THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
RIVERSIDE
HISTORY 07 GREECE
BY
GEORGE GROTE, ESQ.
Hi
VOL, IX,
REPRINTED FROM THE LONDON ED1TIOU.
NEW YORK:
HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS,
329 AND 331 PEARL STREET.
1880.
CONTENTS.
VOL. IX.
PART II.
CONTINUATION OF HISTORICAL GREECE.
CHAPTEK LXIX.
CYEU8 THE TOUNGEE AND THE TEN THOUSAND GREEKS.
Spartan empire. March of the Ten Thousand Greeks. Persian kingt
Xerxes Artaxerxes Longimanus. Darius Nothus. Cyrus the
younger in Ionia his vigorous operations against Athens. Youth and
education of Cyrus. His esteem for the Greeks his hopes of the
crown. Death of Darius Nothus succession of Artaxerxes Mnenon.
Secret preparations of Cyrus for attacking his brother. Klearchus
and other Greeks in the service of Cyrus. Strict administration, and
prudent behavior, of Cyrus. Cyrus collects his army at Sardis. The
Ten Thousand Greeks their position and circumstances. Xenophon.
How Xenophon came to join the Cyreian army. Cyrus marches from
Sardis Kolossse Kelasnse. Peltse Keramon-Agora, Kaystru-Pe
dion. Distress of Cyras for money Epyaxa supplies him. Thym-
brium Tyriaeum Review of the Greeks by Cyrus. Ikonium
Lykaonia Tyana. Pass over Taurus into Kilikia. Syennesis of
Kilikia his duplicity he assists Cyrus with money. Cyrus at Tar-
sus mutiny of the Greeks their refusal to go farther. Klearchus
tries to suppress the mutiny by severity he fails. He tries persuasion
his discourse to the soldiers. His refusal to march farther well re-
ceived. Deceitful manoeuvres of Klearchus to bring the soldiers round
to Cyrus. The soldiers agree to accompany Cyrus farther increase of
pay. March onward from Tarsus to Issus. Flight of Abrokomas
abandonment of the passes. Gates of Kilikia and Syria. Desertion
of Xenias and Pasion prudence of Cyrus. Cyrus marches from the
sea to Thapsakus on the Euphrates. Partial reluctance of th-j army
they ford the Euphrates. Separate manoeuvre of Menon. Abrokomas
abandons the defence of the river his double dealing. Cyrus marches
along the left bank of the Euphrates the Desert privations of the
army. Pylae Charmande dangerous dispute between the soldiers of
Klearchus and those of Menon. Entry into Babylonia treason of
Orontes preparation for battle. Discourse of Cyrus to his officers and
soldiers. Conception formed by Cyrus of Grecian sujieriority. PresenJ
, v CONTENTS.
of Cyrus to the prophet SiLinus. Cyrus passes the undefended trench
Kunaxa sudden appearance of the king's army preparation of
Cyrus for battle. Last orders of Cyrus. Battle of Kunaxa easy
rictory of the Greeks on their side. Impetuous attack of Cyrus upon
his brother Cyrus is slain. Flight of Ariseus and the Asiatic force of
Cyrus. Plunder of the Cyreian camp by Artaxerxes. Victorious atti-
tude of the Greeks. Character of Cyrus. If Cyrus had succeeded, he
would have been the most formidable enemy to Greece 1-51
CHAPTER LXX.
RETREAT OF THE TEN THOUSAND GREEKS.
Dismay of the Greeks on learning the death of Cyrus. Klearchus offers
the throne to Ariasus. Artaxerxes summons the Greeks to surrender
their reply language of Phalinus. Ariaeus refuses the throne, but in-
vites the Greeks to join him for retreat. The Greeks rejoin Ariasus
interchange of oaths resolution to retreat together. Position of the
Greeks to all appearance hopeless. Commencement of the retreat,
along with Ariseus disorder of the army. Heralds from the Persians
to treat about a truce. The heralds conduct the Greeks to villages fur-
nished with provisions. March over the canals. Abundant supplies ob-
tained in the villages. Visit of Tissaphernes negotiations. Con-
vention concluded with Tissaphernes, who engages to conduct the Greeks
home. Motives of the Persians favorable dispositions of Parysatis
towards Cyrus. Long halt of the Greeks their quarrel with Ariaeus.
Secret despair of Klearchus. Retreating march begun, under Tissa-
phernes they enter within the Wall of Media march to Sittake - -
Alarm and suspicions of the Greeks they cross the Tigris. Retreat-
ing march up the left bank of the Tigris to the Great Zab. Suspi-
cions between the Greeks and Tissaphernes. Klearchus converses with
Tissaphernes and is talked over. Klearchus, with the other Grecian
generals, visits Tissaphernes in his tent. Tissaphernes seizes the Greek
generals. They arc sent prisoners to the Persian court, and there put to
death. Menon is reserved to perish in torture sentiments of queen
Parysatis. How Klearchus came to be imposed upon. Plans of Tis-
saphernes impotence and timidity of the Persians. The Persians
summon the Grecian army to surrender. Indignant refusal of the
Greeks distress and despair prevalent among them. First ap-
pearance of Xenophon his dream. He stimulates the other captains
to take the lead and appoint new officers. Address of Xenophon to the
officers. New generals are named, Xenophon being one. The army is
convened in general assembly speech of Xenophon. Favorable aug-
ury from a man sneezing. Encouraging topics insisted on by Xenophon.
Great impression produced by his speech the army confirm the new
generals proposed. Great ascendency acquired over the army at once
by Xenophon qualities whereby he obtained it. Combination of elo-
quence and confidence, with soldier-like resource and bravery. Approach
of the Persian Mithridates the Greeks refuse all parley. The Greeks
cross the Zab and resume their march, harassed by the Persian cavalry.
Sufferings of the Greeks from marching under the attacks of the cavalry.
Successful precautions taken. Tissaphernes renews the attack, with
CONTENTS. ,
omc effect.- - Comfortable quarters of the Greeks. They halt lo repel
the cavalry, and then marcli fast onward. Victory of the Greeks
prowess of Xenophon. The Greeks embarrassed as to their route
impossibility either of following the Tigris farther, or of crossing it.
The strike into the mountains of the Karduchians. They burn much
of their baggage their sufferings from the activity and energy of the
Karduchians. Extreme danger of their situation. Xenophon rinds out
another road to turn the enemy's position. The Karduchians are de-
feated and the road cleared. Danger of Xenophon with the rear division
and baggage. anxiety of the Greeks to recover the bodies of the slain
They reach the river Kentrites, the northern boundary of Karduchia.
Difficulties of passing the Kentrites dream of Xenophon. They
discover a ford and pass the river. Xenophon with the rear-guard re-
pels the Karduchians and effects his passage. March through Armenia.
Heavy snow and severe cold. They ford the Eastern Euphrates or
Murad. Distressing marches extreme misery from cold and hunger.
Rest in good quarters subterranean villages well stocked with pro-
visions. After a week's rest, they march onward their guide runs
away. They reach a difficult pass occupied by the Chalybes raillery
exchanged between Xenophon and Cheirisophus about stealing. They
turn the pass by a flank-march, and force their way over the mountain
March through the country of the Taochi exhaustion of provisions
capture of a hill-fort. Through the Chalybes, the bravest fighters
whom they had yet seen the Skythini. They reach the flourishing
city of Gymnias. First sight of the sea from the mountain-top The-
ches extreme delight of the soldiers. Passage through the Makrones.
Through the Kolchians who oppose them and are defeated. Kol-
chian villages unwholesome honey. Arrival at Trapezus on the
Euxine (Trebizond). Joy of the Greeks their discharge of vows to
their gods their festivals and games. Appendix 52-120
CHAPTER LXXI.
MIOCEEDINGS OF THE TEN THOUSAND GREEKS, FROM THE TIME THAT
THEY REACHED TRAPEZUS, TO THEIR JUNCTION WITH THE LACEDE-
MONIAN ARMY IN ASIA MINOR.
Greek cities on the Euxine Sinope with her colonies Kerasus, Kotyora,
and Trapezus. Indigenous inhabitants their relations with the Greek
colonists. Feelings of the Greeks on the Euxine when the Ten Thou-
sand descended among them. Uncertainty and danger of what they
might do. Plans of the army Cheirisophus is sent to Byzantium to
procure vessels for transporting them. Regulations for the army pro-
posed by Xenophon during his absence. Adopted by the army their
intense repugnance to farther marching. Measures for procuring trans,
ports. Marauding expeditions for supplies, against the Colchians and the
Drilffi. The army leave Trapezus, and march westward along the coast
to Kerasus. Acts of disorder and outrage committed by various sol-
diers near Kerasus. March to Kotyora hostilities with the Mosynce-
ki. Long halt at Kotyora remonstrance from the Sinopians.
Speech of Hekatonymus of Sinope to the army reply of Xenophon.
Success of the reply good understanding established with SinopS.
n
CONTENTS.
Consultation of the army with Hckatonymus, vho advises going hom
by sea. Envoys sent by the army to Sinope to procure vessels. Pov-
erty and increasing disorganization of the army. Ideas of Xenophon
about founding a new city in the Euxine, with the army. Sacrifice of
Xenophon to ascertain the will of the gods treachery of the prophet
Silanus. Silanus, Timasion, and others raise calumnies against Xeno-
phon. General assembly of the army. Accusations against Xenophon
his speech in defence. He carries the soldiers with him discontent
and flight of Silanus. Fresh manoeuvres of Timasion fresh calum-
nies circulated against Xenophon renewed discontent of the army.
Xenophon convenes the assembly again. his address in defence of him-
self. His remonstrance against the disorders in the army. Vote of the
army unanimously favorable to Xenophon disapproving the disorders,
and directing trial. Xenophon's appeal to universal suffrage, as the
legitimate political authority. Success of his appeal. Xenophon re-
commends trial of the generals before a tribunal formed of the lochages
or captains. Satisfaction of the army with Xenophon. Manner in
which discipline was upheld by the officers. Complete triumph of Xen-
ophon. His influence over the army, derived from his courage, his frank-
ness, and his oratory. Improved feeling of the army peace with the
Paphlagonian Korylas. The army pass by sea to Sinope. Return of
Cheirisophus resolution of the army to elect a single general they
wish to elect Xenophon, who declines Cheirisophus is chosen. The
army pass by sea to Herakleia they wish to extort money from the He-
rakleots opposition of Cheirisophus and Xenophon. Dissatisfaction
of the army they divide into three fractions. 1. The Arcadians and
Achaeans. 2. A division under Cheirisophus. 3. A division under Xen-
ophon. Arcadian division start first and act for themselves they get
into great danger, and are rescued by Xenophon the army reunited at
Kalpe old board of generals reelected. with Neon in place of Cheiri-
sophus. Distress for provisions at Kaipe unwillingness to move in
the face of unfavorable sacrifices ultimate victory over the troops of
the country. Halt at KalpS comfortable quarters idea that they
were about to settle there as a colony. Arrival of Kleander, the Spartan
harmost, from Byzantium, together with Dexippus. Disorder in the
army : mutiny against Kleander, arising from the treachery of Dexippns.
Indignation and threats of Kleander Xenophon persuades the army
to submit fear of Sparta. Satisfaction given to Kleander, by the vol-
untary surrender of Agasias with the mutinous soldier. Appeal to the
mercy of Kleander, who is completely soothed. Kleander takes the
command, expressing the utmost friendship both towards the army and
towards Xenophon. Unfavorable sacrifices make Kleander throw up
the command and sail away. March of the army across the country
from Kalpe to Chalkedon. Pharnabazus bribes Anaxibius to carry the
army across the Bosphorus into Europe false promises of Anaxibius
to the army. Intention of Xenophon to leave the army immediately
and go home first proposition addressed to him by Scuthes of Thrace.
The army cross over to Byzantium fraud and harsh dealing of Anax-
ibius, who sends the army at once out of the town. Last orders of Anax-
ibius as the soldiers were going out of the gates. Wrath and mutiny
of the soldiers, in going away they rush again into the gates, and mus-
ter within the town. Terror of Anaxibius and all within the town.
The exasperated soldiers masters of Byzantium danger of all within
it conduct of Xenophon. Xenophon musters the soldiers in military
order and harangues them. Xenophon calms ths army, and persuades
them to regain from assaulting the town message sent by them la
CONTEN1S. vii
Anaxibius they go out of Byzantium, and agree to accept Kceratadaa
as their commander. Remarkable effect produced by Xenophon evi-
dence which it affords of the susceptibility of the Greek mind to persua-
sive influences. Xenophon leaves the army, and goes into Byzantium
with the view of sailing home. Koeratadas is dismissed from the com
mand. Dissension among the commanders left. Distress of the army
Aristarchus arrives from Sparta to supersede Kleander Polus on his
way to supersede Anaxibius. Pharnabazus defrauds Anaxibius, who
now employs Xenophon to convey the Cyreians across back to Asia.
Aristarchus hinders the crossing his cruel dealing towards the sick
Cyreians left in Byzantium. His treacherous scheme for entrapping
Xenophon. Xenophon is again implicated in the conduct of the army
he opens negotiations with Seuthes. Position of Seuthes his libe-
ral offers to the army. Xenophon introduces him to the army, who ac
cept the offers. Service of the army with Seuthes, who cheats them of
most of their pay. The army suspect the probity of Xenophon un-
just calumnies against him he exposes it in a public harangue, and re-
gains their confidence. Change of interest in the Lacedaemonians, who
become anxious to convey the Cyreians across into Asia, in order to make
war against the satraps. Xenophon crosses over with the army to Asia
his poverty he is advised to sacrifice to Zeus Meilichios beneficial
effects. He conducts the army across Mount Ida to Pergamus. His
unsuccessful attempt to surprise and capture the rich Persian Asidates.
In a second attempt he captures Asidates valuable booty secured.
General sympathy expressed for Xenophon large share personally al-
lotted to him. The Cyreians are incorporated in the army of the Lace-
daemonian general Thimbron Xenophon leaves the army, depositing
his money in the temple at Ephesus. His subsequent return to Asia,
to take command of Cyreians as a part of the Lacedaemonian army.
Xenophon in the Spartan service, with Agesilaus against Athens he is
banished. He settles at Skillus near Olympia, on an estate consecrated
to Artemis. Charms of the residence good hunting annual public
sacrifice offered by Xenophon, Later life of Xenophon expelled from
Skillus after the battle of Leuktra afterwards restored at Athens.
Great impression produced by the retreat of the Ten Thousand upon the
Greek mind .121-180
CHAPTER LXXII.
GREECE UNDER THE LACEDAEMONIAN EMPIRE.
bequel of Grecian affairs generally resumed. Spartan empire how
and when it commenced. Oppression and suffering of Athens under
the Thirty. Alteration of Grecian feeling towards Athens the Thirty
are put down and the democracy restored. The Knights or Horsemen,
the richest proprietors at Athens, were the great supporters of the
Thirty in their tyranny. The state of Athens, under the Thirty, is a
sample of that which occurred in a large number of other Grecian cities,
at the commencement of the Spartan empire. Great power of Lysander
he establishes in most of the cities Dekarchies, along with a Spartan
harmost. Intimidation exercised everywhere by Lysander in favor of
his own partisans. Oppressive action of these Dekarchies. In som
U1 CONTENTS.
points, probably worse than the Thirty at Athens. Bad conduct of the
Spartan harmosts harsh as well as corrupt. No justice to be obtained
against them at Sparta. Contrast of the actual empire of Sparta, with
the promises of freedom which she had previously held out. Numerous
promises of general autonomy made by Sparta by the Spartan general
Brasidas, especially. Gradual change in the language and plans of
Sparta towards the close of the Peloponnesian war. Language of Bras-
idas contrasted with the acts of Lysander. Extreme suddenness and
completeness of the victory of JEgospotami left Lysander almost omni
potent. The dekarchies became partly modified by the jealousy at
Sparta against Lysander. The harmosts lasted much longer. The
Thirty at Athens were put down by the Athenians themselves, not by
any reformatory interference of Sparta. The empire of Sparta much
worse and more oppressive than that of Athens. Imperial Athens de-
prived her subject-allies of their autonomy, but was guilty of little or no
oppression. Imperial Sparta did this, and much worse her harmosts
and decemvirs are more complained of than the fact of her empire.
This more to be regretted, as Sparta had now an admirable opportunity
for organizing a good and stable confederacy throughout Greece. Spar
ta might have reorganized the confederacy of Delos, which might now
have been made to work well. Insupportable arrogance of Lysander
bitter complaints against him, as well as against the dekarchies. Ly-
sander offends Pharnabazus, who procures his recall. His disgust and
temporary expatriation. Surrender of the Asiatic Greeks to Persia,
according to the treaty concluded with Sparta. Their condition is af-
fected by the position and ambitious schemes of Cyrus, whose protection
they seek against Tissaphernes. After the death of Cyrus, Tissaphernes
returns as victor and satrap to the coast of Asia Minor. Alarm of the
Asiatic Greeks, who send to ask aid from Sparta. The Spartans send
Thimbron with an army to Asia. His ill-success and recall He is su-
perseded by Derkyllidas. Conduct of the Cyreians loose as to pillage.
Derkyllidas makes a truce with Tissaphernes, and attacks Pharnabazus
in the Troad and .<Eolis. Distribution of the Persian empire ; relation
of king, satrap, sub-satrap. Mania, widow of Zenis, holds the subsatrapy
of ^Eolis under Pharnabazus. Her regular payment and vigorous gov-
ernment. Military force, personal conquests, and large treasures, of
Mania. Assassination of Mania, and of her son, by her son-in-law Meidias,
who solicits the satrapy from Pharnabazus, but is indignantly refused.
Invasion and conquest of JEolis by Derkyllidas, who gets possession of
the person of Meidias. Derkyllidas acquires and liberates Skepsis and
Gergis, deposing Meidias, and seizing the treasures of Mania. Derkyl-
lidas concludes a truce with Pharnabazns, and takes winter quarters in
Bithynia. Command of Derkyllidas satisfaction of Sparta with the
improved conduct of the Cyreians. Derkyllidas crosses into Europe,
and employs his troops in fortifying the Chersonesus against the Thra-
cians. He captures and garrisons Atarneus. He makes war upon Tis-
saphcrnes and Pharnabazus, upon the Majander. Timidity of Tis-
saphernes he concludes a truce with Derkyllidas. Derkyllidas is
superseded by Agesiiaus. Alienation towards Sparta had grown up
among her allies in Central Greece. Great energy imparted to Spartan
action by Lysander immediately after the victory of jEgospotami ; an
energy very unusual wivh Sparta. The Spartans had kept all the ad-
vantages of victory to themselvec their allies were allowed nothing.
Great power of the Spartans they take revenge upon those who had dis-
pleased them their invasion of Elis. The Spartan king Agis invades
the Eleian territory. H retires from it immediately in consequence of
CONTENTS. U
an earthquake. Second invasion of Elis by Agis he marches through
Triphylia and Olympia ; victorious march, with much booty. Insurrec-
tion of the oligarchical party in Elis they are put down. The Eleians
are obliged to submit to hard terms of peace. Sparta refuses to restore
the Pisatans to the Olympic presidency. Triumphant position of Spar-
ta she expels the Messenians from Peloponnesus and its neighbor-
hood 181-229
CHAPTEE LXXIII.
AGESITAUS KING OF SPARTA. THE CORINTHIAN WAK.
Triumphant position of Sparta at the close of the war introduction of a
large sum of gold and silver by Lysander opposed by some of the
Ephors. The introduction of money was only one among a large train
of corrupting circumstances which then became operative on Sparta.
Contrast between Sparta in 432 B. c., and Sparta after 404 B. c. Increase
of peculation, inequality, and discontent at Sparta. Testimonies of
Isokrates and Xenophon to the change of character and habits at Sparta.
Power of Lysander his arrogance and ambitious projects flattery
lavished upon him by sophists and poets. Real position of the kings at
Sparta. His intrigues to make himself king at Sparta he tries in vain
to move the oracles in his favor scheme laid for the production of sa
cred documents, as yet lying hidden, by a son of Apollo. His aim at the
kingship fails nevertheless he still retains prodigious influence at Spar-
ta. Death of Agis, king of Sparta doubt as to the legitimacy of his
son Leotychides. Agesilaus, seconded by Lysandes, aspires to the throne.
Character of Agesilaus. Conflicting pretensions of Agesilaus and
Leotychides. Objection taken against Agesilaus on the ground of his
lameness, oracle produced by Diopeithes eluded by the interpreta-
tion of Lysander. Agesilaus is preferred as king suspicions which
always remained attached to Lysander's interpretation. Popular con-
duct of Agesilaus he conciliates the ephors his great influence at
Sparta his energy, combined with unscrupulous partisanship.
Dangerous conspiracy at Sparta terror-striking sacrifices. Character
and position of the chief conspirator Kinadon state of parties at Spar-
ta increasing number of malcontents. Police of the ephors infor-
mation laid before them. Wide-spread discontent reckoned upon by the
zonspirators. Alarm of the ephors their manoeuvres for apprehend-
ing Kinadon privately. Kinadon is seized, interrogated, and executed
his accomplices are arrested, and the conspiracy broken up. Danger-
ous discontent indicated at Sparta. Proceedings of Derkyllidas and
Pharnabazus in Asia. Persian preparations for reviving the maritime
war against Sparta renewed activity of Konon. Agesilaus is sent
with a land-force to Asia, accompanied by Lysander. Large plans of
Agesilaus, for conquest in the interior of Asia. General willingness of
the Spartan allies to serve in the expedition, but refusal from Thebes,
Corinth, and Athens. Agesilaus compares himself with Agamemnon
goes to sacrifice at Aulis is contemptuously hindered by the The-
bans. Arrival of Agesilaus at Ephesus he concludes a fresh armiitice
with Tissapherncs. Arrogant behavior and overweening ascendency
of Lysander offensive to the army and to Agesilaus. Agesilaus him
CONTENTS.
blcs and degrade. Lysander, who asks to DC sent away. Lysander is
sent to command at the Hellespont his valuable service there. Tis-
saphernes breaks the truce with Agesilaus, who makes war upon him
and Pharnabazus he retires for the purpose of organizing a force of caval-
ry. Agesilaus indifferent to money for himself, but eager in enriching
nis friends. His humanity towards captives and deserted children.
Spartan side of his character exposure of naked prisoners different
practice of Asiatics and Greeks. Efforts of Agesilaus to train his army,
and to procure cavalry. Agesilaus renews the war against Tissaphernes,
and gains a victory near Sardis. Artaxerxes causes Tissaphernes to be
put to death and superseded by Tithraustes. Negotiations between the
new satrap and Agesilaus the satraps in Asia Minor hostile to each
other. Commencement of action at sea against Sparta the Athenian
Konon, assisted by Persian ships and money, commands a fleet of eighty
Bail on the coast of Karia. Rhodes revolts from the Spartan empire
Konon captures an Egyptian corn-fleet at Rhodes. Anxiety of the La-
cedaemonians Agesilaus is appointed to command at sea as well as on
land. Severity of the Lacedaemonians towards the Rhodian Dorieus
contrast of the former treatment of the same man by Athens. Senti-
ment of a multitude compared with that of individuals. Efforts of Age-
silaus to augment the fleet he names Peisander admiral. Operations
of Agesilaus against Pharnabazus. He lays waste the residence of the
satrap, and surprises his camp offence given to Spithridates. Person-
al conference between Agesilaus and Pharnabazus. Friendship estab-
lished between Agesilaus and the son of Pharnabazus character of
Agesilaus. Promising position and large preparations for Asiatic land-