day; if they work during rain, expect
ranges below freezing, and a low j fine weather; and the more active and
barometer begins to rise, expect j busy the spider is, the finer will be the
snow to follow; but if the thermo- j weather. If spiders' webs (gossamer) fly
meter rise and the barometer fall ' in the autumn, with a south wind, expect
during frosty weather, a thaw will | an east wind and fine weather. If gar-
quickly follow. i den spiders break ofi" and destroy their
W E A
631
WEE
webs, and creep away, expect continued
rain and showery weatiier.
The Leech also possesses the pecu-
liar property of indicating approaching
changes of the weather in a most enii-
depositing the rain arc opposite to the
sun, — thus in the morning the bow is in
tlie west, and in the evening it is in the
east; and, as the rains in this country
are usually brought by westerly winds.
nent degree. In fair and frosty weather a bow in that quarter indicates that the
it remains motionless and rolled up in a rain is coming towards the spectator;
spiral form at the bottom of the vessel ; whereas a bow in the east indicates that
previously to rain or snow, it will creep rain is passing aw-ay.' " — Salmonia.
to the top, where, should the rain be i fVind. — Mr. Christensen says, that
heavy, or of long continuance, it will the wind changing to any point of the
remain for a considerable time; if tri- I compass between e.s.e. and n.n.w.
fling, it will descend. Should the rain causes the mercury to rise; and a
or snow be accompanied with wind, it change to any point between w. and s.
will dart about with great velocity, and ! causes it to be depressed,
seldom cease its evolutions until it i WEEDS should be warred upon un-
blows hard. If a storm of thunder or remittingly by the gardener, for not only
lightning be approaching, it will be ex- 1 does their presence detract from that
ceedingly agitated, and express its feel-! neatness which should be the all-per
ings in violent convulsive starts at the
top of the glass. These animal move-
ments are all induced, probably, by
sensations in the animal occasioned by
changes in the atmospheric electricity.
Rain may be Expected — When the
sounds of distant waterfalls, &c., are
distinctly heard — When the sun rises
pale and sparkling — When the sun rises
amidst ruddy clouds — When the sun
sets behind a dark cloud — When there
is no dew after heat in summer — When
there is much hoar frost in winter —
When mists rest on the mountain tops
— When snails and frogs beset your
evening walk — When gnats bite vigor-
ously — When animals are unusually
restless.
Fair Weather may be Expected
vading characteristic of the garden, but
every weed robs the soil of a portion of
the nutriment which should be devoted
to the crops.
To destroy them, the hoes and weed-
irig irons should be unremittingly at
work. Neither should weeds be al-
lowed to remain where cut down, but
should be gathered together, and mixed
with saline matters, to convert them
into most valuable fertilizers. Never
burn them. No weed will endure being
continually cut down, and when cut
down, it should be carried to a common
heap, and a peck of common salt, and
a gallon of gas ammoniacal liquor,
mixed with every barrow load. The
whole speedily becomes a saponaceous
mass ; all seeds in it are destroyed ; and
it is rendered one of the best fertilizers
-When none of the signs of rain just the gardener can command.
given occur — When the sun sets red
and cloudless — When the moon's horns
are sharp — When the stars shine bright-
ly — When smoke rises easily — When
moths and beetles appear in numbers.
Clouds. — " When it is evening, ye
say. It will be fair weather, for the sky
is 'red." {Matt. xvi. 2.) "And this
observation of nineteen centuries past
is explained by the optical fact, that dry
air refracts more of the red rays of light,
than when it is moist; and as dry air
is not perfectly transparent, those rays
are reflected in the horizon." — Dari/'s
Salmon in.
Rainbow. — " When this is seen in the
morning, it betokens rain ; but if in the
evening, fair weather; and Sir H. Davy
thus explains this phenomenon : — ' The
bow can be seen only when the clouds
WEEDING TOOLS.
Fig. 179.
See Hoe. Be-
WEE
632
WIR
sides spuds, weeding pincers, and hoes,
there are several implements invent-
ed for eradicating the deeper-rooting
â– weeds. Such are Hall's Land Crab
(Fig. 179), Dockspuds and the Guernsey
Weeding Prong (Fig. ISO).
WEEVIL. See Anthonomus and
Otiorhyncus.
WEIGHTS.
AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT.
16 Drachms, 1 ounce.
16 Ounces,
1 pound.
28 Pounds,
1 quarter.
4 Quarters,
1 cwt.
20 Cvvt.,
1 ton.
WEIGHTS
AS IN ENGLAND.
14 Pounds,
1 Stone.
8 Pounds,
1 Stone butchers'
meat.
56 Pounds,
1 truss of hay.
36 Pounds,
1 truss of straw.
36 Trusses,
1 load.
WELCH ONION. See Cihoule.
WENDLANDIA parazcu/a/a. A Stove
evergreen tree ; and W. populifolia, a
green-house evergreen twiner. Cut-
tings. Loam, peat and sand.
WESTRINGIA. Ten species. Green-
house evergreen shrubs. Young cut-
tings. Light rich soil.
WHEELBARROWS. The greater
If a wheelbarrow be made of wood,
the feet and handles should be capped
with iron, and its joints strengthened
with bands of the same metal. Iron
barrows are now made weighing no
more than ninety-two pounds, and they
run very light.
The longer the handles of a wheel-
barrow are, and the nearer the load to
the wheel, the easier is that load lifted,
and the easier is the barrow turned over
to discharge the load.
WHIRLING PLANT, Desmodium
gyrans.
WHITE BEAN TREE. Pyrus Avia.
WHITE CEDAR. Cupressm thy-
aides.
WHITE SPRUCE. Pinm Alba.
WHITE TREE. Melaleuca Leuca-
dendron.
WHITE VINE. Clematis vitalba.
WHITEFIELDIA lateritia. Stove
evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Leafy
mould and loam.
WHORTLE BERRY. Vaccinium.
WIDOW WAIL. Cneorum.
WIGANDIA caracasana. Stove de-
ciduous shrub. Seeds. Loam and peat.
WILDERNESS. See Labyrinth.
WILD LIQUORICE. Abi-us.
WILD SERVICE. Pyrus torminalis.
WILDENOVIA. Two species.
the diameter of the wheel of a barrow. Grasses. Division. Loam and peat,
and the smaller the axis or spindle on I WILLEMETIA africana. Stove
which it turns, the less power will be j evergreen shrub. Young cuttings.
required to drive it forward ; for the Sandy loam and peat.
friction is proportionately reduced.
The diameter of the wheel might be
increased with manifest advantage to
double that now employed, for even
then it would be below the point of
draught or impulsion (the hand of the
labourer) ; and the nearer it can be
brought to a level with this, the more
efficiently he exerts his power. I
The breadth ofthe wheel's periphery,
or felloes, might be also increased two
inches advantageously; for, as it is al-
ways employed upon a surface in some
degrees soft, such an increased breadth
would decrease the depth to which the
wheel of a loaded barrow usually sinks
into the soil, and would proportionately
decrease the power required to over-
come the augmented opposition. In a
wheelbarrow so constructed, a man
WILLOW. Salix.
WILLUGHBEIA edulis. Stove ever-
green shrub. Cuttings. Loam, peat,
and sand.
WIND FLOWER. Gentiana Pneu-
monanthe, and Anemone.
WINGED PEA. Tetragonolobus pur-
pureus.
WINTER ACONITE. Eranthis.
WINTER BERRY. Prinos.
WINTER CHERRY. Physalis, and
Cardiospermum Halicacabum.
WINTER CRESS. Earbarea.
WINTER MOTH. See Cheimatobia.
WINTER SWEET. Origanum hera-
cleoticum.
WIRE -WORMS are the larva; of
various species of Elater, Click Beetle,
or Skip Jack. Of these there are more
might move with more ease eight hun- , than fifty species; but the most common
dred weight, than he now impels five are: —
hundred weight, which is a full barrow
load.
E. segetis, of which the wire-worm is
often so abundant in old pastures, and
W I R
633
W OR
of which the ravages are so great oc- ,
casionally upon our corn crops. 1
E. sputator. Spring beetle. The
larva or wire-worm of this is particularly
destructive to the lettuce and carrot.
of which they are fonder than they are
of the roots of those flowers. Potatoes,
with a string tied round them to mark
where they are, and to facilitate their
being taken out of the soil in which
The following general description of, they are buried ; and carrots siinilarly
the click beetles and their larvae, is thrust into the earth where the wire-
given by Mr. Cuthbert Johnson, in the I worm is ravaging, are successful lures.
Farmers'' Encyclopedia : —
The vermin prefers these, buries itself
" Click beetles are readily known by in them, and may be easily removed,
having the sternum produced behind in The roots of the white mustard also are
a strong s^ine fitted to enter a groove said to drive the wire-worm away from
in the abdomen, situated between the the soil on which it is grown." — Brit.
intermediate pair of legs. By bringing Farm. JMag.
these parts suddenly into contact, the Mr. Glenny says, " that Mr. May,
insects are enabled to spring to some nurseryman, Tottenham, plants the
height into the air, and thus recover common daisy round his principal beds,
their natural position when they happen finding the wire-worm prefer it to the
to fall on their backs, which they fre- carrot."' — Gard. Gazette.
quently do when dropping from plants And Mr. Oram, Edmonton, says "that
to the ground. A special provision of, the double daisy is employed by one of
this kind is rendered necessary in con-; his friends, who, in one summer, from
sequence of the shortness and weakness a row of daisies three hundred feet
of their legs. long? I'as taken 2,000 wire-worms." —
"The wire- worms have a long, Card. C/iron.
slender, and cylindrical body, covered WISK MEN'S BANANA TREE,
by a hard crust, which has obtained for Musa Hapientum.
them the above name. They are com- 1 WISTARIA. Two species. Hardy
posed of twelve segments, fitting closely j deciduous climbers. Layers, and also
to each other; and are provided with | cuttings. Light rich soil. IV. sinensis
six conical scaly feet, placed in pairs on j requires the shelter of a wall, and to be
the three segments next the head. The
latter is furnished with short antenna'
palpi, and two strong mandibles or
jaws.
" To remove the wire-worm from a
soil, no mode is known but frequently
pruned about the beginning of March ;
cut the leading shoots about half-way
back, and spur the others in rather short.
WITCH HAZEL. Hamamelis.
WITHERINGIA. Seven species.
Stove and green-house evergreen shrubs
digging it and picking them out, as their j and herbaceous perennials. W. pur-
yellow colour renders them easily de-Uiurea is tuberous rooted; IV . phyllantha ,
tected. To prevent their attack upon a a green-house annual. Cuttings or
crop, mix a little spirit of tar, or a larger seeds. Light rich soil,
quantity of gas lirne, with the soil. It
has been stated that growing white \ house herbaceous perennials
mustard drives them away, and it is or seeds. Sandy peat,
certainly worth the trial. To entrap
WITSENIA. Three species. Green-
Oftseta
them, and tempt them away from a crop linum.
they have attacked, bury potatoes in the j "
soil near the crop ; and if each potato
has a stick thrust through it, this serves
as a handle by which it may be taken
up, and the wire worms which have
penetrated it be destroyed. To decoy ;
them from beds of anemones, ranuncu-
luses, &c., it is said to be a successful
plan to grow round the beds an edging
WOLF'S BANE. Aconitum lupu-
WOOD ASHES. See Ashes.
WOODBINE. Caprifolium Pericly-
menum.
WOOD LEOPARD MOTH. See
Bomhyi.
WOODLICE. See Oniscus.
WOODROOF. Asperula.
WOOD SORREL. Oxalis.
WOOLLEN RAGS. See Animal
of daisies, for the roots of which they Matters.
have a decided preference.
WORKING is a gardener's term for
" If a crop be attacked, as the pansy the practice of grafting. " To work"
or carnation, our only resource is to! upon a stock is to graft or bud it.
bury in the soil other vegetable matters, ' WORMS are beneficial in all the
WOR
634
XIP
compartments of the garden, acting as ;
a kind of underdrainers, by their bur-
rowings. To keep them from coming
near the surface of lawns, it may be |
sprinkled with salt at the rate of live '
bushels per acre, three times a year, in i
ed and thinned to six inches asunder ;
and those taken away pricked at a like
distance ; water being given if the wea-
ther is at all dry. The slips and cut-
tings are planted in a shady border,
about eight inches apart, and water
spring, summer, and autumn. The ! given regularly every evening until they
most speedy destruction is brought upon j have taken root.
them by dissolving two ounces of corro- The only cultivation required is to
sive sublimate in every forty gallons of, clear away the decayed stalks in au-
water, and applying this profusely on I tumn, and to keep them constantly clear
the grass infested. The worms come j of weeds by frequent hoeings. To
to the surface and may be destroyed by i obtain seed no further care is required
thousands. The sublimate is a virulent : than to gather the stems as they ripen
poison. Lime-water always must be an ! in autumn. The Roman seldom per-
uncertain application, because even if
the lime be fresh from the kiln, there is
never any certainty of its being per-
fectly calcined, and every particle
which remains combined with carbonic
acid, is still chalk, and insoluble. The
strength of lime water is consequently
never uniform.
Worms should not be allowed to re-
main in garden pots, for they puddle
the soil in so confined a space.
WORMIA dentata. Stove evergreen
tree. Ripe cuttings, with the leaves on.
Light loam, or loam and peat.
WORMWOODS. Artemisia. These
are perennial rooted bitter aromatics,
and cultivated solely for medicinal pur-
poses. Common wormwood {Artemisia
absinthium) ; Sea-wormwood (A. mari-
tima) ; Roman wormwood {A. Fontica) ;
Santonicum, or Tartarian wormwood
{A. Santonica).
Soil. — The soil best suited to them is
fects its seed.
WOUNDWORT. Anthyllis vulnera-
ria.
WOUNDS. See Extravasafed Sap.
WRIGHTIA. Four species. Stove
evergreen trees and shrubs. Cuttings.
Sandy loam and peat.
WULFENIA carinthiaca. Hardy
herbaceous perennial. Division or
seeds. Light rich soil.
WURMBEA. Four species. Green-
house and half-hardy bulbous peren-
nials. Offsets. Sandy peat and loam.
WYCH ELM. Ultnus montana.
XANTHORIZA apiifolia. Hardy
evergreen shrub. Suckers. Common
soil.
XANTHORRH^A. Six species.
Green-house evergreen shrubs, or herb-
aceous perennials. Offsets. Loam and
peat.
XANTHOSIA rotundifolia. Green-
house evergreen shrub. Cuttings or
one that is dry, light, and poor, other- I seeds. Loam, peat, and sand.
wise they grow luxuriantly, and are de- j XANTHOXYLUM. Fourteen spe-
fective in their medicinal qualities, as j cies. Stove and green-house evergreen
well as in their power to withstand the : and hardy deciduous trees and shrubs.
rigour of the winter. Any situation will i Ripe cuttings. Common soil.
suit the common and sea wormwoods, ! XERANTHEMUM. Three species.
that is open and unconfined, but the Hardy annuals. Seeds. Light rich soil.
exotic species require to be sheltered i XEROPHYLLUM. Four species.
from the severe aspects. In a severe Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division
winter, the Tartarian can only be pre- j or seeds. Peaty soil.
served under a frame. The sea worm- XIMENESIA. Five species. Hardy
wood seldom flourishes, from the want [ annuals and biennials, and green-house
of a genial soil ; the application of salt j herbaceous perennials. Seeds. Corn-
would undoubtedly be beneficial. mon soil.
Propagation. — They are all propa- \ XIMENIA.
gated by seed, as well as slips and cut- evergreen trees
tings, the first of which may be sown in I peat.
March or April ; and the latter planted [ XIPHIDIUM. Two species. Stove
during June, July, and beginning of ; herbaceous perennials. Division. Loam,
Two species. Stove
Cuttings. Loam and
August. The seed is sown thinly broad-
cast ; and when the plants arrive at a
height of two or three inches, are weed-
peat, and sand.
XIPHOPTERIS. Two species. One
a stove, the other a green-house peren-
X YL
Division or seeds.
635
Z YG
Loam and
ZIERIA. Ten species. Green-house
evergreen shrubs. Young cuttings. San-
dy loam and peat.
ZIGADENLS. Five species. Hardy
herbaceous perennials. Division or
seeds. Peaty moist soil.
ZILLA. Two species. Half-hardy
evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Light rich
soil.
ZIXZIBER. Ginger. Thirteen spe-
cies. Stove herbaceous perennials,
except Z. miega, which belongs to the
green-house. Division. Loam, peat,
and sand.
ZINNL\. Eight species. Hardy an-
nuals. Seeds. Rich mould, or common
soil.
ZIZIA. Three species. Hardy herb-
Division or seeds.
nial.
peat.
XYLOMELUM pyriforme. Green-
liouse evergreen tree. Ripe cuttings.
Loam, peat, and sand.
XYLOPHYLLA. Eleven species.
Stove evergreen shrubs. Ripe cuttings.
Loam and peat.
XYLOPLA.. Three species. Stove
evergreen shrubs. Ripe cuttings. Loam
and peat.
YELLOW SULTAN. Centaurea sua-
veolens.
YELLOW-TAILED MOTH. See
Bombyi.
YEW TREE. Taxus.
YUCCA. Adam's Needle. Thirteen
species. Hardy, stove, and green-house
evergreen shrubs, and a few hardy herb- aceous perennials
aceous perennials. Y. pendula, a vari- ! Moist soil,
ety of Y. aloifolia, is a hardy deciduous \ ZIZIPHORA. Seven species. Hardy
tree. Suckers. Light rich soil. j annuals, Z. acmo/des a hardy deciduous
" Cut the flower-stem off Yucca glori- trailer, and the others half-hardy ever-
osa directly it has done flowering, and green shrubs. The latter increase by
take away all the suckers, except two cuttings, the former by seeds. Common
or three of the strongest. Then remove soil.
a little of the soil round the bottom of ZIZYPHUS. Lotus. Fourteen spe-
the plant, and replace it with a dressing cies. Stove, green-house, hardy, and
of equal parts of sandy loam and cow- half-hardy evergreen, and a few hardy
dung." — Card. Chron. ' deciduous shrubs. The stove and green-
ZAMIA. Twenty-one species. Stove house kinds increase by ripe cuttings,
or green-house herbaceous perennials, and succeed in loam, peat, and sand;
Suckers. Light sandy soil. the hardy kinds by ripe cuttings or lay-
ZEBRA PLANT. Calathea zebrina. ers, and require a rich soil.
ZEPHYRANTHES. Eleven species. ZORNL\. Seven species. Stove an-
Green-house and half-hardy bulbous pe- nuals and green-house herbaceous pe-
rennials, and a few hardy and half-hardy rennials. Seeds. Peat and loam,
herbaceous perennials. Off^sets. Turfy ZYGOPETALUM. Six species. Stove
loam, peat, and sand. orchids. Division. Peat and potsherds.
ZEXME^IA tagetijlora. Half-hardy ZYGOPHYLLUiAL Thirteen species,
herbaceous perennial. Seeds. Com- Green-house and stove evergreen shrubs,
mon soil. Cuttings. Loam, peat, and sand. Z.
ZICHYA. Three species. Green- prostratum is a trailer ; Z. simplex, a
house evergreen twiners. Young cut- half hardy annual ; and Z./a6ag:o is in-
tings. Sandy loam and peat. creased by seeds only.
THE END.
LEA & BLANCHARD'S NEW PUBLICATIONS. 1
LYNCH'S DEAD SEA.
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NARRATIVE OF ThTu. S. EXPEDITION
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When, however, he fairly "gets under weigh," every page possesses interest, and
we follow him with eagerness in his perilous and tortuous voyage down the Jordan,
and his explorations of the mysterious sea, upon which the curse of the Almighty
visibly rests. His privations, toils, and dangers were numerous, but were rewarded
by success where all others had failed. He has contributed materially to our know-
ledije of scriptural Gt-ography, particularly in his charts of the Jordan and Dead Sea,
which he fully explored. If our readers ^vish to know all he has done, they must
procure and read his book ; we cannot "ive even an outline of it. We can only add
that the publishers have done their full duty in their department, and the maps and
plates are all that could be desired. — Presbylerian.
*
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The approbation bestowed upon ihis work by the press has been universal. From