small onions on the 14th of February,
which onions had been sown the se-
cond week of September in the pre-
vious autumn. They were planted in
rows one foot apart, and six inches
from plant to plant — with the intention
of drawing every alternate one for use
through the summer — but the whole
nine rows did not get entirely thinned.
The following is the weight when ripe
for storing on the 1st of August.
" Five rows grown where 4 lbs. of
bone-dust to each row had been sown
in a drill drawn 3 inches deep and
filled up, and the onions planted over
it — producing 420 lbs. weight of onions
— each row yielding from 82 to 8S lbs.
'' The other 4 rows had applied to
them of fresh dry charred refuse and
ashes, made from the garden rubbish-
heap, two common buckets full, weight
14 lbs. They produced 366 lbs. of
onions, the rows weighing respectively
99, 89, 9.3, and S3 lbs. The last row
being injured by a roy of red cabbage
growing near.
'' Many of the foregoing onions,
which were a mixture of the Globe,
Deptford, and Reading, measured in
circumference from 14 to 16.V inches,
ant and productive, by having carbonic ! and weighed as many ounces. I
acid applied to their roots, than other j weighed 12 together, that turned the
plants to whose roots no such applica- scale at 12 lb. 9 oz. I can only fancy
tion was made. Now charcoal kept , what a wonderful saving and benefit it
moist, as when buried in the soil, slow- j would be to the country, to char the
ly combines with oxygen, and emits 1 refuse of old tan, chips, sawdust, ditch
carbonic acid — in fact, it slowly dis- scourings containing sods, weeds,
solves. I am sorry to differ from such bushes, and refuse. By keeping the
an authority as Liebig, who broadly surface of the earth well stirred, no
asserts that -'Carbon never combines j crops appear to suffer by drought that
at common temperatures with oxygen, are manured by charrings, but continue
BO as to form carbonic acid." This was ' in the most vigorous health throughout
C H A
140
CHE
the season, never suffering materially
by either drought or moisture."
On spring sown onions and on tur-
nips, Mr. Barnes finds charred or car-
bonized vegetable refuse equally bene-
ficial. Three rows, each 95 feet long,
of the white globe onion, manured with
bone-dust, weighed 251 lbs.; whilst
three similar rows of the same variety,
and grown under precisely similar cir-
cumstances, but manured with char-
rings, weighed 289 lbs.
CHARD. See Artichoke.
CHARDOON. See Cardoon.
CHARi^'.AS graminis. Antler or
grass moth, has a yellowish-brov/n
head and back — upper wings brownish
grey, appears in July and August. Its
caterpillar brown or blackish, with five
lighter stripes down the back. This
lives at the roots of grasses, and eats
their young blades.
CHASMONIA incisa. Hardy annual.
Seeds. Common soil.
CHEILANTHES. Fourteen species.
Ferns. Green-house, stove or hardy
herbaceous perennials. Division. Peat
and loam.
CHEIMATOBIA brumata. Winter
moth. This is the parent of that
scourge of fruit trees, the greenlooper
caterpillar. It appears in November.
One female will lay 200 eggs, deposit-
ing them on the bends and bark of the
upper branches of the apple and other
fruit trees. The caterpillars appear
with the bursting of the buds, on the
tips of the leaves, petals, and calyxes
of which they feed. They form a small
web within the blossom, and glue and
gnaw its petals so as to destroy it.
When the fruit is formed, that becomes
their favourite ftiod. They descend
and bury themselves in the earth, to
assume the chrysalis form about the
end of May. Frosts in November, ants
and birds, are their natural enemies.
As the females have no wings, a thick
coating of gas-lime sprinkled a foot
broad over tiie surface, round the stems
of fruit trees at the end of October, and
renewed once or twice in November
and December, would prevent their
ascent ; or a broad band of bird lime
might be smeared round the stems
themselves. An advantage of espalier
and dwarf fruit trees is, that their buds
are easily examined for these cater-
pillars and other marauders.
CHEIRANTHUS. Eleven species,
and many varieties. Green-house or
half-hardy evergreen shrubs. C.fruti-
culosus, C. ochroleucus are hardy herba-
ceous perennials. Cuttings. Rich com-
mon soil. See Wallflower.
CHEIROSTEMON â– platanoides .
Stove evergreen tree. Leafy cuttings.
Sandy loam.
CHELIDONIUM. Two species.—
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Di-
vision. Common soil.
CHELONE. Seven species. Hardy
herbaceous perennials. Division. Peat
and loam.
CHENOLEA diffma. Green-house
evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Light rich
soil.
CHERLERIA sedoides. Hardy herb-
aceous perennial. Division. Sandy
loam and peat.
CHERMES. See Psylla.
CHERRY. (Cera^us.)
Varieties. — There are eighty in the
London Horticultural Society's list, of
which some are quite inferior and others
scarcely differ except in name. The
following we extract from the Cata-
logue of D. Landreth & Fulton, Phila-
delphia :
CHE
141
Explanation of Abbreviations. — Colour —
y yellow. Size — i, large; m medium; s small.
Those marked * are of American origin
CHE
b black ; 1 light ;
red
NAME.
COLOUR.
FORM.
Id
N
H
Of
SEASON.
Belle deChoisey .
r
round
M
June
* Bleeding Heart .
b
heart
1,
June
Black Tartarian
b
heart
L
June
Carnation
1 r
round
L
July
*Downer's Late Red
1 r
round
L
July
Downton
1 r
round
L
July
Knight's Early Black .
b
round
L
June
Late Duke
r
heart
L
1
July
May Duke, Early
r
heart
L 1
June
Mazzard Black
b
round
S
2
July
Morello, English .
r
heart
L
1
July
Morello, French .
r
heart
L
1
July
Morello, Plumstone
r
heart
L
2
July
Morello, Kentish .
r
heart
L
1
July
*Morello, Rumsey's Late
r
heart
L 1
August
Ox Heart
y «•
heart
L 1
July
White Heart
y «â–
heart
L 1
July
Yellow Spanish
r
heart
I, 1
July
The annexed drawings and descrip-
tions of a few valuable varieties may
interest some of our readers.
Fig. 23.
Belle de Choisev. Thomp.: Pom.
Mag. {Cereise Doucette, Cereise Pa-
lembre.) (Fig. 23.) " The Bon Jar-
dinier speaks highly of this variety,
which was produced at Choisey, near
Paris, many years ago. It has proved
hardy and well adapted to this country,
and we can recommend it as among
the very best of its class. The fruit is
middle sized, roundish ; skin red, mot-
tled with amber, exhibiting the flesh
Fig. 24.— (P. 142.)
CHE
142
beneath, which is amber coloured, deli-
cate and sweet. The habit of tlie tree is
not unlike the well known May Duke,
with which it ripens." — Rural Reg.
Carnatio;*. Thomp.: Lind. : Coxe.
(Fig. 24.) "This, though an old, is
still a highly popular variety. Coxe
says, ' one of our most excellent Cher-
ries.' More recently introduced sorts
have divided our attention, but it is
among those most frequently ordered
from the Nurseries. The size is large,
round. Skin beautifully variegated,
red and yellow. It ripens in July, and
hangs long without decaying : highly es-
teemed for preserving." — Rural Reg.
Fig. 25.
DowNTON. Lind. : Thomp. (Fig. 25.)
"The Downton is especially valuable
from its time of ripening, which is after
most good cherries have declined, or
disappeared. The fruit is roundish, of
large size, and of prepossessing appear-
ance. Skin creamy white, red on the
sunny side. Flesh yellowish, rich and
well flavoured." — Rural Reg.
May Duke. Miller; Lind.: Thomp.
(Fig. 26.) It would occupy some
space to enumerate all the English and |
French synonymes of this widely known,
and as widely esteemed variety. Per-
haps the entire catalogue of the London I
Horticultural Society does not contain
one so universally esteemed. Downing
justly remarks, among all the new va-
rieties, none has been found to sup-
plant the May Duke.
The fruit is large, obtusely heart
shaped, produced in clusters; when
perfectly ripe of a deep purple hue.
Flesh tender, juicy, and when in per-
fection, all that can be desired in a
Fig. 27.— (P. 143.)
CHE
143
cherry. Ripens at Philadelphia, latter
end of May and early in June.
Plum Stone Morf.i.lo. Thomp. —
(Fig. 27.) There is some difiVrence of
(ipinion as to the merits of this va-
riety — it has, however, many admirers,
and is on the whole, worthy of culture;
though we cannot pronounce it of first
quality. It ripens late in the season,
possesses good flavour, and has a pre-
possessing appearance, all of which
are desirable properties, and render it
popular. The fruit is large, of a deep
red colour. Flesh juicy and acid, as is
the case with all Morellos. Ripe at
Philadelphia, middle to close of July.
Fig. 28.
cellent, and must always remain a
favourite, even though newer varieties
contest the claim to our esteem. It ia
Fig. 30.— (P. 144.)
Knight's Early Black. Pom. Mag.:
Thorn. (Fig. 28.) " This is, as its
name imports, one of Mr. Knight's
seedlings, raised in England, about |
1810. It is not, externally, unlike the '
Black Tartarian, of which such exagge-
rated descriptions have been given,!
ripens earlier than it — at IMiiladelphia, I
about the 1st of June. The fruit is!
over medium size, heart shaped. Skin
deep purj^e, when fully ripe quite 1
black. Flesh delicate, juicy, and weir
flavoured. Taken altogether it may
be pronounced a cherry of the first
order." — Rural Reg. {
Elton. Pom. Mag. : Thomp. — |
(Fig. 29.) " The Elton is an English I
cherry, raised in 1806. It is truly ex- '
CHE
144
CHE
above the medium size, ripens early,
shortly after the May Duke. The flesh
is tender, abounding in luscious juice ;
skin pale yellow, with a blush on the sun-
ny side. The tree is of strong growth,
and on that account additionally en-
titled to our regard." — Rural Reg.
Late Duke. Pom. Mag. : Thomp.
{June Duke of Coxe. Shippen Cherry.)
(Fig. 30.) " This is a valuable variety,
similar to its predecessor, the May
Duke. It ripens considerably later
than it, and has the property of hang-
ing long on the tree. The fruit is
large, rather flattened ; when fully
ripe, rich dark red ; flesh yellow,
abounding in juice, scarcely so rich as
the May Duke; its habit is robust;
bears abundantly. Coxe calls it the
most valuable cherry of the season." —
Rural Reg.
Propagation. — Although grafting is
sometimes adopted, budding is far pre-
ferable. The stock for standards should
be the wild cherry, but for dwarfs or
walls the mahaleb. If the stones be
sown eitlier for stocks or to raise varie-
ties, they are best committed to the
ground in September. They will vege-
tate the following spring, and when one
year old are fit for budding if dwarfs
are required, but four years usually
elapse before they attain the height of
six feet, required for standards.
Walls. — No fruit is more improved
by a good aspect than the cherry. Allot
a south wail to the best sorts, and east
and west for succession. The Morello
will be productive on a north wall, but on
a south wall it is very superior fruit. No
garden should be without one so grown.
Wall pruning. — In May or June dis-
bud all unnecessary and foreright shoots.
Train in the best-placed, lateral and
terminal shoots as required. When the
leaves have fallen, prune away all ir-
regular, unproductive branches, train-
ing in their place first laterals. Never
shorten a shoot unless absolutely requi-
site from want of space, much less
prune so as to have numerous foreright
spurs. All cherries bear upon very
short studs with a terminal bud, on the
branches from two years old and up-
wards. The Morello bears chiefly on
the previous year's shoots, and very
scantily on studs of the older branches.
The Morello, therefore, requires the
older laterals to be removed as often as
their placea can-be supplied by young
shoots. All studs and foreright shoots
should be removed, especially from the
Morello.
Diseases. — The leaves are liable to be
honey-dewed, especially in ill-drained
soils; but gumming is the most weaken-
ing disease. (See Honey-dew and Ex-
travasated sap.)
The Aphis cerasi, a black species, and
the red spider, sometimes attack the
cherry on walls; and a still rarer enemy
is described as follows, by Mr. Nai-
smith: —
"Our cherry trees, both in the open air
and on the natural walls, particularly the
tops of the young shoots, are much at-
tacked with a small black insect, provin-
cially called the black beetle. The
remedy I have found most effectual for
their destruction is a mixture of pitch
with one-sixteenth part of powdered
orpiment; one-sixteenth part ofsulphur,
dissolved over a slow fire in an earthen
pipkin, until they be well incorporated;
when cold, divide into small pieces,
about the size of a hen's egg, and burn
it under the trees with damp straw, di-
recting the smoke as much as possible
where the insects are most numerous.
In an hour afterwards, (if the state of
the fruit will admit,) give the trees a
good washing with the garden engine,
which generally clears oft" the half dead
beetles, and prevents the spreading of
the red spider." — Enc. Gard.
Forcing. — Mr. G. Shills, of Erskine
House Gardens, says: — " For accelera-
ting the ripening of cherries, I prefer the
open flued wall. The cherries setting
well without artificial assistance, and
ripening in succession from the latter
end of April till the latter end of June or
beginning of July, and with sufficient
rapidity to supply a family with a dish
daily during that period. About the
middle of February, or when the buds
naturally begin to swell, a little fire-heat
is supplied in the evening and in dull
cloudy weather, kept up during the day;
but in bright sunshine the fire is stopped
about nine or ten A. M., and set on again
about two P. M. This practice is fol-
lowed until the middle or Ijtter end of
May, when the fire-heat is discontinued.
"A little before the expansion of the
blossom, which is about the beginning
of March, the net is put over the tree,
by fixing the upper side of it on nails
fastened in the joints of the coping near
the edge, and the under side is tied to
CHE
145
CHI
temporary stakes about three feet in
height, placed three feet from the wall.
About tiie middle of April the woollen
net or double herring-net, together with
the stakes, are taken away, and a single
herring-net put close over the tree, to
protect the ripening fruit from birds."
— Card. Chron.
The trees are trained in the fan form,
with lateral bearing branches of from
one to three feet in length, according
to their strength, trained in between the
principal branches. In all parts of the
tree, these are allowed to continue
several years. When they become bare
of spurs, or inclined to get too luxuri-
ant, they are cut out — young shoots to
supply their place being previously pre-
pared.
CHERVIL, Parsley-leaved. Charo-
phyllum sativum. Fern-leaved chervil,
or Sweet Cicely, C. aromaticum, for
soups, salads, &c. They are still culti-
vated by the Dutch, but in this country
are not often found in the kitchen gar-
den.
Soil and Situation. — The soil for
these plants must be light, with a large
portion of calcareous matter from super-
abundant moisture. The situation can-
not be too open ; but a shelter from the
meridian sun is beneficial.
Time and Modes of Sowing. — The
only sowing that can be depended upon
must be performed in early autumn, im-
mediately after the seed is ripe; for if
kept until the following spring it will
seldom germinate, or the seedlings are
generally weak and die away, during
the hot weather. If, however, it should
fortunately retain its vegetative powers,
it may be sown early in the spring at
short intervals, for use in spring and
summer, and towards the end of .Tuly
for autumn supply. Sow in drills eight
inches apart. The plants are to be
thinned to eight inches asunder, and to
remain where they are raised. The
only after cultivation required by them
is to he kept clear of weeds.
The perennial sort, C. aromaticum,
must be trimmed as directed for Sage.
The leaves are fit to be gathered when
from two to four inches in growth ; in
doing which they should be cut close,
when the phints will shoot afresh.
To obtain Seed. — Some of the autumn-
raised plants must be left ungathered
from; they flower in April, and ripen
their seed about June.
10
species, some must in a like manner be
left untouched; they will flower about
.June, and ripen their seed in July or
August.
CHESTNUT. Fagtts castanea.— In
the London Horticultural Society's list
are twenty varieties enumerated. If the
seedlings arc left ungraftcd, they are
about thirty years before they bear fruit,
but grafts inserted upon these seedling
stocks from bearing branches, afford
blossoms the next year, and are fruitful
much earlier.
Soil. — A dry subsoil is the great re-
quisite for this tree. It thrives best in
a sandy w-ell-drained soil.
After-culture. — No other attention is
required than to thin the over-crowded
and to remove over-wrapping branches.
Nuts. — These are ripe about October.
Thev are best preserved in sand.
CHICORY. See Succory.
CHICKASAW PLUM. Cerasus chi-
casa.
CHILODIA. Two species. Green-
house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Peat
and loam.
CHILOGLOTTIS diphylla. Half-
hardy orchid. Division. Light turfy
loam, turfy peat, and sand.
CHIMAPHILA. Two species,
flardy herbaceous perennials. Cuttings.
Peaty soil.
CHIMONANTHUS fragrans, and
varieties. Hardy deciduous shrubs.
Layers or cuttings. Loam and peat, or
any common soil.
CHINA ASTER. CalHstema.
CHINA HOSE. Hibiscus rosasinensis.
CHINESE TRP:E. Ptzonia moutan.
CHIOCOCCA. Two species. Stove
evergreen trees. Cuttings. Loam and
peat.
CIIIONANTHUS. Three species.
Hardy and stove deciduous shrubs and
trees. Seeds, buds, or grafts. Peat
and loam.
CHIRONIA. Eleven species. Green-
house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings.
Peat and loam.
C.decussata should be potted in light
rich soil, and liberally watered during
the summer months. Keep it in a good
situation near the glass, where it gets
plenty ol' light and air. Always keep
some young plants to take the places of
the old ones.
CHITONIA. Five species. Stove
evergreen shrubs and trees. Cuttings.
Of the other ' Peat and loam.
CHI
146
CHR
CHIVE or CIVE {Allivm Schano-
prasum). Is used as a very superior
substitute for young onions in spring
saladinp. A single row a few yards
Jong, will supply a family.
Soil. — A light rich soil is most suit-
able, but it vvill grow anywhere not
overshadowed.
Plant the offsets of the bulbs early in
spring. They are to be inserted by the
dibble eight or ten inches apart, and
eight or ten offsets in each hole. The
only cultivation required is to keep
them free from weeds. By autumn they
multiply into large-sized bunches, and
if required may be taken up as soon as
the leaves decay, and be stored as a
substitute for the onion. The leaves,
which are fit for use as long as they
remain green, must, when required, be
cut down close to the ground, when
they will speedily be succeeded by
others.
CHLIDANTHUS fragrans. Green-
house bulbous perennial. Division.
Two-thirds sandy loam, one-third sand
and peat.
CHLOANTHES. Three species.
Green-house evergreen shrubs. Cut-
tings. Loam and peat.
CHLORA. Two species. Hardy
annuals. Seeds. Common soil.
CHLORANTHUS. Three species.
Stove evergreen shrubs. C. monas-
tachye is herbaceous. Cuttings. Loam
and peat.
CHLORIDE OF LIME, or Bleaching
Powder, is composed of
Chlorine 63.23
Lime 36.77
Exposed to the air it is converted into
chalk, and muriate of lime, a salt which
absorbs moisture from the air very
powerfully. By this conversion it be-
comes a useful addition to soils ; and as
it also gives out some chlorine gas, so
offensive and destructive to insects, it
has been suggested as a useful applica-
tion to the land at the time of turnip
sowing.
CHLORODYLON swietenia. Stove
evergreen tree. Cuttings. Peat and
loam.
CHOCOLATE-NUT. Theohroma.
CHOISYA ternata. Stove evergreen
shrub. Cuttings. Peat and loam.
CHOKE. Cerasus hyemalis.
CHOMELIA. Two species. Stove
evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Loam
and peat.
CHORISPORA tenella, and variety.
Hardy annuals. Seeds. Common soil.
CHOROMOZEMA, Eight species.
Green-house evergreen shrubs. Seeds
or cuttings. Peat, loam, and sand.
CHOU DE MILAN. See Borecole.
CHRISTMAS ROSE. Helleborus
niger.
CHRIST'S EYE. Inula oculus
Christi.
CHRIST'S THORN. Paliitrus.
CHRYSANTHEMUM. C. sinense.
Often designated the Chinese chrysan-
themum.
Varieties of this flower are numerous,
but the following is as good a selection
as can be made. Those to which an
asterisk is prefixed, are most deserving
of attention: —
Abelard, quilled pink.
Achmet Bey, dark purple.
Adventure, yellow.
Annie Jane, brownish red.
Annie Salter, pale yellow.
Aristides, orange and brown.
*Beaute de Verseilles, yellow.
Beauty, pale lilac.
Belvidere, buff and rose.
Bertram, purplish rose.
Bethulia, large purple.
Bicolor, white and yellow.
Bijou, white, tipped with pink.
*Campestroni, purple.
*Celestial, blush.
Champion, lemon.
Chancellor, white and pink.
Changeable, yellow.
Columbus, rose.
Compactum, white.
Comte d'Eu, light red.
Conductor, orange.
Criterion, white.
David, yellow.
De Crequi, small rosy purple.
Defiance, white.
Demosthenes, yellow and brown.
*Duc de Conigliano, crimson.
Duchess de Montebello, light rose.
E.mpress, lilac.
*Exquisite, white.
Flechier, dark rose.
Florabundum, dark lilac.
*Formosum, white and yellow.
General Laborde, lilac.
*Goliath, white. •
Gouvain St. Cyr, orange.
*Grand Napoleon, purple.
Grandish, flesh colour.
Hardy, blush white.
Horace, purplish rose.
CH R
147
CHR
Horatio, fine rosd?
Imogene, light butf.
Imperial, pale lilac.
*Incomparable, large buff.
Invincible, creamy white.
Irene, fine yellow.
Isabella, white.
Isolier, rosy red.
Itobate, shaded rose.
Ivanhoe, brown.
*King, pale rose.
Letitia Buonaparte, blush.
Lamarque, orange.
Leontine, brownish red.
Louis Philippe, purplish lilac.
*Lucidiim, white.
Madame Mina, buff.
*Madame Pompadour, dark rose.
*Magnet, yellow.
Maivina, purple.
Marechal Soult, yellow.
Marie, red.
Marie Antoinette, rose and buff.
Marquis, light rose.
Memnon, creamy white.
*Minerva, pink and white.
Mirabile, white and buff.
*Ne Plus Ultra, white.
Old Purple.
Orion, creamy white.
Perfection, pale lilac.
*Phidias, rosy red.
Phyllis, lemon.
Prince Albert, amaranth.
Princess de Lamalle, rosy lilac.
*Princess Mario, light pink.
*Queen, rose.
Queen Victoria, lilac.
Queen ofGipsies, orange.
Queen of Yellows.
Reine de Prusse, rose.
Rosetla, quilled pink.
Saladin, orange purple.
Sangiiineum, red.
Sappho, reddish brown.
Small, brown.
Solon, yellow.
Surprise, white.
Tasselled Yellow.
Tedjini, yellowish brown.
Timon, yellow.
*Theresia, red.
Triumphant, pink and buff.
Two-coloured Incurved, yellow
brown.
Venusta, amaranth.
*Vesta, white.
Victorine, light rose.
♦Victory, white.
Zelinda, rosy blush.
and
iSo(7. — A warm sheltered well-drain-
ed border, manured with leaf mould
abundantly, lor the out-door plants.
For those in pots, four parts light fresh
turfy loam, four parts leaf mould, and
one part rubbly charcoal.
In Borders, the stools require to be
taken up and divided in early spring,
not more than three suckers being left
united, otherwise the flowers are nu-
merous and small.
By i^uckers in' Pots. — Turn out the
old pots in March ; separate the suckers
by a gentle twist; plant tliree suckers
in a thirty-two pot; shade them and
shelter in a cold frame for about a fort-
night; then expose them to the sun-
shine ; shift into larger pots as they
increase in growth ; place them in a
gentle hot-bed in April, and keep them
under the frame until the middle of
May; when ten inches high, pinch off
the tops of each stem. They will throw
out shoots from each bud ; retain only
six shoots, removing all the others ;
plunge the pots in a sunny sheltered