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PUBLICATIONS OF
THE ESSEX BOOK AND PRINT CLUB
No. I
NEW-ENGLANDS
PLANTATION
&c.
PLANTATION
WITH
The Sea Journal and
Other Writings
By REV. FRANCIS HIGGINSON
i *
First Minister of the Plantation at SALEM
in the MASSACHUSETTS BAY Colony
THE ESSEX BOOK AND PRINT CLUB
SALEM MASSACHUSETTS
1908
ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-FIVE COPIES
PRINTED AT THE RIVERSIDE PRESS
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
FOR THE ESSEX BOOK
AND PRINT
CLUB
Introduction
EW-ENGLANDS
PLANTATION,"
a tract published in
London early in 1630,
contains the earliest
printed account of the
colony established by
Endecott in 1628, at Neihum-kek, now
Salem. A description of the natural con-
ditions surrounding the new settlement is
also preserved, the narrative presenting,
in the quaint phrase of the original, "a
short and true description of the com-
modities and discommodities of that
countrey." The tract was written by the
Reverend Francis Higginson, who came
in the emigration following Endecott,
and who was eminently fitted, both by
education and profession, to prepare for
the friends in England a faithful account
of the life in the new country, not only to
gratify a natural curiosity, but also to at-
tract a further emigration.
[ 5 ] Francis
M187277
Introduction
Francis Higginson probably was born
in Claybrooke Parish, Leicester, Eng-
land, in 1587-88. He received his degree
of M.A. in 1 6 1 3 at Jesus College, Cam-
bridge, and two years later he was set-
tled over Claybrooke Parish, where he
preached with distinction until at last his
nonconformity brought him into danger
of imprisonment. About that time " The
Governor and Company of the Massa-
chusetts-Bay in New England " obtained
a charter from Charles I, and Higginson
was invited to join the party which was
being organized to make the first settle-
ment in the new country. As minister he
was to have equal political authority with
the members of the governing council.
He accepted the invitation, and with his
family landed safely at Neihum-kek, now
Salem, Massachusetts, on June 30, 1629,
and on the 6th of August following, was
ordained teacher of the church, with Sam-
uel Skelton as pastor. By virtue of his office
he became not only a spiritual guide but
a leader among his people, more espe-
cially during the trying winter and spring
following the arrival of the ships. The ex-
posure and the privations endured during
that time proved too severe, and consump-
tion laid hold upon him. He died August
6, 1630, "in the prime of his life and on
[ 6 ] the
Introduction
the threshold of a great career," leaving
a widow and eight children, one of whom
also became a minister and served the Sa-
lem church for nearly fifty years.
The manuscript of "New-Englands
Plantation " probably was sent home to
England upon the return of one of the
vessels that had brought over the planters.
It was received in London before Novem-
ber 20, 1 629 (see Young's " Chronicles of
the Colony of the Massachusetts Bay /'pp.
107, 242). Higginson had not expected
that it would be printed, as it was written
for "the satisfaction of loving friends"
who had requested a letter upon his ar-
rival, giving some account of the voyage
across the Atlantic and of the newly settled
country. Only the latter part of this letter
was printed, the earlier portion, describ-
ing the voyage, not being deemed of suf-
ficient importance to be thus preserved.
Three editions were published, all bearing
date of 1630. The author's name appears
on the title-pages of the second and third
editions. In 1634 was published William
WoodV'NewEnglands Prospect," which
gave much detailed information regard-
ing the country and the settlements in the
Massachusetts Bay. This superseded the
earlier account by Higginson, and the
latter dropped out of sight and in time
[ 7 ] became
Introduction
became very rare. In 1792 it was re-
printed in the Massachusetts Historical
Collections. In 1836 it was included in
Force's " Tracts/' and in 1 846 in Young's
" Chronicles of the Colony of the Massa-
chusetts Bay."
The several editions may be described
as follows :
FIRST EDITION
New-Englands | Plantation. | or, | A Short
and Trve | Description of the Commodities
and | Discommodities | of thatCountrey. | Writ-
ten by a reuerend Diuinenow | there resident. |
[Printer's ornament] | London, | Printed by
T.C. and R.C. for Michael Sparke, | dwelling
at the Signe of the Blew Bible in | Greene Ar-
bor in the little Old Bailey. | 1630. |
Small 4to. 1 1 unnumbered pages. Collation :
Title ( i ), reverse blank; To the Reader, signed
M. S. ( i ), reverse blank ; New-Englands Plan-
tation (17); ends "Finis." Signatures, B- (D
on last page).
SECOND EDITION
New-Englands | Plantation. Or, | A Short
and Trve | Description of the Commodities
and | Discommodities | ofthatCountrey. | Writ-
ten by Mr. Higgeson, a reuerend Diuine | now
there resident. | Whereunto is added a Let-
ter, sent by Mr. Graues | an Enginere, out of
New-England, | The second Edition enlarged. |
[Printer's ornament] | London, | Printed by
[ 8 ] T.
Introduction
T. & R. Cotes, for Michael Sparke, | dwelling
at the Signeof the Blew Bible in | Greene Ar-
bor in the little Old Bailey. | 1630. |
Small 4to. 27 unnumbered pages. Collation :
Title ( i ) , reverse blank ; To the Reader, signed
M. S. (i ), reverse blank ; New-Englands Plan-
tajon(23); ends"Fjnjs." Signatures, B (begin-
ning with" New-Englands Plantajon ")-D [4]
THIRD EDITON
New-Englands | Plantation, or, | A Short
and True | Description of the | Commodities
and | Discommodities | of that Countrey. | Writ-
ten by Mr. Higgeson, a reuerendDiuine | now
there resident. | Whereunto is added a Let-
ter, sent by Mr. Graues | an enginere, out of
New England, | The Third Edition, enlarged. |
[Printer's ornament] | London. | Printed by
T. and R. Cotes, for Michael Sparke, dwell-
ing | at the Signe of the Blue Bible in Greene-
Arbor, 1630. |
Small 4to. 23 numbered pages. Collation:
Title ( i ), reverse, To the Reader, signed M. S.
(2); New-Englands Plantation (3-1 7); [Or-
nament] A Letter sent from New-England,
by Master Graues, engynere now there resi-
dent (18-19); A Catalogue of such needfull
things as euery Planter doth or ought to Pro-
uide to go to N ew-England, etc. (202 1 ) ; The
names of the most remarkable places in New-
England (22-23); en ds "Fjnjs." Signatures,
A7 ; i leaf, B-D in 43.
[ 9 ] Copies
Introduction
Copies of the several editions are pre-
served in the following libraries :
First Edition.
Harvard University Library.
Essex Institute Library, Salem, Mass. (This
copy has title-page and last leaf in fac-
simile.)
John Carter Brown Library, Providence, R. I.
New York Public Library (Lenox Library).
New York State Library, Albany, N. Y.
Library of Congress.
Library of E. D. Church, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Library of a Collector, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Library of Frederick R. Halsey, New York
City.
Library of Edward E. Ayer, Chicago, 111.
Second Edition.
Boston Public Library.
New York Public Library (Lenox Library).
Library of E. D. Church, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Library of a Collector, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Library of Henry Huth, London, Eng.
Third Edition.
Boston Public Library.
Massachusetts Historical Society Library.
John Carter Brown Library, Providence, R. I.
New York Public Library (Lenox Library).
Philadelphia Library Company. (This copy
has title-page of the first edition bound with
text of the third edition.)
British Museum Library.
Library of Edward E. Ayer, Chicago, 111.
[ 10 ] In
Introduction
In the following pages the first edition
of " New-Englands Plantation " is repro-
duced in fac-simile from a copy in the
John Carter Brown Library, at Provi-
dence, R. I., through the courtesy of the
Librarian, Mr. George Parker Winship.
The third edition also has been reprinted
from a copy in the library of the Mass-
achusetts Historical Society for purposes
of comparison and to preserve the addi-
tional matter that it contains. The ac-
count of the voyage to Neihum-kek and
other writings of Higginson are from the
manuscript formerly in the possession of
Governor Hutchinsonand now preserved
by the Massachusetts Historical Society.
CONTENTS
PAGE
" NEW-ENGLANDS PLANTATION/' by
Rev. Francis Higginson, London,
1630. Fac-simile of the first edition 15
" GENERALL CONSIDERACONS" for the
planting of New England 39
THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN MR. HIG-
GINSON AND THE NEW ENGLAND
COMPANY 49
A TRUE RELATION OF THE LAST VOYAGE
TO NEW ENGLAND IN 1629 by Mr.
Higginson 55
"NEW-ENGLANDS PLANTATION," Lon-
don, 1630. The third edition 85
A LETTER THAT MR. HlGQINSON SENT
TO HIS FRIENDS AT LEICESTER 115
NOTES 123
INDEX 127
NEW-ENGLANDS PLANTATION
NEW-ENGLANDS
PLANTATION.
OR,
A SHORT AND TRVE
DESCRIPTION OF THE
COMMODITIES AND
DISCOMMODITIES
of that Countrey.
Written by a reuerend Diuine now
there refident.
LONDON,
Printed by T.Cand 1{.C for Wt
dwelling at the Signe of the ?/w titbit in
1630
To the Reader.
)Eader y doe not difdaine to read this
Illation $ and looke not here to
haue a large Gate and no building
within . a full-Jluffcd Title with no matter
in the Booke \ But here reade the truth, and
that thou fcalt find without any frothy bum*
bafted ^ords^or any quaint new*dcuifed ad*
dltlons y onely as it Tbas Written (not intended
for the PreJJe *) by a reuerend Ttiuine now
there liwngjbho onely Jent it tofome Friends
here^hich 'frere defirott* of his Delations $
'tohicbisan Efitomy of t\mr proceedings in
the Plantation, find for thy fart If thou
meanejl to be no Planter nor Venturer y doe
but lend thy good Prayers for thefurthrance
of It. And fo J reft a -ftetttwifier to all the
good defignes both oftbemy>fricharegone y
and of them that are to got.
M S.
NEWENGLANDS
Etting paffe our Voyage
by Sea,we wrll now begin
our difeourfe on the fhore
of Nevr-EngUnA. And be-
caufe the life and wel-fare
of -faerie Creature here
below 5 and the commodi-
oufhefie of the Countrey
whereas fuch Creatures Iiue 3 doth by-themoft
wife ordering of Gods prouidence 5 depend
next vnto himfelfe, vpon the temperature and
difpofition of the foure Elements., Earth,
Water 5 Aire and Fire ( For as of the mixture
of all thefe, all fiiblunarie things are compo-
fed 5 fo by the more .or leffe inioyment of the
wholefome temper and convenient vie of
thejfej confifteth the onely well-being both of
Man and Beaft in a more or leffe comfortable
meafure in all Countrey s vnder the Heanens)
Therefore I will endeauoUf tofliewyouwhat
3(cw-EngUKdis by the consideration of .each
of thefe apart^and truly endeauour by Gods
helpe to report nothing but the naked truth
and that both to tell you of the dilcoinmodi-
ties as well as of the commodities^ though a$
B the
*.
the idle Prouerbe is, TratteSers may lye ly au-
tboritie, and fo may take too much finfull, li-
bertie that way. Yet I may fay of my felfe as
once Nehemiah did in another cafe : shall fuch
*Man at l lye? No verily : It becommeth
not a Preacher of Truth to be a Writer of
Falfhood in any degree : and therefore I haue
beene-carefull to report nothing of Afc#-
Evglwd but what I haue partly feene with
mine owne Eyes, and partly heard and enqui-
red from the Mouthes of verie honeft and
religious perfon, who by liuing in the Coun-
trey a good fpace of time haue had experience
and knowledge of the ftate thereof, & whofe
teftimonies 1 doe beleeue as my felfe.
Firft therefore of the Earth of New-England
and all the appurtenances thereof :It is a Land
of diuers and fundry forts all about Mafattw-
lets Bay, and at Charles Riuer is as fat blacke
Earth as can be feene any where : and in other
places you haue a clay foyle, in other grauel],
in other fandy^as it is all about our Plantation
at 4/^0, for fo our Towne is now named,
Pfal. 76.1.
The forme of the Earth here in the fuper-
ficies of it is neither too flat in the plainneffe,
nor too high in Hils, but partakes of both in
a mediocritk, and fit for Pafture^or for Plow
or Meddowground 5 as Menpleafe to employ
it: though all the Countrey be as it were a
thicke Wood for the generall, yet in diuers
places there is much ground cleared by the
efpecially about the Plantation:
and
New-ZtfgtanJs Plavtatiw.
and I am told that about three miles from vs a
Man may ftand on a little hilly place and fee
diuers thoufands of acres of ground as good
as need to be,and not a Tree in the lame. It is
thought here is good Clay to make Bricke
and Tyles and Earthen-Pots as needs to be*
At this inftant we are fetting a Bricke-Kill on
worke to make Brickes and Tyles for the
building of our Houfes. For Stone, here is
plentie of Slates at the He of Slate in M^/S-
t/wtets Bay, and Liine-ftone, Free-ftone, and
Smootlvftone, and Iron-done, and Marble-
done alfo in fuch ftore, that we haue great
Rockes of it, and a Harbour hard by. Our
Plantation is from thence called Marble-har-
bour.
Of Minerals there hath yet beene but little
triall made,yet we are not without great hope
of being furniflied in that Soyle,
The tertilitie of the Soyle is to be admired
at, as appeareth in the aboundahce of Graffe
that groweth euerie where both verie thicke,
verie longhand verie high in diuers places:
but it groweth very wildly with a greatitalke
and a broad and ranker blade^becaufe it neuer
had been eaten with Cattle, nor mowed with
aSythe > and feldome trampled on by foot.
It is Icarce to be beleeued how our Kine and
Goats, Horfes and Hogges doe thriue and
profper here and like well of this Countrey.
In our Plantation we haue already a quart
of Milke for a penny : but the aboundant en-
creafe of Come proues this Countrey to be
B 2 a
a wonderment. Thirtie/ortie^fiftie^fixtieare
ordinarie heie : yea lofephs encreafe in vfgyft
Is out-ftript here with v$. Our Planters hope
to haue more then a luindf ed fould this yere ;
and all this while I am within compafTe^what
will you fay of two hundred fould and vp-
wards ? It is almoft incredible what great
gainc fome of our Englifli Planters haue had
by our Indian Corne. Credible perfons haue
allured me, and the partie himfelfe auouched
rhe truth of it to me 3 tliat of the letting of 13
Gallons of Corne he hath had encreafe of it
5 2 Ho.gfheads,euerie Hoglhead holding feuen
Bufliels of London meafure^and enerieBufliell
was by him ibid and trufted to the tndi&m for
fo much Bcaucr as was worth 1 8 (hillings^ and
fo of this 13 Gallons of Corne which was
worth 6 fhillings 8 pence, he made about 327
pounds of it the y eere folio wing 5 as by recko-
ning will appeare : where you may fee .how
God bleflfeth husbandry in this Land. There
is notfuch great and beautifull eares of Corne
Ifuppofe any where elfe to be found but in
this Countrey : being alfo of varieue of co-
Iours 3 as red^blev/ and yellow^&c. and of one
Corne there fpdngeth ibure or fiue hundred.
I haue fent you many Eares of diuers colours
chat you might fee the tmth of it.
Little Children here by fetting of Corne
may earne much more then their owne main-
tenance.
They haue tryed our Evg/fjk Corne at new
Plirnouth Plantation., fo that all otir feueral!
ti Graines
aon.
Graines will grow here verie well, and haue a
fitting Soyle for their nature.
Our Gouernour hath ftore of greene Peafe
growing in his Garden as good as etierleac
in EflgUnA*
This Coimtrcy abonndeth naturally with
ftore of Roots of great varietie and good to
eat* Our Turnips, Parfnips and Carrots arc
here both bigger and fweeterthenis ordina-
rily to be found in England. Here arealfo ftore
of PumpioiiSjCovvcumbers^and other things
of that nature which 1 know not. AIfo,diuers
excellent Pot-herbs grow abundantly among
the GrafTe, as Strawberrie leaues in all places
of the Countrey 3 and plentie of Strawberries
in their time, and Peny royall, Winterfauerie 3
Sorrell^Brookelime^Liuerwort, Caruell and
Watercjrefles^alfo Leekes and Onions are or-
dinarie 5 and diuers Phyficall Herbes. Here are
alfo aboundance of other fweet Herbes de-
lightfull to the fmell, whofc names we know
liofj&c. and plentie of fingle Damaske Rofes
verie fweet; and two kinds of Herbes that
beare two kind of flowers very fweet, which
they fay, are as good to make Cordage of
Clbath as any Hempe or Flaxe we haue,
Excellent Vines are here vp and downe in
the Woods* Our Gouernour hath already
planted a Vineyard with great hope of en-
creafe.
Alfo,Mulberies, Plums > Rafpberies, Cor-
^.^y
Hurtleberies & Hawes of Whitethorne neere
B 3 as
Ntw-Evghnd$ Plawatfan.
as good as our Cherries in EngUndfosy grow
in plentie here.
For Wood there is no better in the World
I thinke, here being foure forts of Oke diffe-
ring both in the Leafe, Timber, and Colour,
all excellent good. There is alfo good Afb,
Elme,Willow,Biixh,Beech,Saxafras,Iuniper
Cipres,Cedar,Spruce,Pines & Firre that will
yeeld abundance of Turpentine,Pitch,Tarre,
Mafts and other materials for building both
of Ships and Houfes. Alfo here are ftorc of
Sumacke Trees, they are good for dying and
tanning of Leather,likewife fuch Trees yeeld
a precious Gum called White Bcniamen, that
they fay is excellent for perfumes. Alfo here
be diucrs. Roots and Berries wherewith the
Indians dye excellent holy day colours that no
raine nor wafliing can alter. Alfo, wee haue
materials to make Sope-Afhes and Salt-Peter
in aboundance.
For Beafts there are fome Beares^ and they
fay fome Lyons alfo 5 for they haue been feen
at Cape Anne. Alfo here are feuerall forts of
Deere, fome whereof bring three or foure
young ones at once, which is not ordinarie in
EngUnd. Alfo Wolues, Foxes, Beauers,Ot-
ters,Martins 3 great wild Cats, & a great Beaft
called a Molke as bigge as an Oxe J haue feen
the Skins of all thcfe Beafts fince I came to
this Plantation excepting Lyons* Alfo here
are great ftore of Squerrels,fome greater,and
fome fmaller and leifer : there are fome of the
Idfer fort^they tell me ? thatby a certaine Skin
will
will fly from Tree to Tree though they (land
farrediftant.
Oftfa mtm *f New-England with the thing*
belonging t$ the feme.
Zw-Eglmd hath Water enough both
fait and frefli, the greateft Sea in the
World, the Athntickt Sea runs all along the
Coaft thereof.Thereare abundance of Hands
along the Shore,fomefull of Wood and Maft
to feed Swine* and others cleere of Wood,
and fruitfull to beare Corne. Alfowehaue
ftore of excellent harbours for Ships, as at
Cape Ame, and at Mafathitlets Bay, and at
Salem, and at many other places rand they are
the better becaufe for Strangers there is a ve-
rie difficuk and dangerous paffage into them,
but vnto fuch as are well acquainted with
them, they are eafie and fafe enough. The
aboundance of Sea-Fifli are almofl beyond
beleeuing,and fure I fhould fcarce haue belee-
ued it except I had feene it with mine owne
Eyes* I faw great ftore of Whales, and
CrampuiTe, and fuch aboundance of Make-
rils that it would aftonifh one to bchoid 5 like-
wife Cod-Fifli aboundance on the Coaft,and
in their feafon are plentifully taken.Thereis a
Fi/h called a BaflTe,a moft fv/eet & wholelbrne
Fiflias euer I did eat, it is altogether as good
as our frefh Sammon, and the feafon of their
comming was begun when we came f?ift to
lane* and fo continued about
three
three months fpace. Of this Fifh our Fifliers
take, many hundreds together, which I haue
feene lying on the fliore to my admiration 5
yea, their Nets ordinarily take more then
they are able to hale to Land,and for want of
Boats and Men they are conftrained to let a
many goe after they haue taken them,and yet
fometimes they fill two Boats at a time with
them. And befides Bafle we take plentie of
Scate and Thornbacke, and aboundance of
Lobfters, that the leaft Boy in the Plantation
may both catch and eat what he wil of them,
For my owne part I was foone cloyed with
them,they were fo greaf,and fat, and luffious.
I haue feenc fomemy felfe that haue weighed
1 6 pound, but others haue had diuers time fb
great Lobfters as haue weighed 25 pound^s
they aflured me. Alfo here is aboundance of
Herring,Turbut,Sturgion,Cuskes,Hadocks,
Mullets, Eeles, Crabs^ Muskles and Oyfters.
Befide there is probabilitie that the Countrey
is of an excellent temper for the making of
Salt: for fince our comming our Filhcrmen
haue brought home verie good Salt which
they found candied by the {landing of the Sea
water and the heat of the Sunne,vpon a Rock
by the Sea ihore : and in diuers Salt MariHies
that fome haue gone through,they haue found
feme Salt in fome places crufhing vnder their
Feet and cleauing to their Shoes.
And as for frefli Water the Countrey is full
of daintie Springs,and fome great Riuers,and
fome kfler Brookes s and atMafithfttetsftay
they
they digged Wels and found Water 2t three
Foot dcepe in moft places : and neere Saltnt
they haueas fiae cleare Water as we can de-
fire, and we may digge Wels and find Water
where we lift.
Thus we fee both Land and Sea abound
with ftore of bleffings for the comfortable
fuftenance of Mans life in New-Ettgland.
Of the Aire ^New-England with the T&xper
an A Creatures in it.
THe Temper of the Aire
is one fpeciall thing that commends this
place. Experience doth manifeft that there is
hardly amore healthfull place to be found in
the World that agreeth better with our En-
glifliBodyes. Many that haue beene weake
and fickly in old EngUndty comming hither
hane beene thoroughly healed and growne
healthfull and ftrong. For here is an extraor-
dinarie cleere and dry Aire that is of a moft
healing nature to all fuch as are of a Cold,
Melancholy 5 Flegmatick, Reumaticke temper
of Body. None can more truly fpeake hereof
by their owne experience then my felfe. My
Friends that knew me can well teU how verie
fickly I haue been and continually in Phyfick,
being much troubled with a tormenting paine
through an extraordinarie weakneffe of my
Stomacke 5 and aboundance of Melancholicke
humorsjbut fince I came hither on this Voy-
age, I thanke God I haue had perfeft health^
C and
and freed from paitie and vomitings, hauing a
Stomacke to digeft the hardeft and courfeft
fare who before could not cat fineft meat^and
whereas my Stomacke could onely digeft and
did require fuch drinke as was both ftrong
and ftale, now I can and doe oftentimes drink
New -England, water verie well- and I that hauc
not gone without a Cap for many yeeres to-
gether, neither durft leaue off the fame, haue
now caft away my Cap, and doe weare none
at all in the day time : and whereas before-
time I cloathed my felfe with double cloathcs
and thicke Waftcoats to keepe me warme,
euen in the Summer time., I doe now goe as
thin clad as any, onely wearing a light Stuffe
Catfbcke vpon my Shirt and Stuffe Breeches
of one thicknefle without Linings. Befides,
I hauc one of my Children that was formerly
moft lamentably handled with fore breaking
out of both his hands and feet of the Kings
Euill, but fince he came hither he is verie well
oner hce was, and there is hope of perfeft re-
couerie fhortly, euen by the verie wholefonv
nefle of the Aire, altering^ digcfiing and dry-
ing vp the cold and crude humors of the Bo-
dy: and therefore I thinke it is a wife courfe
for all cold completions to come to' take
Phyficke in New Englind ; for a fup of 8ew-
Enlands Aireis better then a whole draft of
In the Summertime in the midft of/ufy
and Avgufl it is a good deale hotter then in old
: and in Winter, lamary and February
are
are much colder as they fay: but the Spring
and Autumne are of a middle temper.
Fowles of the Aire are plentiful! here, and
of all forts as we haue in #g/* Was far re as
I can learne, and a great many of ftrange
Fowles which we know not. Whilft I was
writing thefethings,one of our Men brought
home an Eagle which he had killed in the
Wood : they fay they are good meat. Alfo
here are many kinds of excellent Hawkes,
both Sea Hawkes and Land Hawkes : and my
{elfe walking in the Woods with another ,in
company, fprung a Partridge fo bigge that
through the heauinetfe of his Body could fly
but a little way : they that haue killed them,
fay they are as bigge as our Hens , Here are
liicewifeaboundance of Turkies often killed
in the Woods, farre greater then our Engli/h
Turkies, nnd exceeding fat, fweet arid flelhy,
for here they haue aboundance of feeding all
the ycere Iong 5 as Strawberries,in Summer all
places are full of them,and all manner of Ber-