening very late,
will always be profitable for market. For making jam, flavoring
yniJdings, etc., it is preferred to the more delicate kinds. Shoots^
loiig, rambling, recurved ; berries^ dark purple, nearly black, round,
flattened.
Cope.
A seedling of Dr. Brinckle's, yet little disseminated. Folioge^
light green ; fruity large, conical, crimson, spines red.
Colonel Wilder.
Another seedling of Dr. Brinc-
kle's, which proves perfectly hardy
even to the ends of the shoots. - It
is firm, and promises to be one of
the most valuable light-colored
berries for market culture. Shoots,
strong, light-colored, very hardy ;
fruit, above medium, roundish
conical, light cream color, firm,
with a sprightly, fine flavor. Pro-
ductive, and ripening its fruit in
succession, from early until quite
late in the season. Raised from
seed of the Fastolf. and named in
honor of one of the best pomok>-
gists in America.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
Ml
Gushing.
This fine raspberry was raised from seed of the Double-bearing,
by Dr. Brinckle, of Philadelphia, in 1844. It has not as yet been
sufficiently tested to judge of its value for extensive culture, but
should receive attention of amateurs. Shoot^i, strong, vigorous;
prirkles, brown ; leaf, plaited, regular form ; fruit, large, roundish
conical, crimson, and of fine flavor. Matures early. Said to occa-
sionally produce a second crop in autumn ; and as this is from shoots
grown the same year, it wiJl probably become twice-bearing in all
sections south of Philadelphia.
Emily.
A seedling from the Colonel Wilder; little disseminated; vigor-
ous growth, with white spines. Fruit, large, round, occasionally
shouldered, light yellow.
Fastolf.
An English variety,
introduced with high
praise, which it has
fully sustained in this
country. It is proba-
bly a chance seedling
of the Red Antwerp,
which it much resem-
bles. Its name is from
an old pile called Fast-
olf Castle, near Yar-
moutli, Eng. Through-
out most of North and
Western States it will
need protection in w^in-
ter, as its canes are
not quite hardy. For
small gardens, we pre-
fer it to Red Antwerp ;
but for market culture,
the latter is best, on
account of being more
firm. Shoots, strong,
are much inclined to
branch, light yellowish
brown ; fruit, large,
roundish, cbtuse conical, bright purplish red, soft, rich, high-flavored.
productive; ripening its fruit in long continued succession.
19*
^Vo-
442
THE EASPBERRY.
French.
Vice-Preeident French.
This is a seedling of Fastolf crossed with Yellow Antwerp, origin-
ated with Dr. Brinckle, and is yet little known. Fruity large, round,
crimson, matures Hte; spines^ red.
Franconia.
Introduced to this country from France, under this name; but not
to be found in any foreign catalogue to which we have had access.
Its canes are nearly hardy ; maturing good crops, without protec-
tion, four years out of jfive. Shoots, strong, branching, yellowish
brown, with scattered, rather stout bristles ; leaves, rather narrow ;
fruit, large, obtuse conical, dark, rich red, rich, rather acid flavor ;
more firm than Fastolf, and not as much so as Red Antwerp. A
few days later than the latter in ripening.
Fulton.
From seed of French, i^rm^, large, round, crimson; productive,
and a vigorous grower ; spines, red. One of Dr. Brinckle's origin.
General Patterson.
Seedling of the Colonel Wilder ; vigorous grower. Spines, red ;
fruit, large, round, crimson.
Knevett's Giant.
Imported from England
by Col. Wilder, in 1843.
This raspberry has proved
more hardy than any other
foreign variety, requiring
no protection, and produc-
ing uniformly large crops
of fruit. Its texture beingr
firm, it will be found pro-
fitable to grow for market.
Canes, strong, upright, dis-
posed to branch ; fruit,
large, obtuse, conical or
roundish, deep red, and of
excellent flavor.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
US
Monthly.
Large-fruited Monthly, | Rivers' Large-fruitetl Monthly.
This variety has been lately introduced, with claims to excellence
and productive habit. We have fruited it but one year, and cannot,
therefore, speak knowingly, but incline to the impression that, like
others of its character, it depends more on the system of culture to
produce the fruit in succession, than the actual habit of the plant.
Shoots, long, slender, purplish in the sun, thickly covered with
dark purple spines ; fruit, hardly above medium, red, fine flavor.
Barry says, " to insure a good autumn crop, the canes should be
pruned in spring to within a foot of the ground."
Mrs. Wilder.
Seedling of Col. Wilder, which it so nearly resembles as not to
require distinct description.
Orange.
This variety was grown by Dr. Brinckle from seed in 1844. On
account of being more hardy, it will probably supersede the Yellow
Antwerp, while its late period of ripening, being some ten days after
that variety, will render it highly valuable for marketing. Shoots,
vigorous, with white spines ; leaf, irregular ; fruit, larg^, ovate, beau-
tiful bright orange color, and of excellent flavor, productive. By
manv this is regarded as the best of all the varieties originated by
Dr. Brinckle.
Red Antwerp.
New Red Antwerp,
True Red Antwerp,
Knevelt's Antwerp,
Fraiaboisier a Gros Fruit.
Burley,
Late-bearinif Antwerp,
Howlands Red Antwerp,
Although universally desired, it
is rare that the true Red Antwerp
raspberry is found west of the State
of New York. It is a Dutch sort,
originally from Antwerp city. An
examination of the Red Antwerp
as imported from several sources,
all of which prove incorrect, leads
us to doubt whether it is better
known in the old country than here.
The conmion Red Antwerp is easily
detected in its fruit being smaller
and round, w|jile that of the true is
large, regularly long conical, dull
red, with a rich sweet flavor.
ā i4A THE RASPBERRY.
Canes^ moderately strong, yellowish green, becoming pale brown
early in autumn, covered bnlow with dark brown spines, but the
upper portions, especially of the bearing wood, nearly smooth. Eipens
from 1st to 10th July. The canes need protection in winter through-
out northern sections, in order to secure a full crop.
Yellow Antwerp.
While Antwerp, | Double-bearing Yellow.
This variety is only suited to small gardens, and even there we
presume will soon give place to the Col. Wilder and Orange: It
sometimes throws up a succession of shoots, maturing fruit for a long
time, whence its synonynd of Double-bearing. Shoots, strong, light
yellow, with greenish spines ; fruit, large, conical, pale yellow, sweet,
and excellent. Requires protection in winter. In our Southern
States the Antwerp varieties are said to fail.
Walker.
Seedling grown by Dr. Brinckle, which promises to be valuable as
a market variet3^ It is yet little known out of Philadelphia. Fruit,
large, round, deep crimson, solid, adheres firmly to the stem, keeps
long in perfection on the plant, and bears carriage well; spines, red.
CLASS III. ā Univorthy farther Culture.
American Red.
Common Red, ! English Red of scrnie.
V/ell known. Shoots upright, light brown. Frait medium, roundish, light
red, sub-acid. Early.
American White.
White Thimbleberry.
Varying from above only in color.
Barn
ET.
Cornwall's Prolific, I Cornwall's Red,
Cornwall's Seedling, 1 Large Red,
Lord Exmouth's.
English. Shoots long, yellowish green, branching. Fruit large, soft, round-
ish conical, purplish red, agreeable.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION
Brentford Cane.
445
English. Shoots strong, branching. Fruit medium, oval conical, dull red.
Inferior.
Cretan Red.
From the Mediterranean. Shoots upright, hardy. Fruit medium, round,
deep red, acid. Late.
Cox's IIONEY.
English. Fruit medium, yellowish white, borne in clusters along the stems.
Double-bearing.
Perpetual Bearing,
Siberian,
Late Cane,
Red Double-Bearin":.
Variety of the Antwerp. Large, dull red, hardy. Ripens late.
Nottingham Scarlet.
English. Fruit medium, obtuse conical, red.
Ohio Ever-bearing.
Ohio Raspberry.
Native of Ohio, and differing from the American Black only in producing
two inferior crops in a year.
Victoria.
Englifih. Medium, roundish conical, red.
Woodward's Red Globe.
English. Large red, roundish conical.
Wilmot's Early Red.
English. Small, roundish, red. Early.
:m'^
THE STKAWBEKKY.
Frarjaria^ {of species,) L. Rosacece of Botanists.
During the past ten years, or since the advent of Hovey's Seed-
ling to the varieties of the strawberry, there has arisen a furor for
the production of new varieties, until nearly every village in the
United States has its " rare and unsurpased seedling," cultivated and
extolled with praise and poetry equalling that of olden bard ; while
savans wise on strawberry culture, and the structure of plants
botanically^ have occupied page after page of our Horticultural
Journals, much to the amusement, if not instruction, of practical
men.
A native of the temperate latitudes of both hemispheres, the
varieties of the strawberry are universally esteemed among the
most delicious as well as most wholesome of the smaller fruits.
And although it is regarded as properly a habitant of cold climates,
it is successfully cultivated in the most southern latitude of this
country.
As a fruit embracing delicious and healthful qualities, with full