B E A
83
B E A
eucceed with the same treatment, but j six or eight inches in height, draw to-
the first named is the more certain ' wards, their base a portion of loose
bearer of the two. In England, where earth, which will encourage them to
they are extensively cultivated, they do put forth fresh fibres, and protect the
much better than in this country, pre- roots already formed, from the sun's
ferring its damp, cool atmosphere, to rays.'" — Rural Rci^ister.
our frequently dry and hot one ; to B K A N S, Kidney. Haricot, Fr.
counteract which it is desirable to plant Schminlcholine, Oer. Jadias, Span. F.j-
as early in the spring, as the ground guiolo,lta[. — " Ofthe Snap-Short Bean,
will admit of being worked — in the lati- the Haricot ofthe French, the varieties
tilde of Philadelphia (393 57' N.) the and sub-varieties are numerous. The
latter part of February, or beginning of Early Mohawk or Brown Six Weeks
March, if possible ; they then come into arrives soonest at perfection, and-is the
flower before the weather becomes hot, hardiest ofthe early ones; the Early
otherwise the blossoms drop, and set no Yellow, Red Speckled Valentine, an<l
fruit. China Red Eye, immediately succeed.
" Plant tiiem in drills, either single or The Red French is about the latest:
double, two inches apart in the drills, other varieties ripen promiscuously. All
and cover one to two inches deep. If
in double drills, with alleys two and a
half feet wide. If in single rows, two
feet alleys answer, unless it be intend-
ed to cultivate them with the horse hoe,
as is done by market gardeners
the kinds are brought to the Philadel-
phia market; some purchasers prefer-
ring one, and others another. The Red
Speckled Valentine is a variety very
generally admired ; it is round podded,
without strings, an abundant bearer,
'Those who are particularly fond of and remains tender longer than most
this bean, can accelerate the crop by others. The Brosvn Valentine or Re-
setting a frame at the close of winter, fiigee is an excellent variety, as is
under the lee of a board fence, or other also the China Red Eye. The pods of
protected situation, exposed to the sun, i the Red French are used as well for
which cover with glass, and in severe ; pickling as boiling, and the beans
weather with matting or straw, so as throughout the winter in a dry state, as
etiectuallv to exclude the frost. Herein haricots, and in soups, for which it is
plant the beans, one seed to the square usually preferred.
inch, and let them remain, until the [ "The usual plan of cultivating this
arrival of milder weather, when thev j tribe is in drills, double or single, two
should be transplanted to the position
in the garden which it is intended they
shall occupy. In transplanting them,
inches apart in the drills; two to two
and a hali' fert should be allowed be-
tween the drills. They are much
care should be taken not to injure the imore tender than the Long Pod
roots, to guarfl against which, use a or Windsor, and will not succeed, if
trowel to ease them up, and suffer as planted before the weather has become
much earth as will to adhere. During
the time they remain in the trame,tlie
sash should be raised when the weather
oinewhat settled, and the earth warm ;
in the latitude of Philadelphia, not ear-
lier than April, unless in very dry
is mild, to admit the air, and gradually ground, and protected situations. To
harden them, preparatory to full expo- have a constant supply, it will be neces-
siire when transplanted, else the sudden
change of temperature might prove
sary to plant successive crops at inter-
vals of two fir three weeks, which is
fatal. In order to make them set fruit much preferable to planting but seldom,
more certainly, it is the practice to and then a larger quantity. Plantations
nip off the top of leading shoots when made so late as 1st August generally
they are in full flower; this checks the succeed and yield abundantly,
growth, and directs the strength of the " When they have risen three or four
plant towards the blossoms. If a part ! inches, give them a caroful hoeing, to
of the flowers arc destroyed in this ope- j destroy all weeds, and loosnn the earth,
ration, there is no loss. j At this time, or shortly after, draw to-
'< Whilst the crop is growing and pro- I wards the base of the plants some of
gressing towards maturity, keep the the loose sod, to the depth of one or
ground well hoed, and freed from two inches. This process is termed
weeds. When the plants have attained ] ' landing,' and is highly beneficial in
B E A
84
BED
protecting flie roots from excessive | of a frame, (or hand-glass, which will
drought, and the direct rays of the ' answer the same purpose,) should have
sun. As the crop approaches matu- ' the hills prepared and poles inserted,
rity, nothing more is required than : choosing a mild, dry lime, about the
n occasional hoeing, observing always' close of May, for planting the beans.
to keep the ground free from weeds,
"In selecting a spot to plant beans,
choose where the soil is light and tole-
rably dry. If it be poor, apply a good
dressing of well rotted manure, either
If wet weather should immediately suc-
ceed, and the seed rot, replant as soon
as the ground dries. Good crops have
been produced in the vicinity of Phila-
delphia, when planted even so late as
spread over the entire surface, or placed first of June,
thedrills whendrawnout." — RuralReg. ; " After they become well established,
BEANS, Pole. — " The Scarlet Run- | and have clasped the poles, no further
jiERs, and White Dutch Beans, are i care is requisite, other than keeping
â– verv delicately flavored, and are used \ the weeds under, and the hills occa-
either in the pod, or shelled when fur- i sionaliy stirred.
ther advanced ; but in Pennsylvania,
The Carolina or Sewee bean, is of
and perhaps farther south, they bear so a smaller size than the Lima ; much
sparingly mostseasons, as to bescarcely , hardier, rather earlier, and more pro-
worth cultivating.
" The Lima is too well known to need
description. Two varieties are culti-
vated ; the one broad and thin, the other
much thicker. We have sometimes
thought the latter the more tender and
delicate when boiled. The Lima Bean
js very tender, not bearing the slightest
frost, and is very subject to rot when
planted early, or during a spell of rainy
or damp, cool weather. To guard
against this, the best plan is to sprout
ductive, but generally considered less
rich. In other respects they closely
resemble each other — time of planting
may be a little in advance of the Lima
— cultivation precisely the same." —
Rural Register.
BEAN-CAPER. Tygophyllum.
BEARS-BANE. Aconitum ihereo-
phonum.
BEAR-BIND. Calystegia.
BEARS-BREECH. Acanthus.
BEARS-GRAPE. Arctostaphylos vva
them in a frame, (as recommended for '• ursi.
the Long Pod or Windsor,) so situated j BEAUFORTIA. Five species.
that the damp and frost can be exclud- ] Green-house evergreen shrubs. Cut-
ed. An old hot-bed answers the pur- j tings. Sandy loam and peat.
pose efi'ectually. They need not be I B E AU MON TI A . Two species,
planted therein before the middle of ; Stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings and
spring, nor transplanted till towards its seed. Loam and peat.
close; a little earlier or later as the, BECIUM 6ico/or. Green-house shrub.
•weather may make expedient; if planted Cuttings. Sandy loam.*
early, they will at best remain station-' BED is a comprehensive word, ap-
ary, and may, perhaps, perish. They plicable to the site on which any culti-
should be planted in hills in well culti- vated plants are grown. It is most
vated ground, dressed either in the piece correctly confined to narrow division?
or hills, with thoroughly rotted manure,
from the barn-yard. The hills should
be raised three or four inches above the
average level, and be three feet apart
each way, with a pole six or eight feet
purposely restricted in breadth for .the
convenience of hand weeding or other
requisite culture.
BEDDING-IN. See Sowing.
BEDDING-OUT, is removing plants
high, well secured in the ground, to from the pots in which they have been
each hill. Three plants in a hill are ; raised, into the beds which they are in-
sufficient. As the vines shoot up, they tended to adorn during summer and
should be tied to the poles, till they autumn. Mr. Threlkeld gives this judi-
get hold, when they will support them cious advice upon the practice. If the
selves. In tying them, observe to do it season be dry, in the bottom of the hole
in the direction in which they incline to made for the plant put some rotten
clasp the pole, which is contrary to the dung, or other material that will retain
course of the sun, and opposed to the i water; water this well, plant, fill the
habit of most climbers.
hole to within two inches of the sur-
"Those who have not the convenience , face, add more water, and then fill up
BED
85
BEE
the hole. If water is necessary after- j introduced into this country within a
wards, hoe the beds when dry enough
Damp the leaves, if no appearance of
dew. — Gard. Chron. The following are
good plants for bedding out in masses :
— For large beds. Pelargoniums, espe-
cially the scarlet, Fuchsias and Pen
few years ; those who have cultivated
it <;ive it a high character, and consider
it fully e(iual to asparagus.
" The Mangold Wurtzel is principally
grown for stock. It is, however, very
early, rapid in its growth, and tolerably
stcmon gentianoidcs coccineus. For good for table use when young and
smaller beds. Petunia superba, beauty, tender. It might, therefore, be an object
and splendens; Gailardia picta ; CEno- with such as are particularly fond of
thera Drummondii; Verbena astrosan- beets, to sow a small quantity of this
guinea, Bishopii, Taglionii, and Queen ; â– species for an early crop. As food for
and Lobelia splendens.
BEDKGUAR. See Cynips Rosa.
stock, especially milch cows, it is
scarcely surpassed, and the product is
BEE, (Apis.) All the species of this enormous
insect are friendly to the gardener, for " Silesian or Sugar. — The Sugar Beet
they all aid in impregnating his flowers, has had great popularity as food for
many of which without their aid would stock, and though not now as generally
fall unproductive of either fruit or seed. ; grown by our farmers as formerly, has
The honey bee (.4. vielUfiai) is the most many advocates who claim for it great
active in this operation ; but the humble j merit, and attribute the failure of others
bee {Bombits apis), and others of the to injudicious feeding. They argue that
robust species, are very valuable, being roots, during cold weather, should only
able to visit flowers in rough weather, be given in moderate quantities, and
when the honeybee will not venture always with a little bran or meal ; — that
from its hive
BEECH. Fagus.
the cows should be fed in comfortable
quarters. Such treatment, it is con-
BEET. Betterave, Fr. Rothe Rube,) tended, will produce satisfactory re-
Ger. Acelgas, Span. Barba Biettola, \ suits, which could hardly be expected
ItaL " The Red Beet is a native of the from roots frequently given in a frozen
sea-coast of the south of Europe. It state, the animal exposed to the cold,
was cultivated in England in 1656, and and without anything to counteract the
then called beet rave, (or beet-radish,)
from the French name, betterave.
" The long red or blood, is generally
used for the winter supply, and the ex-
tra early, and early turnip-rooted, for
the summer. The extra early turnip-
scouring tendency of the roots.
" All Beets do best when planted in
rows, as they then admit of hoeing and
more thorough cleaning. The rows
twelve or fourteen inches apart, the
plants in the rows not nearer than four
rooted has been lately introduced from inches. It is advisable to sow the seed
Italy — its growth is astonishingly ra- thicker than that, and when the plants
pid ; it should always be planted for arc two inches higii, thin them to the
the first crop, and the old turnip-rooted proper distance.
to succeed. " The seed is usually sown in a shal-
" There are several other kinds culti- I low drill, drawn by the hoe, and co-
vated, but the foregoing are the best vcred to the depth of an inch. For
known ; and being both early and late, the early crops plant early in spring, on
are beyond question amply sufficient.
" White Beet. This is a hardy bien
warm sheltered border. The com-
mencement of summer is sufficiently
nial plant, with leaves larger than the [ early to sow those intended for the
red beet, and very thick and succulent, winter supply. Should the weather be
It is a native of the sea coasts of Spain dry when about to sow at that season,
and Portugal. «< It is cultivated in gar- pour scalding water on the seed, and
dens entirely for the leaves, which are ; let them soak 24 to 48 hours, and roll
boiled as spinnage, or put in soups.
Those of the great white, or sweet beet.
in the seed.
The Beet requires rich ground, and
are esteemed for the mid ribs and stalks, like all tap-rooted plants, delights in
which are separated from the lamina of a deep loose soil. Throughout their
the leaf, and stewed and eaten as aspa- growth they demand occasional hoeing
ragus, under the name of chard." The between the rows, and freedom from
great white, or Swiss chard, has been weeds.
BEG
86
BET
" In farm culture, sow in drills three
feet apart, so as to admit the horse-hoe
— deep tillage produces its beneficial
effects on this crop as on most others.
"To save them during the winter,
they should be placed in the cellar,
against the wall, in tiers, tops outward,
with alternate layers of sand or earth.
BENTHAMIA fragifera. Hardy
evergreen shrub. Seeds or layers.
Common loamy soil.
BERARDIA. Two species. Green-
house evergreen shrubs. Division.
Common soil.
BERBERIS. Thirty-three species.
Hardy evergreen or deciduous shrubs.
Or in hills in the garden, with a cover- : Cuttings or layers. Light common soil.
ing of earth two to three feet thick ;
the aperture at vvhich they are taken
out as required, being carefully closed
with straw ; for, should hard frost reach
them, they will decay." — Rural Reg.
BE^GONIA. Fifty-eight species.
Chiefly stove evergreens. Cuttings.
Rich loam.
BEJARIA. Two species. Green-
house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings.
Loam and peat.
BELLADONNA LILY. Amaryllis
Belladonna.
BELLEISLE CRESS. Barbarca pre-
cox. See American Cress.
BELLEVALIA Operculata. Hardy
bulb. Suckers. Common light soil.
BELL FLOWER. Campanula.
BELL-GLASS, is so culled from its
usual form being that of a bell. It is
formed of one entire piece of glass, and
of common bottle glass when intended
for sheltering cauliriowers, &c., in the
open borders; but of white glass for
preserving moisture to cuttings in the
hot-house.
BELLIDIASTRUM Michelii. Hardy
herbaceous plant. Division. Peat and
loam.
BELLIS. Daisy. Five species. Hardy
herbaceous perennials, except B. an-
nwd, which is an annual. Division. Com-
mon soil.
BELLIUM. Four species. Hardy
See Barberry.
BERCKHEYA. Tenspecies. Chiefly
green-house evergreen shrubs. Cut-
tings. Loam and peat.
BERINGERIA. Eight species. Chief-
ly hardy herbaceous perennials. Divi-
sion. Common soil.
BERIIYA amornilla. Stove ever-
green tree. Cuttings. Rich loam and
peat.
BERTEROA. Three species. Hardy.
Seeds or cuttings. Sandy soil.
BERTHOLLETIA excelsa. Brazil
Nut. Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings.
Sand, peat, and loam.
BERZELIA. Two species. Green-
house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings.
Sandy peat and loam.
BkSLERIA. Twelve species. Chief-
ly stove evergreen shrubs. B. cristata,
B. serrulata, B. violacea are climbers.
Cuttings. Very light rich soil.
BESOM, or Broom, received its se-
cond name from being often made of
the Broom plant ; but the best, both for
flexibility and durability, are made of
the ling or heath. Birch brooms are
the most common, and whatever the
material, they will endure much longer
if soaked in water for some time before
using. If kept constantly in water they
would be still less brittle. Where
walks are liable to become mossy, a
broom made of wire is frequently em-
planls. Seeds or division. Sandy peat, i ployed for sweeping them. If the wire
BELLOWS are employed for fumi-
gating, â– differing only liom the common
bellows by having a receptacle for ig-
nited tobacco in the pipe of its nozzle,
through which the air, being gently
forced in the usual vvay, propels the
smoke in any desired direction, where
the insects to be destroyed appear.
BELOPERONE oblongata. Stove
evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Peat and
loam.
BENGAL QUINCE. Agle Marmelos.
BENJAMIN TREE. Ficus Benja-
mina.
BENJAMIN TREE. Laurus Ben-
zoin.
be iron, it ought to be well dried and
dipped in oil after being used, or it is
soon destroyed by the rust.
BESSERA. Two species. Green-
house bulbous perennials. Offsets. Peat
and sand.
BETA. Beet. Seven species. Hardy
biennials. B. trigyna is an herbaceous
perennial. Seeds. Rich mould.
BETEL NUT. Piper Betle.
BETONICA. Betony. Ten species.
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Suckers.
Common garden soil.
BETONY. Betonica.
BETONY. Teller ium betonicum.
BETULA. Birch. Twenty-two spe-
B IB
87
B I L
cies. Chiefly hardy deciduous trees
and shrubs. B. carpinifolia, B. pon-
tica, B. populifolia, are evergreens.
Grafting or budding, and layers for the
dwarf species. Common garden soil
capreolata is hardy, and -B. Carolina,
B. picta, and B. jas7ninoides, are green-
house climbers. B. grandiflora bears
some resemblance to our native cruci-
gera, but is far more desirable : its
B I B I O marci, St. Mark's Fly, of showy flowers are borne in large ra-
•which Mr. Curtis gives the following cemes, which expand in succession.
particulars : —
;ind thus continue in bloom for many
The larva; of this insect are generally weeks; it is from China, but quite hardy
gregarious, living in large groups of a
hundred or more in strawberry-beds,
vine borders, flower pots, and similar
undisturbed spots, feeding upon the
roots, and sometimes destroying the
entire plant. Bouche says they com
at Philadelphia; and from its rapid
growth admirably adapted for walls,
arbours, pillars, &c. Cuttings. Loam
and peat. B. venusta is cultivated as
follows by Mr. Brown, gardener to
Lord Southampton, at Whittlebury
pletely demolished his bed of Ranuncu- Lodge,
luses for several successive years, by I The situation in which it mostdelighta
eating up the tubers. The larva is of a ' is a dark bed, where the roots can run
dark brown colour, somewhat cylindri-' at liberty among the tan ; train upright
cal, the belly flattened, moderately until it reaches the top lights, then train
broad, and nearly linear; the head is >long the house. Towards the end ol
comparatively small, deep brown, some
times of a chestnut colour, and very
shining ; they change to pupa; generally
towards the end of March ; these are
of a pale ochreous colour, the head
being brighter.
Tlie female lays her eggs in the earth,
and in the dung of horses and cows, in
May ; they do not hatch until August.
— Gard. Chron.
BIDENS. Fourteen species. Chiefly
hardy plants. Seeds, suckers, division,
according to their habit and duration.
Common soil.
BIENNIAL, is a plant which, being
December, cut the plant into six or ten
feet, when it remains dormant through
the winter. In the beginning of March,
young shoots in abundance break from
the apparently dead wood; a sufficient
number of these to be trained along the
house, and these again produce laterals;
and at the end of each a cluster of blos-
som buds is formed. On the production
of these lateral shoots depends the free
blooming of the plant, to encourage
which a damp atmosphere is to be kept
by pouring water over the pathways,
and by frequently syringing the plant.
All superfluous shoots are stopped ; and
produced from seed in one year, per- j it is necessary to pay a good deal of at
fects its seed and dies during the year ; tention to this, for an over abundance
following. Biennials may often be made : of shoots would soon be produced that
to endure longer if prevented ripening
their seeds, and many exotics, biennials
in their native climes, are perennials in
our stoves.
Hardy Biennials. — Some of these
ripen their seeds as early as August, in
which case they may be sown as soon
as harvested. Others ripenincr their
would form a complete thicket. The
plant commences flowering about the
beginning of September. — Gard. Chron.
BILBERRY. Vaccinium myrtillus.
BILLMBI TREE. Aierrhoa bilimbi.
BILL (Fig. 21), a sharp-edged tool,
emplo\ed in cutting hedges, sharpen-
ing stakes, &c. It should never be used
seeds later must have these reserved ! in pruning valuable trees ; but where the
from sowing until May. The double,j branch is too strong to be cut with the
varieties of wall-flowers, stocks, &c., knife, the saw oughtalwaystobeapplied.
are propagated by cuttings.
Frame Biennials. — These required
the shelter of a frame during the early
stages of their growth ; to be removed
thence in May to the borders, where
thev bloom in .lulv and August.
B I F R E N A R I A. Three species.
Stove epiphytes. Division.
B I G N N I A. Sixty-one species.
Chiefly stove evergreen climbers. B.
Fig. 21.
BILLARDIERA. Six species. Green-
house evergreen climbers. Cuttings.
Rich loam and peat.
BIL 88
— ♦
BILLBERGIA. Ten sppcies. Stove |
epiphytes. Suckers. Rich mould. |
BILLOTIA acerosa. Green-house
everprRen shrub. Cuttirif^s. Sandy peat.
B 1 N DW K 1 : D . Con volvulus .
BINDWHKD. Smilnx Aspera. ,
BIOPHYTVM sensitiium. Hardy an-
nual. Seeds. Common soil.
BIRCH. Betula.
BIRCH. Carpinus Betulus.
BIRDS are benefactors as well as in-
jurera of the gardener. They destroy
millions of grubs, caterpillars, and :
aphides, which would have ravaged his
crops ; but at the same time they com- :
mit sad havoc upon his fruit and seeds.
The wisest course, consequently, is to
scare them from the garden at such
times, or from the portions of it in
which they can be prejudicial, but to
leave them to visit it unmolested when-
ever and wherever they cannot be mis- j
chievous. Thus in early spring a boy :
or two will drive them away during]
such time as the buds of the gooseberry,
currai't, and plum, are open to their
attacks ; and again during the time that
the cherries are ripe. To keep them
from the fruit of late gooseberries and
currants, it is sufficient to interlace
thickly the bushes with red worsted.
To keep them from attacking peas and
other vegetables just emerging from the
soil, a similar display of white thread
fastened to pegs about six inches from
the surface, is also efficiently deterrins;.
Nets, where availal)le, are also suffi-
cient guardians. By these aids, but
especially by the watching during cer-
tain seasons, the gardener may protect
himself from injury at a very trifling ex-
pense, without depriving himself of the
services of the most sharp-sighted, most
unwearying, and most successful of all
insect killers; and, it should also be
added, one of the most agreeable ap-
pendages to rural life. Without birds,
next to flowers, the cotintry would be
desolate. What delightful associations
and recollections present themselves as
we call to mind the chir[)ing of the
wren, the homeh' notes of the familiar
cat-bird, the gambols of the martin, and
the periodical visits of the confiding
robin and snow-bird.
BIRD CHERRY. Cerasus padus.
BIRD PEPPER. Capsicum bacca-
tum.
BIRD'S BILL. Trigonella ornitho-
podioides.
BL A
BIRD'S EYE. Primula farinosa.
BIRD'S FOOT. Orthinopus.
. BIRD'S FOOT, Euphorbia orthino-
pus.
BIRD'S FOOT TREFOIL. Lotuf.
BIRD'S NEST. Asplenium Nidus.
BIRD'S TONGUE. Ornitho gios-
sum.
BIRTHWORT. Aristolochia.
BISCUTELLA. Twenty-three spe-
cies. Hardy annuals and herbaceous
perennials. Seeds. Loam and peat.
BISERRULA pelecinus. Hatchet
vetch. Hardy annual. Seeds. Sandy
loam or peat.
BITTER SWEET. Solanum Ihd-
camara.
BIVON.^A LUTEA. Annual.
Seeds. Dry sandy soil.
BIXA. Three species. Stove ever-
green trees. Seeds or cuttings. Sandy
loam and peat.
BIZARRE. See Carnation.
BLACK ARCH MOTH. SeeBomhjx.
BLACK CATERPILLAR. See^<Aa-