sures that is not liable to its inroads.
It assumes different aspects, and varies
as to the organs it assails ; \ct still in
some mode, and in some of their parts,
all occasionally suffer, for it is the most
common form of vegetable disease.
The canker in the auricula is of this
nature, being a rapidly-spreading ulcer,
which, destroying the whole texture ot
the plant where it occurs, prevents the
rise of the sap. Some gardeners be-
lieve it to be infectious, and therefore
destroy the specimen in which it occurs,
CAN
123
CAP
unless it be very valuable; but this lithe market gardeners near London,
believe to be an erroneous opinion, the which are supplied without stint with
reason of its appearing to be infections tlie most fertilizing manure, this dis-
or epidemic beinn, that it occurs to ' ease of tlie potato is comparatively
many when they are subjected to the unknown
same injurious treatment which gives
birth to the disease.
The stems of succulent plants, such
as the cacti mesemhryanthemums, and
It appears to be caused by the appli- the balsam, as well as the fruit of the
cation of too much water, especially if cucumber and melon, and the stalk of
combined with superabundant nourish- the grape, are all liable to moist gan-
ment. Therefore, although cutting out grene, all requiring for the development
the decayinir part, when it first appears, of the disease excessive moisture in
and applVing to the wound some finely- the air, though the immediate cause
powdered charcoal, will effect a cure'if of its outbreak is usually a sudden re-
tlie disease has not penetrated too deep-
ly, yet it will be liable to return im-
mediately if a less forcing mode of cul-
ture be not adopted. No auricula will
sud'cr from this disease if it be shifted
annually, and the tap root at the time of
moving be shortened; a thorough system
of draining being adopted, either by
using one of the pots suggested in an
duction of temperature. ā Principles of
Gardening.
CANNA. Thirty-eight species and
some varieties. Stove herbaceous per-
ennials. Seed or division. Ilich light
soil.
C. iridijiora is the most splendid; a
writer in the Gardener's Chronicle says,
that " so far from requiring stove heat,
othc'r part of this work, or'by having the few plants cultivated in a green-house
pot used one-fourth filled with pebbles, are more hardy. It only requires pro-
and excessive damp during the winter tection from frost, and the border of the
conservatory is its proper place, where
it continues growing, with the thermo-
meter varying between 35'^ and 45'^."
CANTERBURY BELL. Campanula
medium.
CANTHIUM dubium. Green-house
evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Rich soil.
CAPE JASMINE. Gardenia fiorida.
CAPE PHILLYREA. Cassine capen-
CAPER TREE. Capparis.
CAPPARIS. Capers. Twenty-nine
species. Chiefly stove evergreen shrubs.
Cuttings. Loam and peat.
CAPRIFOLIUM. Goat Leaf. Seven-
being prevented by proper shelter.
Parsley grown in a poor soil is also
liable to canker in the winter. Mr.
Barnes says, he never found any appli-
cation which eradicated this disease so
etfectually as a mixture in equal parts of
soot and slaked lime, sown over the
plants. The cure is complete in a few
davs, the vigour of the plants restored
indicating, that this species of ulcer-
ation, like that which is found in the
dwellings of the poor, arises from de-
ficient nourishment.
The tubers of the potato also are
liable to the speck, black spot, or dry
gancrene, a disease which I once teen species and some varieties. Chiefly
thought was occasioned by the calcare
ous earth, lime, or chalk contained by
the soil, but more lengthened observa-
tion has convinced me of my error; and
having observed it in all soils, and in
seasons characterized by opposite ex-
tremes of wetness and dryness, I am
induced to consider that the disease
arises from some detect in the sets em-
ployed, or to potatoes being grown too
hardy deciduous, or evergreen twming
or climbing plants. Cuttings. Common
soil.
CAPSICUM. Twenty-four species
and some varieties. Stove evergreen
shrubs, or hardy and stove annuals.
Seeds. Rich open soil.
The following are the kitchen garden
species and varieties.
Capsicum Annuum. ā Capsicum or
of\en on the same site. It is quite , Guinea Pepper. Of this there are five
certain, from my own experience, that
in ground tired of potatoes, the disease
invariably, and most extensively, ap- i
pears. This suggests that it is occa- j
sioned by a deficiency of some con-
stituent in the soil, a suggestion con-
firmed by the fact, that in the fields of.
varieties: ā
1. Long-podded.
2. Heart-shaped.
3. Short-podded.
4. Angular-podded.
Round Short-podded.
C. Cerasiforme. ā Capsicum or Cherry
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124
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Pepper. Qf this there are three varie-
ties:
1. Cherry-shaped.
2. Bell-shaped, or Ox-heart.
3. Yellow-podded.
C. grossum. ā Capsicum, or Bell Pep-
per. Of this there are three varieties: ā
1. Old Bell-shaped or Buii^nose.
2. Sweet or Spanish.
3. Tomato-shaped.
So/7 ayid Situation. ā The soil best
suited for them is a rich moist loam,
rather inclining to lightness than te-
nacity.
Time and Mode of Sowing. ā They are
propagated by seed, which may be sown
towards tlie end of March or beginning
of April in a hot-bed of moderate size,
with the shelter of a frame; or some-
what later on an open border, protected
from cold winds: when the plants are
sufficiently advanced they may be trans-
planted to their permanent position in
the garden.
To obtain Seed. ā For the production
of seed a {)lant bearing some of the for-
wardest and finest fruit of each Variety
must be preserved, that it may be ripe
before the frosts commence, the first of
which usually kills the plants. When
completely ripe, the pods are cut and
hung up in the sun, or in a warm room,
until completely dry, in which state
they are kept until the seed is wanted
for sowing.
CARAGANA. Fourteen species.
Chiefly hardy deciduous shrubs. Grafts,
layers or seeds. Sandy open loam.
CARALLIA lucida. Stove evergreen
tree. Cuttings. Sandy peat and loam.
CARALLUMA. Four species. Stove
evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Loam
and brick rubbish.
CARAPA. Four species. Stove
evergreen trees. Cuttings. Loam and
sandy peat.
CARAWAY. Carum Carui.
CARDAMLNE. Lady's Smock. Ele-
ven species. Hardy herbaceous plants.
Division. Peat and lonni.
CARDL\AL FLOWER. Lobelia car-
dinnlis.
CARDOON. {Cynara cardunculus.)
The stalks of the inner leaves, when j
rendered tender by blanching, are used
in stews, soups, and salads.
Soil and Situation. ā A light rich soi
is most suitable to this vegetable, dur
deep and well pulverised. The situa-
tion must be open, and free from trees
Time and Mode of Sowing. ā It may
be sown at the close of March, but for
the main crop not until the early part of
April, those plants raised from earlier
sowings being apt to run at the close of
autumn ; for a late crop, a sowing may
be performed in June. The best prac-
tice is to sow in patches of three or
four rows four feet apart each way, to
be thinned finally to one in each place,
the weakest being removed. If, how-
ever, they are raised in a seed bed,
they will be ready for transplanting in
about eight or ten weeks from the time
of sowing, and must be set at similar
distances as are specified above.
The plants of the first sowing are
generally three weeks before they make
their appearance; those from the latter
ones about two. If after a lapse of
these times they do not appear, it
should be ascertained if the seed is de-
cayed, and in thnt case the sowing re-
newed. The seed must be sown rather
thin, and covered about half an inch.
When about a month old, the seed-
lings, when too thick, must be thinned
to four inches apart, and those removed
may be pricked out at a similar dis-
tance. When of the age sufficient for
their removal they must be taken up
carefully, and the long straggling leaves
removed. The bed for their reception
must be dug well and laid out in
trenches as for celery, or a hollow sunk
for each plant ; but as they are liable
to suffer from excessive wet, the best
mode is to plant on the surface, and
form the necessary earthing in the form
of a tumulus. Water must be applied
abundantly at the time of planting, as
well as subsequently, until they are
established ; and also in August, if dry
weather occurs, regularly every other
night, as this is found to prevent their
running to seed. The only other ne-
cessary point to be attended to is, that
they may be kept free from weeds dur-
ing every stage of their growth. When
advanced to about eighteen inches in
height, which according to the time of
sowing will be in August, and thence
to October, the leaves must be closed
together by encircling them with a hay-
band, and earth placed round each
plant, a dry day being selected for per-
forming it. As they continue to grow,
fresh bands and earth must be constant-
ly appli(;d until they are blanched to
the height of two feet, or about two-
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125
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thirds of their stems. They will be fit j
for use in eight or ten weeks after the ,
earthing first commences. Care must
be had in earthing them up, to prevent
the earth falling in between the leaves,
which IS liable to induce decay. The
surface of the soil should likewise be
beaten smooth to throw oft" the rain. In
severe weather their tops should be
covered with litter, by which they may
be preserved in a serviceable state
throughout the winter.
To obtain Seed ā Which in this coun-
try seldom comes to maturity, but in dry
seasons a few plants should be set in a
sheltered situation of the April sowing,
not earthed up, but allowed the shelter
of mats or litter in frosty weather. The
flowers make their appearance about
the beginning of July, and the seed is
ripe in September.
CARDUXCELUS. Two species.
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division.
Common soil.
CARDUUS. Thirty-eight species.
Hardy annuals, biennials, and peren-
nials. Seeds or division. Common
soil.
CAREYA. Three species. Stove
evergreens ; C. herbacea is a splendid
herbaceous stove plant. Division. Light
loam and sandy peat.
CARCilLLIA. Two species. Green-
house evergreen trees. Cuttings. Peat
and open loam.
CARICA. Six species. Chiefly stove
evergreen trees. Leafy cuttings. Loamy
soil.
CARISSA. Five species. Stove ever-
green trees. Cuttings. Peat and loam.
C.\RLINA. Ten species
plants ; C. lyrata is a green-house
biennial. Seeds. Common soil.
CARLOVVIZIA salicifoUa. Green-
house evergreen shrub. Cuttings.
Sandy loam.
CARLUDOVICA. Five species.
Stove evergreen climbers, or herbace-
ous perennials. Suckers,
and loam.
CAR.^HCHAELIA australis. Green-
house evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Sandy
peat.
CARNATION. Dianthus caryophyl-
lus. The Carnation is a prominent
flower at the horticultural shows in
England, and exciting contests tor the
premiums are annually exhibited. In
the United States it succeeds but indif-
ferently well, and a really good col-
lection of Carnations is a rarity : in-
deed so rare, that but few of us have
seen what a British amateur would
deem worth looking at. We reprint
the whole of the article on the subject
as it originally stood in the Dictionary,
for the benefit of those who m.iy be
disposed to make importations and em-
bark in the culture of this charming
flower.
Mr. J. F. Wood, of the Coppice,
Nottingham, gives the following list of
varieties.
Scarlet Bizarres. ā Twitchett's Don
John ; Martin's Splendid ; Headley'a
Achilles; Headley's William Cobbett;
Bucknall's Earl Fitzharding ; Strong's
Duke of York; Wilmer's Conquering
Hero.
Crimson Bizarres. ā Puxley's Prince
Albert ; Holmes' Count Paulina ; Maus-
ley's Robert Burns ; Ely's Lord Milton ;
Jacques' Georgiana ; Chambers' Kate;
Jacques' Iris; Parker's Sophia.
Scarlet Flakes. ā Twitchett's Queen
of Scarlet ; Wigg's Earl of Leicester ;
Bucknall's Ulysses ; Wilson's William
the Fourth ; Wilmer's Hero of Middle-
sex ; Addenbrook's Lydia.
Purple Flakes. ā Mausley's Beauty of
Woodhousc ; Headley's Empress of
Purples; Headley's Incognita; Pol-
lard's First-rate; Wilmer's Solander;
Millwood's Premier ; Strong's Esther.
Rose Flakes. ā Brooks' Flora Gar-
land ; Greasley's Village Maid ; Wil-
son's Harriet ; Ely's Lady Ely ; Sicla-
more's Lady Rowley ; Pearson's Madam
Mara.
Scarlet Bizarres. ā Jolly Dragoon
Hardy (Ely's) ; Game Boy (Rainforth's) ; Lead-
er (Hepworth's) ; Don John (Mer-
chant's) ; Lady of the Manor (Mill-
wood's) ; Patriarch (Ilulton's) ; Union
Jack (Ward's) ; Sir Robert Peel
(Groves') ; Locomotive (Morris') ; Duke
of Leeds (Hoyle's) ; Prince Albert
(Hoyle's) ; Splendid (Martin's) ; Con-
Sandy peat, quering Hero (Wilmer's) ; Brutus (Col-
cut's) ; Juba (Colcut's) ; Charles the
Twelfth (Mausley's) ; William the
Fourth (Walmsley's) ; Colonel (Lee's)
Duke of Devonshire ; Mars (Walms-
ley's).
Crimson Bizarres. ā Duke of Bedford
(Ely's) ; Count Paulini (Holmes') ; Duch-
ess of Kent (Brown's); Bloomsbury
(Soorn's) ; Hector (Brown's) ; Lord Mil-
ton (Ely's); Lord Brougham (tiicas-
ley's); Squire Plumtree (Hufton's) ;
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126
CAR
Mrs. Brand (Ely's) ; William Caxton
(Ely's); Robert Burns (Mausley's) ;
Tally-ho (Woolley's) ; Bonpland (Wil-
mer's) ; Dord Durham (Tomlinson's) ;
Rainbow (Cartwright's) ; Squire Ray
(Hufton's) ; Betty (Lovegrove's) ; King
Alfred (Gregory's) ; Eclipse (Eason's) ;
Taglioni (Pickering's).
Scarlet Flakes. ā Beauty of Cradley
(Wallis') ; Ringleader (Toane's) ; Bright
Venus (Ely's); Premier (Creswell's) ;
Lord Morpeth (Ely's) ; Captain Ross
(Ely's) ; Mary Anne (Greasley's).
Rose Picotees. ā Few of this class are
grown near Nottingham ; the following
are amongst the best : Queen Victoria
(Green's) ; Favourite (Giddens') ; Fanny
Irby (Wilson's) ; Marchioness oi' West-
minster (Evans') ; Queen Victoria
(Wains'); Ann Page (Lovegrove's); Mar-
quis of Granby (Simpson's) : Earl of
Errol (Wilmer's); Wellington (Foster's);
Earl of Leicester (Wigg's) ; Rob Roy
(Orson's); Madame Mara (Pearson's) ;
William the Fourth (Wilson's) ; Lady
Hill (Pugh's); Fox Hunter (Hufton's):
Donna Maria (Millwood's); Red Rover
(Fletcher's) ; Bishop of Gloucester
(Brown's).
Rose Flakes. ā Lovely Anne (Ely's) ;
Rosea (Hulton's); Queen Victoria (Hy-
ron's) ; Lady Gardiner (Ely's) ; Lady
Ely (Ely's); Elizabeth (Easum's);
Village Maid (Greasley's); Lady Flora
(Hudson's) ; Sarah (Hastings') ; Brew-
ing (Hoyle's) ; Miss Walker (Ash-
worth's) ; Mrs. Pickering (Pickering's) ;
Lovely Nancy (Hoyle's); Eliza (Par-
kinson's) ; Emma (Lakin's) ; Miss Molly
(Ely's) ; Queen of England (Fletcher's);
Luna (Brown's) ; Lady Egertou (Low's);
Lady Grey (Malpas').
Purple Flakes. ā Mango (Ely's) ; Beau-
ty of Woodhouse (Mausley's); Bellero-
phon (Leighton's) ; Prince Charlotte
(Turner's); Premier(Millwood's); Squire
Meyneli (Brabbin's); Sir J. Plastain
(Bates') ; British Queen (Elliot's) ; In-
vincible (Simpson's) ; Major (Spray's);
Miss Thornton (Hudson's) ; Enchanter
(Pearson's); Rev. J. Gisborne (Brab-
bins') ; Miignilicent(Ely's) ; Queen Vic-
toria (Ely's); Cleopatra (VVeldon's) ;
First Rate (Pollard's) ; Platoff (Hall's) ;
Major Cartwright (Hall's).
Red Picotees. ā Mrs. Flower (Ely's) ;
Miss Bacon (Wollard's) ; Little Won-
der (Wollard's) ; Duke of Wellington
(Sharp's) ; Mary (Morris') ; Pilot (Mor-
ris') ; Will Stakely (Hutton's) ; Derby
Willow (Maw's) ; King of the French
(Green's) ; Royal Briton (Hardy's) ; Ma-
tilda (Parkinson's) ; Venus (Hudson's) ;
Mary Antony (Benii's); Hector (Sharp's);
Cornelius (Barraud's) ; Colonel Foreman
(Barraud's); Teazer (Giddens'); Cresar
(Giddens') : Criterion (Sharp's); Cathe-
rine (Hardy's) ; Nulli Secundus (Maus-
ley's) ; Bloomsbury (Clegg's) ; Mrs. Jud-
son (Wheatley's) ; Lady Peel (Pullen's);
Vespasian (Giddens'); Victoria (Mus-
croft's) ; Queen ofSheba (Wakefield's);
Nottingham Hero (Robinson's); Mr.
Mugglestone (Robinson's); Hope (Brink-
ler's) ; Trip to Cambridge (Dickson's) ;
Grace Darling (Ely's) ; Pluperfect (Wil-
son's) ; Queen Victoria (Kirkland's) ;
Nehemiah (Hufton's) ; Delight (Jack-
son's) ; Victoria (Crask's) ; Isabella
(Hufton's); Miss Hunter (Hufton's), alias
Toones, Miss Garey ; Mary (Lee's).
Characteristics of Excellence. ā Mr.
Orson, at a meeting of the Floricultural
Society, made these excellent observa-
tions : ā " Carnations were originally
divided into three classes, viz., Bizarres,
Flakes, and Picotees ; but the latter are
now considered a distinct variety. Bi-
zarres were distinguished by having two
colours, and flakes by having only one
colour upon a white ground ; these two
principal classes being subdivided into
scarlet, crimson, pink, and purple bi-
zarres ā scarlet, purple, and pink or
rose flakes. In some counties pink,
purple, and crimson bizarres were all
classed under the head of pink bizarres,
whereas in other parts of the country
they were known as crimson bizarres.
" The calyx, or pod, should be long,
firm, and entire, of sufficient substance
to support the petals, which should be
thick, broad, and substantial, smooth,
and free from indenture on the edge.
The guard petals should rise gracefully
above the pod, and turn in a horizontal
direction, having a gradual disposition
to cup, but not terminating in an abrupt
curl, at the outer edge, the whole form-
ing a complete circle. The interior
petals should rather decrease in size as
they approach the centre, each row be-
ing regularly and alternately arranged
above the other, and not have a loose
and gaping appearance, in fact, the
spaces should be only sufficient to dis-
play the colouring distinctly. The num-
ber of petals in a first rate flower
should not be less than seventeen, three
CAR
127
CAR
ā¢
of them being placed in the centre, to I very full picotees are not to be advo-
form a crown.
cated, a medium fulness is best. The
"The whole would then, if well ar- I same disqualifications with regard to
ranged, produce the form of the half of I the petal and pod are applicable as to
an oval or elliptic, when held on a side ' the carnation." ā Card. Chron.
view; having, when seen from above, j Soil. ā Dr. Horner recommends ā
a circular appearance. The colours, } " Two parts old pasture sods, two years
whether bizarre or flake, should be old, and one part old frame manure,
strong, brilliant, and distinct through- ' three years old, with a sufficient addi-
oiit. The ground colour should be a I tion of coarse river sand, to prevent te-
pure white; free from speck, spot, tint, [ nacity ofthe soil. Pasture sods reduced
or tin^eof any sort. Theflakes should I to mould, are preferable to soil taken
be bro'ad and bold, commencing at the from a greater depth, inasmuch as they
extreme edge, ofa proportionate width | contain the fibrous roots of the grass,
to the petal, running through to the cen- I which during their gradual decay afford
tre, or as far as the eye can discern, and ' a constant supply of most acceptable
diminishing in breadth as they approach [ nourishment." ā Gard. Chron.
the centre, in the same ratio as the pe- | " Propagation. ā Pipings stuck in this
tal. The distribution of colours should ! monld are to be covered with a hand-
be equal in every respect: in a flake, \ light, exposed fully to the sun ; but in
not less than three divisions in each j hot weather, in the evening, water
petal; in a bizarre, not less than five | poured over the hand-light; pick out
divisions, and properly arranged ; their ^ worms and slugs. If the pipings are
respective and united beauties should | placed in a box, covered first with a
be strikingly apparent. | bell-glass, which is to be exchanged for
" Size should not be lost sight of, ' a small hand-glass, or a larger bell-
though it should never take precedence, | glass, as the pipings begin to grow, the
unless the other general properties were j boxes placed on a stage on the north
equal. The disqualifications of a car- i side ofa tree, and the stage resting on
nation are ā a dead, loose, mutilated, j feeders, filled with lime-water, there is
or split petal, a petal having no white ; less trouble with insects, and the pipings
on the upper side ; a petal having (if a ; will grow very well, but not so rapidly."
flake) no colour upon the white on the ā Gard. Chron. For the best mode of
upper side; a petal upon which (if a : obtaining piping's, see PinTc.
bizarre) there are not two colours upon j Raising Varieties. ā Dr. Lindley says,
the white on the upper side; if the pod ] ā " The fertilization of carnations
be split down to the sub-calyx, or cut I should be performed as soon as the stig-
away in any part." ā Gard. Chron. j mas unfold. The action of pollen is
" The properties of the picotee, with ' not instantaneous, but slow; and it is
regard to form and petal," says the same j necessary that it should adhere,
authority, " are the same as in the car- I *' Although it may produce no effect
nation, with this exception, that, as the at the time of applying it, yet it will
colour of the picotce is, or ought to be, eventually fertilize the seed-vessel, if
confined to the margin of the petal, a | the flower be kept dry. If the seed-
greater degree of fulness was admissi- i vessel grows, and yet the seed does
ble, proportionate with the lightness or not swell, it is because fertilization has
narrowness of the marking. The co- not taken place. It would increase the
lour should be clear and distinct, con- probability of procuring seed, to place
fined to the edge of the petal, and not the pots near a south wall. It is of no
running down orbarring; neither should use to cut out the centre petals when
the white in the slightest degree run the flower is very double." ā Gard.
through to the edge of the petals, but Chron.
whether lightly or heavily marked, the Sowing. ā "The surface ofthe soil
colour should be regular, at an equal should be finely pulverized, and the bed
distance from the edge all round the raised somewhat above the level ofthe
petal, each petal having the same re- adjoining ground. The seed may be
gularity of colouring throughout the scattered broadcast over the bed, and
flower
ā^.. afterwards lightly pressed with the back
" Although a full floweris not so ob- ' ofa rake." ā Gard. Chron.
jectionable as in the carnation, yet, as ! " Seedlings are always more vigorous
CAR
128
CAR
than those that have been in cultivation
for a length of time.
" It is not usual for carnations and
pinks to bloom the first season. When
the seed is sown early, flower-stems
The method of performing the work
is as follows: ā First provide a quan-
tity of small hooked sticks, three or
four inches long, with which to peg
the layers down, also in a barrow
are occasionally thrown up late in the i quantity of light rich mould to raise tive
autumn, and all destroyed by frost.
Gard. Chron.
The plants generally come up in a
month after sowing ; give occasional
watering and weeding, and in July they
will be fit to prick out into nursery beds,
which prepare in an open situation, ;
earth, if required, around each plant;
and provide also a sharp penknife.
Having all these ready, then proceed
to the work of layering : first, strip oHT
all the leaves from the body of the
shoots, and shorten those at the top an
nch or two evenly; and then, fixing
three feet wide ; and taking advantage j upon a strong joint about the middle of
of moist weather, prick the plants there- the shoot, and on its under side, cut
in four inches apart, and finish with a j the joint half way through, directing
general watering, which repeat occa- your knife upward, so as to slit the
sionally till all the plants have taken shoot up the middle almost to the next
good root. Here let them remain till
September, ā when they will be so well
advanced in growth as to require more
room ; and should have their final trans-
plantation into other three-feet-wide
beds of good earth, in rows lengthways
the bed, nine inches asunder, and the
same distance in the lines, placing them
in the quincunx order; and here they are
to remain all the winter, and until they
flower, and have been increased by
layers ; until which periods all the cul-
ture they require is, that if the winter
prove very severe, an occasional shel-
ter of mats, during the hardest frost,
will be of much advantage , and in
spring, loosen the ground between them