7. M.ixiimmi lujldiiig linu- ih 24 hours when sulfide is present. Optionally, all samples may
be tested with lead acetate jxiper before the pH adjustment in order to determine if sulfide
is present. If sulfide is present, it can be removed by the addition of cadmium nitrate
powder until a negative spot test is obtained. The sample is filtered and then NaOH is
added to pH 12.
8. Samples should be filtered immediately on-site before adding preservative for dissolved
metals.
9. For samples from none hlorinated drinking water supplies cone. H2S04should be added
to lower sample pH to less than 2. The samjile should be analyzed before 14 days.
561
Appendix C. Scheme for Determining Streamflows at Shallow-water Monitoring Stations
Station Streamflow Determination Method* Comments
01
02
Oh
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16-20
21
22
23
24
25
Add flows measured by USGS at stations
Clark Fork near Clinton and Rock Creek near
Clinton.
Monitoring station located at USGS station
Blackfoot River near Bonner.
uses station Clark Fork above Missoula.
Same as station 04.
Same as station 04.
WWTP flow recorder.
USGS station Clark Fork above Missoula
plus WWTP flow (rounded).
Same as station 08.
Subtract flow at station 08 from flow at
USGS station Clark Fork below Missoula.
USGS station Clark Fork below Missoula.
Flowmeter(s) at Champion outfall(s).
USGS station Clark Fork below Missoula
plus Champion flow (rounded).
Same as station 13.
Same as station 13.
No flows recorded.
USGS station Clark Fork near St. Regis.
Same as station 21.
Subtract flow at station 21 from flow
at USGS station Clark Fork at Plains.
USGS station Clark Fork at Plains.
Same as station 24.
Recorded as measured flow.
Recorded as measured flow.
Recorded as measured ( low.
Recorded as measured flow.
Estimate only. Does not
include additions from
Rattlesnake Creek or
known losses to ground-
water above this station.
Recorded as measured flow.
Estimate only for same
reasons as station 06.
Estimate only.
Very rough estimate only.
Maybe an underestimation
due to overestimation of
Station 08 flow.
Recorded as measured flow.
Recorded as measured flow.
Recorded as estimate.
Estimate.
Estimate.
Estimate.
Recorded as measured flow.
Estimate.
Estimate.
Recorded as measured flow.
Estimate.
562
Appendix C. Continued
Station
StreamElow Determination Method*
Comments
Z7
Add flow measured by MFC at Thompson Falls
Dam to flow at LiSGS station Prospect Creek
at Thompson Falls.
Recorded as measured flow.
29
uses and WWP station Clark Fork below Noxon
Rapids Dam.
Recorded as measured flow.
31
uses station Clark Fork at Whitehorse Rapids. Recorded as measured flow.
563
Appendix C. CLARK FORK RESERVOIR AND RIVER POOL SEDIMENT ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
LEACHABLE TEST :
1. Sediment was dried, rocks were removed, and a portion
was ground with a mortar and pestle.
2. An amount close to 1.00 g was weighed out. The
weight differed from 1.00 g by less than 1%.
3. The weighed portion was placed in a vesse] along with
1 L of .5% HNO .
4. The vessel was shaken each day for 10 days.
5. On the 10th day, the liquid was decanted off and
analyzed for metals on the ICP unit except for Arsenic
which was analyzed by the Hydride meth d.
TOTAL TEST :
1. Same as Step 1 of LEACHABLE test.
2. Approximately .25 g was weighed out.
3. The weighed portion was placed in a Teflon digestion
vessel alo
cone. HCl.
vessel along with 1.2 ml of cone. HNO^ and 3.8 ml of
The vessel was capped and microwaved for 3 minutes.
The contents of the vessel was diluted to 50 ml and
analyzed for metals on the ICP unit except Arsenic.
Note that silica and metals bound in the silica may not
be completely recorded by this procedure.
564
Appendix C. Description of method of Computing Time-Weighted Mean Dissolved
Oxygen and Temperature.
The t I me -we I g h t e d dissolved oxygen and temperature values in
Table 14 were computed as follows. For each station a
1-day period was chosen that centered around the approximate
1-day period over which the diurnal sampling was done. The
time-weighted values were calculated by the following
f o r mu I a :
V, = VCdTD. + V^(dT)^ + ... + V (dlD . where
tw 1 1 2 2 n n
V, ... V are the measured values of dissolved oxygen
In
or temperature over the approximate 1-day period, and
(dT) ... (dT) are the time intervals in days
associated with each of the n samples.
The time interval for a given sample begins at the midpoint
to the previous sample and ends at the midpoint to the next
sample with two exceptions: the first time interval begins
at the beginning of the chosen, exact 1-day period and the
last time interval ends at the end of that period.
The t i me -we i gh t e d values are close approximations to those
that would be obtained if samples were taken at exact,
regular intervals and simply averaged without any weighting.
Thus the weighting is done to compensate for the
irregularity of the time intervals between samples.
565
Appendix C. Description of the Modified Traveling-Kicknet
Macrolnvertebrate Sampling Technique Used In the Lower Clark
Fork Study
The technique used in this study for collection of bcnthlc
macroinvertebrate samples was a modification of a method described by
Kinney et al (1977) . An aquatic "D"-net (Ward's 10W0620) with a 36
centimeter (cm) long nylon net composed of 9 strands/cm (22 mesh) was used
to collect untimed, approximately equal-surface area kick samples of Clark
Fork mainstem and major tributary macrobenthos.
Samples were collected by holding the net at arms length in front of
and downstream from the investigator while traveling slowly downstream and
vigorously kicking and overturning the streambed material to a depth of
several inches. The entire contents of the net were transferred to pint or
quart glass jars, preserved in 70% ethanol and returned to the laboratory
for sorting, organism counting and species identifications.
Five samplings were conducted at each of the shallow-water biol')gi(.al
monitoring stations on a seasonal basis from March 1984 to August 1985.
During the initial sampling (Spring 1984), only one san^ le was collected
from each station. Approximately 4 square feet was disturbed in an area of
moderately fast current (about 1.5 to 2.5 ft. /sec.) followed by the
disturbing of about two square feet in slow to moderate current (about
0.5-1.5 ft. /sec). The combined sampling constituted one sample; the net
contents were transferred to the sample jar after each area had been
sampled. Where possible, rich sites (those with piles of rocks providing a
large area for colonization) were selected at each station. Riffles were
selected for the moderately fast water samplings whenever available.
During subsequent seasonal samplings (summer, fall 1984; spring,
summer 1985) , four smaller surface area replicates were collected at each
station in order to increase the statistical reliability of the data. Each
replicate was collected by disturbing about two square feet in moderately
fast current followed by about one square foot in slow to moderate current.
Organisms were identified and counted in each replicate. However, for
purposes of data analysis, results of the four replicates were pooled.
References
1) Kinney, W.L. Pollard, J.E. and C.H. Hornig. In Press. Comparison of
Macroinvertebrate Sample As They Apply to Streams of Semi-Arid
Regions. Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Sensing of
Environmental Pollutants, November 1988, New Orleans, LA 1977.
566
Appendix C. Continued
METHODS OF COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS FOR PERIPHYTOM AND PHYTOPLANKTON
Natural Substrate Periphyton-Taxonomic Identification and Enumeration
Sample Collection
Periphyton was collected from natural substrates with the object of
obtaining a composite sample of algae roughly in the same proportion as
they existed in the stream. Each type of substrate present (rocks, silt,
woody material, higher aquatic plants) was sampled in proportion to its
importance as a substrate at that site. Substrates exposed to different
current velocities and depth (riffles or pools, for example) were sampled,
again roughly in proportion to the extent these conditions prevailed at a
site.
The collection procedure consisted of scraping the film of attached
algae from the substrate with a knife blade or metal spoon. Green
filaments and tufts of macroscopic algae and green or brown "slime"
(composed largely of microscopic diatom algae) were sampled in proportion
to their spatial extent on each substrate type. The periphyton material
was composited into a small bottle containing stream water, preserved with
several milliliters of Lugol's (IKI) and transported on ice to the
laboratory. Samples were refrigerated until analyzed.
Sample Analysis
Analyses consisted of identifying the taxa of soft-bodied (non-diatom)
algae to the genus level, estimating the relative abundance and rank by
volume of each taxon, and performing detailed taxonomic identifications and
proportional counts of diatom algae to the species level.
To prepare a sample for identification of soft-bodied algae, the
contents were emptied into a porcelain evaporating dish, and the periphyton
material was teased apart with forceps and a disecting needle. Portions of
conspicuous filamentous algae and other aggregations were placed on a
welled microscope slide, along with 2-3 drops of non-descript periphyton
"soup . The latter usually contained large numbers of microscopic
soft-bodied and diatom algae. Again, a careful attempt was made to
sub-sample each fraction in proportion to their importance in the original
collection. A glass cover slip was placed over the material, and the slide
preparation was thoroughly scanned under the microscope at lOOX and 400X.
Diatom algae were not identified at this time, and all taxa were considered
collectively for estimating their numbers relative to other algae.
Non-diatom algae were identified to genus, and the relative abundance of
each was estimated using the following scheme:
R = rare; alga encountered very few times, < 5% of fields examined.
C= common; alga encountered frequently, but present in no more than
25% of microscope fields examined.
VC = very common; alga encountered very frequently, present in up to
50% of microscope fields examined.
A = abundant; alga present in essentially 100% of fields examined, but
usually makes up much less than half of the number of algae in a
567
Appendix C. Continued
given field.
VA = very abundant; alga present In essentially 100^ of fields
examined often accounting for half or more of the algae In a
given field
VVA = very, very abundant; present In large numbers in 100% of fields
examined, often comprising 80-90% of algae in a given field.
The latter category was generally applied to diatom algae, which were
comprised of many genera and were often present in very largo numbers and
greatly dominated the total number of algae present.
The soft-bodied genera and the diatom assemblage ..rr i ankeci
numerically by estimating the volume they occupied in u.e sample. By chis
system it was possible for a very large filamentous alga, estimated as
common, to "outrank" a single-celled form that was abundant, but had a much
smaller collective volume.
After soft-bodied analyses were completed, the remainder of the sample
was prepared for diatom taxonomy and proportional counts. Cleaning of the
diatom material was accomplished with nitric acid and potassium dichromate
(A.P.H.A. 1979), and a permanent diatom slide was prepared using Hyrax
mounting medium (A.P.H.A. 1979).
Diatoms were scanned under oil immersion at a magnification of lOOOX,
and all taxa encountered were identified to at least the species level. If
possible. A sufficient number of cells were scanned to be reasonably sure
that the dominant taxa had been identified (up to one traverse of the cover
slip). Between 300 and 450 diatom frustules were then counted, and the
percent relative abundance of each taxon was calculated. The Shannon
species diversity was calculated for each sample and taxa were ranked
according to pollution tolerance by the system of Lange-Bertalot (1979).
Natural Substrate Periphyton - Chlorophyll and Blomass Analyses
Sample Collection
An attempt was made to choose similar conditions at each sample site,
i.e. approximately the same substrate size, water depth and current
velocity. Generally, large cobbles (15-25 cm in diameter) at 40-50 cm
depth and 1-1.5 feet/second current velocity were sampled. These
conditions were usually found 1-3 meters from the bank.
A representative rock was removed from the stream bottom, roughly
maintaining its orientation. With a metal spatula or spoon, periphyton was
scraped from the top surface of the rock and placed into a labeled 50 ml
centrifuge tube, until a sample volume of 15 ml was obtained. A minimum
amount of water was included with the periphyton material.
The centrifuge tube was then wrapped with aluminum foil to exclude
light. Samples were kept on ice for the return trip to the lab, and were
stored in the freezer until analyzed.
568
Appendix C. Continued
Sample Analysis
Chlorophyll
Samples to be analyzed were removed from the freezer and allowed to
thaw. To each sample, 10 ml of 90% aqueous acetone solution was added, and
the periphyton was thoroughly disrupted by grinding the material against
the side of the tube with a glass stirring rod. An additional 20 ml of
acetone solution was added and the tubes tightly capped. Samples were
placed in a cold water sonic bath and sonified on high for 15 minutes.
After steeping at 4 C for 24 hours, the Bonification was repeated. Samples
were clarified by centrifugation at 500G for 20 minutes. Chlorophyll
measurements were made with a Perkin-Elmer Model 200 Spectrophotometer
having a band width of 1 nm. The optical density (OD) of each sample
solution was determined at 750, 664, 647, 630 and 430 nm, and after
acidification at 665 nm.
Chlorophyll a was calculated using the following trichromatic equation
after correcting the optical density values for turbidity (OD 750):
Chlorophyll a (mg/1) = 11.85(00 664)-1.54(0D 647)-0.08 (OD 630)
The ratio of chlorophyll a^ to pheophytin a_ was calculated as the ratio
of OD 664 to OD 665 according to Standard Methods (A.P.H.A. 3979).
The Stability Index, the ratio of yellow pigment (carotene) to green
pigment (chlorophyll), was calculated as the ratio of OD 430 to OD 664.
Biomass
After analyzing for chlorophyll, the periphyton material and acetone
solution were emptied into a Vicor glass crucible, evaporated under a fume
hood, and dried to constant weight at 105 C. Ash-free weight (biomass) was
obtained according to Standard Methods (A.P.H.A. 1979).
The Autotrophic Index was calculated as the mass ratio of biomass to
chlorophyll a_.
Artificial Substrate Periphyton - Chlorophyll and Biomass Analyses
Sample Collection
The artificial substrates employed consisted of eight standard
microscope slides held in commercial plastic carriages (Periphytometer II).
Each carriage was tied to a cement cinder half-block, 8" x 16" x 4" thick.
Five replicate substrates were placed at each of nine stream sites. The
block/carriage unit was worked into the stream-bottom cobbles deep enough
to place the slides slightly above the natural bottom, with their long axes
parallel to the current. The water depth and current velocity were
measured at each substrate. Placement locations were chosen and adjusted
to achieve conditions that were as similar as possible between replicates
and when practical between sites. Exposure time was approximately two
weeks, but because of sampling logistics, ranged from 14.2 to 16.0 days.
At the end of the exposure period the substrates and blocks were removed
and the slides carefully removed as not to disturb the attached periphyton.
Seven slides from each of the replicates at a site were placed in an opaque
569
Appendix C. Continued
plastic storage box and transported to the laboratory on Ice. The slides
were stored In a freezer until chlorophyll and biomass analyses were
performed. The eighth slide from each replicate was placed In a 30 ml
centrifuge tube, preserved with several drops of Lugols solution and stored
for future taxonomical Identifications.
Sample Analysis
Chlorophyll analyses were performed in the same manner as the natural
substrate perlphyton samples, with the following procedural exceptions.
Slides were removed from the freezer Immediately before beginning analyses,
and were shielded from direct light and heat to minimi;:., degradation of the
chlorophyll. Perlphyton from each seven-slide replicat was carefuil> and
thoroughly scraped into a foil-covered beaker, then rinsed into 50 ml
fo^l-covered centrifuge tubes with ?5 ml of 90% acetone solution.
Chlorophyll a_ concentration was calculated as milligrams/meter , and
accrual as mg/m /day.
Biomass analyses were performed in the same manner as the„natura]
substrate samples. Biomass was calculated as milligrams /meter and accrual
as mg/m /day,
Phytoplankton-Taxonomic Identification and Enumeration
Sample Collection
Single 250 ml grab samples from the surface (6-10 Inches depth) were
collected from each reservoir during the April, July and October, 1984
monitoring runs. The March, 1985 samples were euphotoic zone composites
taken with a VanDorn water sampler at the surface, Secchi Disc depth and
midway between. roughly equal volumes were composited from each depth.
The July, 1985 samples were euphotic zone composites taken at the surface
and Secchi Disc depth only. All samples were preserved with Lugols (IKl)
and iced for transport to the laboratory. Samples were refrigerated until
analyzed.
Sample Analysis
A Sedgwick-Raf ter counting cell was employed for phytoplankton
identification and enumeration according to Standard Methods (A.P.H.A.
1979). Scans and counts were performed at 200X. Algae were identified to
genus when possible, and the distinction was made between viable and dead
^Igae. For each genus, the number of cells per milliliter was calculated.
Phytoplankton - Chlorophyll Analyses
Sample Collection
Samples were collected in one gallon collapsible poly containers at
the same time and by the same methods as samples for phytoplankton taxonomy
and enumeration. They were transported to the laboratory on ice, and were
stored in a freezer until analyzed.
570
Appendix C. Continued
Sample Analysis
The same methods were used to determine chlorophyll in phytoplankton
as were used for periphyton, with the following variations. Samples were
allowed to thaw at room temperature In the dark to minimize degradation of
chlorophyll. A foil-wrapped glass Millipore filter holder and funnel with
Whatman GF/C glass fiber filters were used to collect the phytoplankton.
After thorough agitation, 250 ml aliquots of sample were filtered under
vacuum until the filter clogged or the sample was consumed. The total
volume filtered was recorded and the filter transferred to a foil-wrapped
centrifuge tube. Because of generally low phytoplankton densities, a
maximum of 13 ml of 90% acetone was added to minimize dilution of the
chlorophyll. Each filter was thoroughly masticated and the samples
prepared and analyzed according to the method described for natural
substrate periphyton. Chlorophyll was calculated as milligrams per cubic
meter.
References
American Public Health Association, et al. 1979. Standard methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater. Fifteenth Edition. A.P.H.A. ,
Washington, D.C, 1193 pages.
Lange-Bertalot , H. 1979. Pollution Tolerance of Diatoms as a Criterion for
Water Quality Estimation. Nova Hedwlgia, Beiheft 64, pp. 285-304.
571
Station
Uate
Number
3-5-84
01
5
02
5
03
3-6-84
04
6
05
6
06
6
07
6
08
6
09
Appendix D . Condensed Field Notes - Part 1
Shallow-water i^onitoring
Observations and Remark.s Weatlier
River clear. Heavy periptiyton growth. Cloudy, cool, 35^1'.
River clear. Cloudy, windy, cooL,
Reservoir clear.
Small patches of foam on river. Clear. High of 45'31'.
River bottom ice-scoured. Some foam.
Traces of foam.
Substantial foam on discharge.
Moderate turbidity. Sewage odor.
TSS noticeable. Numerous
sloughing cutbanks above site.
3-5-84 10 River clear. Patches of foam on
river. Large accumulation near shore.
3-6-84 11 Very hvy periphyton. Small patches of foam.
6 12 Sampled Pond 9 outfall. H2S odor
apparent. Ponds ice-covered.
6 13 Heavy periphyton. High color in
seepage areas near shore.
Station not yet established. No samples. Clear , sunny , warm.
Evidence of ice-scouring. Minor surface foam.
Large accumulation of foam present.
Heavy periphyton.
Heavy periphyton.
Heavy periphyton. Moderate turbidity
due to algal particulate?
Heavy periphyton. Slight to mod. turbidity.
Above St. Regis River. Heavy periphyton. Clear, sunny.
Patches of foam.
22 Sizeable foam accumulations
between 21 and 22.
No foam. River clear. Windy.
Hvy periphyton. Considerable organic TSS.
Just above Thompson River. Traces of foam. Cloudy , windy , cool.
Reservoir clear.
Wet shoreline due to peaking Cloudy, cool,
or Noxon Reservoir drawdown. light rain.
Reservoir down 4 ft. Considerable TSS.
River clr. Hvy periphyton. Traces of foam.
Reservoir clear.
Station not yet established. No samples.
3-7-84
14
15
16
17
18
19
7
20
3-8-84
21
8
23
8
24
8
25
8
26
-9-84
27
9
28
9
29
9
30
31
572
Appendix D -
Condensed Field tNotes - Part 1
Shaiiow-water Monitoring
Station
Date
Number
4-4-
â– d4
01
4
02
4
U4
4
Ob
4
07
4
09
4
10
4
11
4
12
4
15
4
21
4
23
4-5-
•84
25
27
4-6-
•84
29
6
31
4-17-
â– rf4
01
17
02
17
04
17
06
17
07
17
09
17
10
17
11
17
12
17
15
17
21
17
23
17
25
4-l«-
â– 84
27
18
29
18
31
Observations and Remarks
Slignt turbidity. River stage up.
Slight turbidity.
Slight turbidity. Patches of foam.
Slight turbidity.
Discharge highly turbid, colored
and foul smelling.
Slight turbidity.
River very clear. Foam
accumulations present.
River clear.
Sampled Pond 9 outfall.
Ice off ponds.
Very slight turbidity. Small
foam accumulation present.
Site relocated below St. Regis
River. River clear.
Wave action causing turbidity.
River clear. Site relocated
several miles above Thompson R.
River clear but with a greenish-
murky cast in deep water.
River clear.
River clear.
Runoff beginning. River turbid.
River turbid.
River quite turbid. Considerable TSS.
River turbid.
Discharge slightly more turbid
than river.
River turbid.
River stage up only slightly but
turbidity is high. Foam
accumulations gone.
River turbid. Trace of foam on
river.
Discharge sampled by M. Pasichnyk,
Compliance Monitoring.
River turbid. Noticeably high TSS.
River less turbid than Station 15
but noticeable TSS.
River low and clear.
River only slightly turbid but
with noticeable TSS.
River quite clear.
River clear.
River clear.
Weatner
Clear , sunny , warm.
Windy.
Cloudy , cool , rain
last night.
Weather hazy .unseason-
ably warm. High's
7O-75OF.
Light rain.
Cloudy, cool. Rain
last night.
573
Appendix
D-
Station
Uat
.e
Number
5-16-
-84
01
16
02
16
04
16
06
16
07
16
09
16
10
Ifa
11
16
12
16
15
16
21
16
23
5-17-
a4
25
17
27
17
29
17
31
6-4-
84
01
4
02
4
04
4
06
4
07
4
09
4
10
4
11
4
12
4
15
4
21
4
23
4
25
6-5-
84
27
5
29
Condensed Field Notes - Part 1
Shallow-water i'lonitoring
Observations and Remarks Weatlier
High flow. River highly turbid, Recent heavy rains
chocolate milk-colored. Cloudy, cool, inr.i
Eroding banks. raittent rain/s i -ct,
High flow. River turbid but less
than Station 01.
High flow. River up into willows.
Highly turbid.
River highly turbid. Much coarse debris.