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Fourth Series, Bulletin
Ohio. Division of Geological Survey,
Geological Survey of Ohio
II
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
BBRNHARD KUMMBL IXB** '
OF THE ''\
GEOLOGICAL SC^
< ^XiiiiWU^"^^iAV'\-
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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO
EDWARD ORTON, Jr., State Geologist.
FOURTH SERIES. BULLETIN NO. 2.
THE
USES OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT
BY
FRANK HARVEY ENO, C, E,
Associate Professor of Civil Engineering;, Ohio State University.
Published by authority of the Legislature of Ohio, under the
supervision of the State Geologist.
Columbus, Ohio, September, 1904.
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Printed bj the Springfield Pablishing Companj, Springfield, O.
Bound at the State Bindery, Oolnmbos, O.
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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
To His Excellency, Myron T. Herrick, Governor of Ohio:
Sir : — I have the honor to present to you, herewith, the Second Bul-
letin of the Geological Survey of Ohio, which has been prepared under my
supervision. The subject of the report is the Use of Hydraulic Cements,
and its preparation has been under the special charge of Professor Frank
H. Eno, of the Ohio State University, whose thoroughness and devotion to
his work I take pleasure in specially commending.
I have the honor to be,
Yours very respectfully,
Edward Orton, Jr., E. M.
Ohio State University : State Geologist.
September, 1904.
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OFFICERS OF THE SURVEY.
EDWARD ORTON, JR., E. M State Geologist
Economic Work in Cement and Clay Industries.
CHARLES SMITH PROSSER, M. Sc Assistant Geologist
Areal and Stratigraphical Geology.
JOHN ADAMS BOWNOCKER, D. Sc : Assistant Geologist
Economic Work in Oil, Gas, Salt and Coal.
NATHANIEL WRIGHT LORD, E. M Consulting Chemist
Economic Work on Constitution and Utilization of Coals.
ALBERT VICTOR BLEININGER, B. Sc Special Assistant
Technological Work in Cement Manufacture.
SAMUEL VERNON PEPPEL, .B. Sc Special Assistant
Technological Work in Lime and Sand Brick Industries.
FRANK HARVEY ENO, C. E Special Assistant
Utilization of Portland Cement.
METTA L. SEYMOUR Stenographer and Clerk
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ANNOUNCEMENTS BY THE STATE GEOLOGIST*
BULLETIN 2.
The following Bulletin deals with the Uses of Hydraulic Cements, a
subject on which much accurate information is in existence, though not
well distributed among those who have most need of it.
The cement industry, as is well shown in the following pages, is one
of the most wonderful examples of the splendid virility of the American
nation. In twenty years we have taken it up, perfected it, improved its
manufacture, found new uses for it, and after supplying our own fabu-
lously increasing needs, are beginning to look covetously upon the markets
of the world, long occupied by the English and Germans. This story
reads like a romance, and we little appreciate even now how wonderful an
expansion yet lies ahead of us in the use of this supremely convenient and
serviceable material.
The Geological Survey of Ohio has examined the cement industry
before ; a very valuable article on that subject appeared in Vol. VI, pub-
lished in 1888, from the pen of Prof. N. W. Lord. But since that time the
conditions have altered so fundamentally, that it was thought best to take
the subject up and thoroughly discuss its present status. Accordingly,
three bulletins have been outlined, one upon the Resources of Ohio
in the Raw Material for Cement Manufacture ; another upon the Manu-
facture of Portland Cement, and the last upon the Uses of Hydraulic
Cements. These three bulletins collectively discuss this subject in a com-
plete manner and it is hoped will be of service in pointing out to the people
of Ohio the industrial opportunity which this new material places before
them.
The present bulletin is by Prof. Frank Harvey Eno, Associate Pro-
fessor of Civil Engineering in the Ohio State University. Professor Eno
has had much experience in the use of cements ; he has laboriously searched
the literature of the subject ; he has traveled widely to visit and study the
typical and important examples of all the uses to which cement is being
put. He has, in accordance with my instructions, made this work a pop-
ular one — ^avoiding the symbols of the chemist or the mathematics of the
engineer. He has written to reach the people — the great body on whose
increasing intelligence in the use of cements depends the still greater ex-
pansion of the industry of the future.
While this bulletin is not the record of new and exhaustive re-
aearches in this field, at least to any important degree, and was not intended
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VIII
ANNUAL REPORT
even to coijtain a detailed discussion of the many mooted points in the
theory of cements, it must not be supposed that it is either loose in its
statements, or so general as to be of no value. It has been the aim to pre-
sent the facts, with such few theoretical considerations as are now generally
accepted, in such a simple and clear manner that it will be understood by all.
And this has been done in the belief that in all the vast literature of the
subject no other work yet accomplishes this simple purpose. How well
it may be accomplished here, is a matter on which we will await the public
verdict.
FORMER PUBLICATIONS OF THE SURVEY.
The work performed by the First, Second and Third organizations
of the Geological Survey of Ohio is comprehended in the following list
of publications :
FIRST GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1837-1838
Title of Volume.
Date of Number
1
Number
of Copies Geologist in Charge.
Printed, i
First Annual Report
1
1838 134 5.000
W. W. Mather
Second Annual Report
1838 236
5,000
W. W. Mather
SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1869-1888
Title of Volume.
Date of
Issue.
Number
of
Pages.
Number
of Copies
Printed.
Geologist in Charge,
Report of Progress
Report of Progress
Report of Progress
Geology of Ohio, vol. I, part
I, Geology
Geolo^ of Ohio, vol. I, part
II, Paleontology
Geology of Ohio, vol. II, part
I, Geology
Geology of Ohio, vol. II, part
II, Paleontology
Geology of Ohio, vol. Ill,
Geology
Geological Atlas of Ohio ....
Geology of Ohio, vol. IV,
Zoology and Botany
Geology of Ohio, vol. V, Eco-
nomic Geology
Preliminary Report on Petro-
leum and Inflammable Gas.
Geology of Ohio, vol. VI,
Economic Geology
•Pages. fPlates.
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1878
1879
1882
1884
1886
1888
176
568
3
14,500
14,500
400
680
20,000
♦401 t49
20,000
701
20,000
*431 t59
20,000
958
20,000
5,000
1,070
20,000
1,124
10,000
76
2,500
831
15,000
J. S. Newberry
J. S. Newberry
J. S. Newberry
J. S. Newberry
J. S. Newberry
J. S. Newberry
J. S. Newberry
J. S. Newberrj"^
J. S. Newberry
J. S. Newberry
Edward Orton
Edward Orton
Edward Orton
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STATE GEOLOGIST.
THIRD GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1889-1894
IX
Title of Volume.
Date of
Issue.
Number
of
Pages.
Number
of Copies
Printed.
Geologist in Charge.
First Annual Report
1890
1893
1894
323
290
970
10,000
2,500
7,500
Edward Orton
Geology of Ohio, vol. VII,
part I, Economic Geology. .
Geology of Ohio, vol. VII,
(complete including part I) . .
Edward Orton
Edward Orton
FOURTH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1899-
Title of Volume.
Bulletin 1**.
Date of
Issue.
1903
Number
of
Pages.
320
Number
of Copies
Printed.
8,000
Geologist in Charge.
Edward Orton, Jr.
DISTRIBUTION OF REPORTS,
First Geological Survey. — These volumes are out of print and
rare. They can only be procured from dealers in second-hand libraries
and are difficult to obtain even there.
Second Geological Survey. — These volumes were all distributed at
the time of their issue. The State retained no stock for meeting future
demands, so that no copies of any of these volumes can be obtained from
the office of the State Geologist. They can be bought in many second-
hand book stores and from dealers in old libraries, at prices varying
from a few cents to two or three dollars per volume, according to rarity
and demand. Volumes V and VI are the rarest and most sought for.
Third Geological Survey* — These volumes were all distributed at
the time of issue, except Volume VII, of which 1,500 were put in the
hands of the Secretary of State, for sale at cost of publication. Of these,
a few remain at the date of the publication of this volume. The price
is $1.50. To obtain copies, send postal or money order to the Secre-
tary of State, State House, Columbus, O. No other volume can be
obtained from this source.
The other volumes of this series can be procured only from second-
hand book and library dealers.
Fourth Geological Survey. — Under the law, copies of these Bul-
letins can be bought at the office of the State Geologist, at the cost of
♦♦Price 10.65.
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X ANNUAL REPORT
publication. Postal orders, money orders, checks, drafts, or currency
must accompany orders. Stamps will not be received.
Bulletin i— Oil and Gas $0.65
Bulletin 2 — ^Use of Cement
Bulletin 3 — Manufacture of Cement In preparation
Bulletin 4 — Lime Industry of Ohio In preparation
Bulletin 5 — Lime- Sand Brick Industry In preparation
Bulletin 6 — Salt Industry of Ohio In preparation
THE LAVS UNDER WHICH THE SURVEY OPERATES,
For the information of the Public, the law under which the work
of the Survey is prosecuted is herewith published y —
Laws of Ohio, 1889, Vol. 86, p. 262.
(Senate Bill 409.)
AN ACT
To provide for the extension of the Geological Survey of the State.
Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, That the
governor is hereby authorized to appoint a state geologist, whose duty it shall be to
continue and extend the investigations already made into the geological structure and
resources of the state. Said state geologist shall be appointed for a term of three years,
but he may be removed for cause at any time, and a successor appointed in his stead ;
and the governor is authorized to fill any vacancy which may occur from any cause,
at any time. The compensation of said state geologist shall be at the rate of two hun-
dred dollars per month, for the time actually employed; and said geologist shall have
power to employ such assistants as he may need; but in no event shall the salary of
the geologist, pay to assistants, and expense of the department, exceed the amount of
the expenditure authorized by the general assembly.
Section 2. It shall be the duty of said geologist to study, and determine as nearly
as possible, the number and extent of the various formations of the state; to rep-
resent the same, from time to time, upon properly constructed maps and diagrams;
to study the modes of occurrence and the distribution of the useful minerals and prod-
ucts of these formations; to determine the chemical composition and structure of the
same; to investigate the soils and water supply of the state; and to give attention to
the discoveries of coal, building stone, natural cement, petroleum, gas and other nat-
ural substances of use and value to the state. He may also collect and describe the
fossils of the various geological formations of the state; but no expenditure shall be
incuwefl under this head that is not expressl> ordered and provided for by the general
assembly.
Section 3. The said geologist shall make, on or before the first day in February
of each year, a report to the governor, covering the work of the preceding year, and
the report shall be transmitted to the general assembly, to be printed in the same man-
ner as other public documents, or as shall be otherwise ordered.
Section 4. The salaries of the state geologist, and the assistants employed by
him, together with the traveling and incidental expenses, shall be paid monthly, on
presentation of properly itemized vouchers, signed by the governor, out of the state
treasury, from the appropriation made for such purpose.
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STATE GEOLOGIST.
XI
Section 6. There is hereby appropriated from the general revenue fund the sum
of one thousand dollars annually, for the purpose above named.
Section 6. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage.
NOAH H. ALBAUGH,
Speaker pro tem. of the House of Representatives
THEODORE F. DAVIS,
Passed April 12, 1889. President pro tem. of the Senate.
From the terms of the law, it was evidently intended to provide for
the creation of a bureau of geology to which only a portion of the time of
the State Geologist should be applied, as the annual appropriation made
was much too small to provide the salary of a State Geologist continuously,
without making any provisions for office expenses, assistance, etc. It was
thought at that time that a few months' work per year would be sufficient
to maintain the Survey abreast of geological developments.
The powers and duties of the State Geologist under this act were
made so broad and general as to permit carrying on almost any work,
so that no new legal provision was thought necessary in connection with
re-opening the work of the survey under the Fourth organization. The
sum designated in Section s is not made a limiting condition of the law,
so that the Legislature may appropriate any other amount, at its discretion,
for carrying on the work.
Acting under this law, the Legislature has made the following appro-
priations for geological work :
Designation of Legislature.
Year.
Amount
Appropriated.
Seventy-Fourth
1900
$2,500 00
Seventy-Fourth
1901
$3,500 00
Seventy-Fifth
1902
sii.nno on
Seventy-Fifth
1903 $3,000 00
Seventy-Sixth j 1904 $2,800 00
Seventy-Sixth
1905
$2,900 00
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XII ANNUAL REPORT
The law providing for the publication and distribution of reports is
as follows:
Laws of Ohio, 1902, vol. 95, p. 593.
(House Bill, 800).
AN ACT
To Provide for the Publication and Distribution of the Reports of the State Geologist.
Section 1. Be it enacted by the general assembly of the state of Ohio, that
whenever the state geologist shall have completed a bulletin upon any of the subjects
upon which he is authorized to conduct investigation, he shall notify the state printing
commission of this fact, and it shall be the duty of this commission to determine the
number of copies which shall be printed, and the grade of paper, the kind of binding,
and any other details incident to its proper publication.
Section 2. It shall be the duty of said commission to provide for the publication
of said bulletin as soon as possible after the completion of the same. The issue shall
consist of a minimum number of three thousand copies.
Of these, one thousand copies, after deducting 200 for the State Library, shall
be distributed pro rata among the general assembly.
One thousand shall be distributed free by the state geologist in exchange with
other surveys, and with individuals whose services have been used in the collection or
preparation of the matter for the bulletins. Of this number not more than four hun-
dred may be distributed during the first year after publication, and not more than fifty
, in any subsequent year.
One thousand copies shall be set aside for binding along with other bulletins from
time to time, when a sufficient number of such bulletins have accumulated to make col-
lectively a volume of from 800 to 1,000 pages. They shall be bound, lettered and
numbered, to take their place in the series of volumes already published by the survey.
The distribution of the bound volume of the survey shall be in the hands of the
state geologist; but the state library shall receive ten copies, each member of the gen-
eral assembly one copy, with privilege to draw not to exceed two other copies on appli-
cation, and public libraries in the state shall be supplied with one copy each. The
volumes remaining after these demands have been met may be distributed among the
geological surveys and geological societies of the United States and of foreign countries,
in exchange for their publications.
Section 3. The board may, at its discretion, order the publication of extra copies
in addition to the three thousand already provided for. These extra copies shall be
placed in the hands of the state geologist. From these, members of the general assem-
bly may, on application, draw up to fifty (50) copies each. Those remaining shall be
placed on sale at a price equal to the net cost of printing and binding, which price is
to be established by the state supervisor of public printing. The proceeds of such
sales shall be accounted for and paid into the state treasury, and the state, geologist
shall be required by the commission to give suitable bond for the security of the funds
thus passing through his hands. The proceeds of such sales shall be credited to the
account of the geological survey and shall be used for the prosecution of the further work
of the survey without distinction from other funds which the general assembly from
time to time appropriates for the survey.
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STATE GEOLOGIST. XIII
Section 4. The cost of printing, illustrating, electrotyping, binding, et cetera,
of said bulletins and said volumes, shall be paid from the general appropriation for
state printing.
Section 5. This act shall take effect from and after its passage.
W. S. McKINNON,
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
F. B. ARCHER,
Passed May 12, 1902. President of the Senate.
THE LIBRARY OF THE SURVEY.
A well equipped geological library is becoming a constantly increasing
necessity to the work of the Survey. The library owned by the Survey
is now small, as the work of collecting books by exchange or otherwise
has been going on only since 1900. The chief obstacle heretofore has
been the lack of a definite method of caring for books when obtained.
The facts being placed before the Seventy-sixth General Assembly, the
following was passed:
Seventy-Sixth General Assembly.
(Regular Session).
SENATE JOINT RESOLUTION No. 22
Relating to the Creation of a Depositor^' for the Library of the Geological Survey of Ohio.
Be it resolved by the general assembly of the state of Ohio, that the state geologist
is hereby authorized to enter into an agreement with the board of trustees of the Ohio
State University by which the library of the Ohio State University is made the depos-
itory for the reports, books, pamphlets, maps, and manuscripts, acquired by exchange
or otherwise, which constitute the libraiy^ of the geological survey of Ohio; said agree-
ment shall provide for the marking, accessioning, cataloging, shelving and ordinary
care of said librar}^; the terms upon which said librarj'^ of the survey shall be available
to the use of the students and faculty of the university; the terms upon which the
library of the university shall be available for the use of the staff of the survey; and"
such other matters as the mutual interest and advantage of the two organizations
may suggest; provided, that the state geologist shall have no power to permanently
transfer the right and title to said librarj'- of the survey to the Ohio State University
and also that any agreement made shall be without monetary consideration on either
side. GEORGE T. THOMAS,
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
WARREN G. HARDING,
President of the Senate.
Under the authority of the above resolution, the following agree-
ment has been entered into between the Board of Trustees of the Ohio
State University and the Ohio Geological Survey:
Agreement between the Board of Trustees of the Ohio State University and Edward
Orton, Jr., State Geologist of Ohio.
Whereas, During the session of the 76th General Assembly the following joint
resolution was regularly passed, viz:
(Resolution quoted above.)
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XIV ANNUAL REPORT
Therefore, we, the Board of Trustees of the Ohio State University, party of the
first part, and Edward Orton, Jr., State Geologist, acting for the Geological Survey
of Ohio, under the authority of the resolution above quoted, party of the second part,
do hereby mutually agree as follows:
I. — ^That the party of the second part shall deposit in the custody of the Libra-
rian of the party of the first part, all the books, pamphlets, maps, notes and manu-
scripts now comprbing the library of the Geological Survey of Ohio.
II. — ^That from time to time, where other books, maps, and pamphlets are secured
by the Geological Survey of Ohio for its library, whether obtained by gift, exchange
or purchase, they shall also be added to those already in the hands of the Librarian of
the party of the first part.
III. — That the party of the second part reserves the right to any member of its
corps to withdraw any part of the library thus deposited, for use in office or field, but
where this is done the usual library receipt shall be taken for matter thus issued. Fur-
ther, that nothing in this document shall be construed to mean or include the reports,
bulletins, or other publications issued by the party of the second part, and which may
be held for distribution, exchange or storage.