nual temperature as much as receding
a degree trom the equator, either to the
north or to the south. But this rule is
far from universally applicable, for the
limit of perpetual snow at the equator
is at the height of 15,000 feet, whereas
in the 3-5ih degree of north latitude, the
limit is at 1 1 ,000 feet, being an average
of about 120 feet of altitude for every
degree of recession from the e(]uator.
In the 4.5lli degree, the limit is 8,400
feet, being an average of 146 feet for
every dpsiree ; in the 50th degree, 6,000
feet, or ISO feet for each degree ; in the
60th, 3,000 feet, or 200 feet for a de-
gree ; and in the 70ih, from 1,200 to
2,000 feet, or abont the same for each
degree as to the 60th degree of latitude.
Now I know of no reason why the tem-
perature of elevations below the snow
line should not follow the saine gra-
dations ; and if this be so, these may
be taken as a rule. All plants growing
above 7,000 feet under the equator,
ought to grow in the open air, in tho
latitude of London. In general, the
same vegetation is produced at the same
distance tVoni the snowline in the same
latitudes; though, when a place is very
near to the pole, a better vegetation is
produced in a short period of summer
th:in in places near the snow line under
the equator, the plants in the former
being there exposed to uninterrupted
sunlight.
" At the foot of Mount Ararat, Tour-
nefoot met with plants peculiar to Ar-
menia; above these he met with plants
which are found also in France ; at a
still greater height he found himself
surrounded with such as grow in Swe-
den, and at the summit, with such aa
vegetate in the polar regions. Baron
Humboldt, in his Personal Narrative,
gives us a similar account of the several
zones of vegetation existing in a height
of 3,730 yards on the ascent of Mount
Teneriffe. The first zone is the region
of vines, extending from the shores of
tlic ocean to a height of from 400 to
600 yards, well cultivated, and produc-
ing date trees, plantains, olives, vines,
and wheat. The second zone is tho
region of laurels, extending from about
600 to 1,800 yards, producing many
plants with showy flowers, and moss
! and grass beneath. The third zone is
' the region of pines, commencing at
1,920 yards, and having a breadth of
850 yards. The fourth zone is the re-
gion of Retami, or broom, growing to
a height of nine or ten feet, and fed on
by wild goats. The last zone is the re-
cion of grasses, scantily covering the
heaps of lava, with cryptogamic plants
intermixed, and the summit ofthe moun-
tain bare." — Farmer's Encyclop.
" Of perfect plants, the Daphne Cne-
orum seems in Europe to hold the most
elevated station, since, on Mont Blanc,
it stands at 10,680 feet, and on Mont
Perdu at 9,036 feet high. The growth
of woody plants ceases on the Alps of
central Europe at the height of 5,000
feet ; and on the Riesengchirge at 3,800.
Oats grow on the southern Alps at
AL Y
28
AM B
3,300, and on tlie northern, scarcely at
1,800 feet. The fir grows on Siilitel-
ina, in Lapland (68 degrees north lati-
tude), scarcely at the height of 1,200
feet. On the other hand, upon the Alps
â– which divide Italy from France and
mental plunged at the side of a warm
sandy pond, forming a good contrast
with Crinum, capenae, Nymphcea alba,
&c. About October they are removed
into winter quarters, increase pretty
fast by offsets, taken off and fresh potted
Switzerland, oaks and birches grow at , in April, and treated as the parent bulbs,
3,600; firs at 4,800; and the same i which should at that time have their
plants grow on the Pyrenees above the , decayed outer skin removed." — Gard.
height of 600 feet. In Mexico, the
mountain chains, and in particular the
Nevado of Toluca, are covered, above
12,000 feet high, with the occidental
pine (Pinus occidentalis), and above
9,000 feet, with the Mexican oak (Quer-
Chron.
AMBURY is a disease peculiar to the
Brassica tribe, and is known by the
various names of H anbury. Anbury, and
Club Root. Fingers arid Toes, a name
applied to it in some parts, alludes to
cus Mexicana spicata), as also with the the swollen state of the small roots of
alder, of Joruilo (Alnus Jorullensis). I the affected plants.
On the Andes, palms grow at the height ! Cabbage plants are frequently in-
of 3,000 feet. The woody ferns (Cya- j fected with ambury in the seed-bed,
thea speciosa, Meniscium arborescens, j and this incipient infection appears in
Aspidium rostratuml are found as high the form of a gall or wart upon the
as 6,600 feet; as are also the pepper j stem immediately in the vicinity of the
species, MelastomesB, Cinchona;, Dor- 1 roots. If this wart is opened, it will
steniae ; and some Scitaminese rise to i be found to contain a small white mag-
the same elevation. At the height of|got, the larva of a little insect called
14,760 feet, we still find the wax palms, \ the weevil. If, the gall and its tenant
some CinchoncB, Winterae, Escalloma?, ; being removed, the plant is placed
Espelettii, Culcitia, Joannea;, Vallea j again in the earth, where it is to re-
stipularis, Bolax aretioides, and some ] main, unless it is again attacked, the
others." — De Candolle's Philos. o/i vvound usually heals, and the growth is
Plants. ; little retarded. On the other hand, if
ALYSICARPUS. Two species. Stove j the gall is left undisturbed, the maggot
herbaceous perennials. Seeds, and root
division. Rich light soil.
ALYSSUM. Twenty-one species.
All hardy plants. Seeds, cuttings, and
division. Common soil.
ALYXIA. Five species. Green-
house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings.
Sandy loam.
A L Z A T E A verticillata. Green-
house evergreen tree. Root cuttings.
Sandy loam and peat.
AMARANTHUS. Eighteen species.
Hardy annuals. Seed. Rich garden
soil.
AMARYLLIS. Seventy-six species,
and many varieties. A. aulica and bel-
ladonna are hardy ; the others, a few
green-house, but mostly hot-house bulbs.
A (Vallota) purpurea. " Pot in good-
sized pots, in a mixture of loam, sandy
peat, and leafmould, being merely
kept in a green-house, with but little
water through the winter, and about
May set in the open air in pans of water,
under a south wall, where about June
or July they throw up their splendid
scarlet flowers, which last fully a week
or more. They would be very orna-
continues to feed upon the alburnum,
or young woody part of the stem, until
the period arrives for its passing into the
other insect form, previously to which it
gnaws its way out through the exterior
bark. The disease is now almost be-
yond the power of remedies. The gall,
increased in size, encircles the whole
stem; the alburnum being so exten-
sively destroyed, prevents the sap as-
cending, consequently, in dry weather,
sufficient moisture is not supplied from
the roots to counterbalance the transpi-
ration of the leaves, and the diseased
plant is very discernible among its
healthy companions by its pallid hue
and flagging foliage. The disease now
makes rapid progress, the swelling con-
tinues to increase, for the vessels of
the alburnum and the bark continue to
afford their juices faster than they can
be conveyed away ; moisture and air
are admitted to the interior of the ex-
crescence, through the perforation made
by the maggot ; the wounded vessels
ulcerate, putrefaction supervenes, and
death concludes the stinted existence
of the miserable plant. The tumour
AMB
29
AMB
usually attains the size of a large hen's I
egg, has a rugged, ichorous, and even
mouldy surface, smelling strong and of-
fensively. The fibrous roots, besides
being generally thickened, are distorted
and monstrous from swellings, which
appear throughout their length, appa-
rently arising from an elTort of nature to
Another general result of experience
is, that the ambury is most frequently
observed in dry seasons. This is also
what might be anticipated, for insects
that inhabit the earth just beneath
its surfice, are always restricted and
checked in their movements by its
abounding in moisture. Moreover, the
form receptacles for the sap, deprived ; plants actually affected by the ambury,
as it is of its natural spissation in the ' are more able to contend against the in-
leaves. These swellings do not seem jury inflicted by the larva of tlie weevil,
to arise immediatp|y I'rom the attacks by the same copious supply.
of the weevil, for I have never observ- |
ed them containing its larva.
In wet seasons, I have, in a very few
instances, known an infected cabbage
Mr. Marshall very correctly describes j plant produce fresh healthy roots above
the form which this disease assumes
^^hen it attacks the turnip. It is a large
excrescence appearing below the bulb,
growing to the size of both hands, and,
as soon as the hard weather sets in, or
it is, by its own nature, brought to ma-
turity, becoming putrid and smelling
very offensively.
These distortions manifest themselves
very early in the turnip's growth, even
before the rough leaf is much developed.
Observation seems to have ascertained.
the swelling of the ambury. Mr. Smith,
gardener to M. Bell, Esq., of Woolsing-
ton, in Northumberland, expresses his
conviction, after several years' expe-
rience, that charcoal-dust spread about
half an inch deep upon the surface,
and just mixed with it by the point of a
spade, effectually prevents the occur-
rence of this disease. That this would
be the case we might have surmised
from analogy, for charcoal-dust is offen-
sive to many insects, and is one of the
that if the bulbs have attained the size of j most powerful preventives of piitrefac-
a walnut unaffected, they do not subse- tion known. Soot, I have reason to
quently become diseased. The maggot : believe, from a slight experience, is
found in the turnip ambury is the larva I as effectual as charcoal-dust. Judging
ofa weevil called Curculiopleurostigma. j from theoretical reasons, we might con-
" I have bred this species of weevil,"
says Mr. Kirhy, " from the knob-like
palls on turnips called the ambury, and
I have little doubt that the same in-
sects, or a species allied to them, cause
the clubbing of the roots of cabbages."
Marsham describes the parent as a
coleopterous insect of a dusky black
elude that it would be more specifical ;
for, in addition to its being, like char-
coal, finely divided carbon, it contains
sulphur, to which insects also have an
antipathy.
I have a strong opinion that a slight
dressing of the surface soil with a little
of the dry hydro-sulphuret of lime, that
colour, with the breast spotted with ' may now be obtained so readily from
white, and the length of the body one the gas-works, would prevent the oc-
line and two-thirds. The general ex
perience of all the farmers and garden-
ers with whom I have conversed upon
the subject, testifies that the ambury
of the turnip and cabbage usually at-
tacks these crops when grown for suc-
cessive years on the same soil. This
19 precisely what might be expected,
for where the parent insect always de-
posits her eggs, some of these embryo
ravagers are to be expected. That they
never attack the plants upon a fresh
site is not asserted ; Mr. Marshall's
etatement is evidence to the contrary ;
but it is advanced that the obnoxious
weevil is most frequently to be observed
in soils where the turnip or cabbage has
recently and repeatedly been cultivated.
currence of the disease by driving the
weevils from the soil. It would proba-
bly as effectually banish the turnip fly or
flea, if sprinkled over the surface im-
mediately after the seed is sown, I
entertain this opinion of its efficacy io
preventing the occurrence of the am-
bury, from an instance when it was ap-
plied to some brocoli,ignorantly endea-
voured to be produced in successive
crops on the same plot. These had in-
variably failed from the occurrence of
the amburv, but the brocoli was now
uninfected. The only cause for this
escape that I could trace was, that, just
previously to planting, a little of the
hydro-sulphuret of lime had been dug
in. This is a very fetid powerful com-
AMB
30
AM E
pound. Where dry lime purifiers are
employed at gas works, it may be ob-
tained in the state of a dry powder, but
wlierc a liquid mixture of lime and wa-
ter is employed, the bydro-sulphuret
can only be had in the form of a thick
cream. Of the dry hydro-sulphuret I
would recommend eight bushels per
acre to be spread regularly by hand up-
on the surface after the turnip seed is
sown, and before harrowing. If the
)i(liiid is employed, I would recommend
thirty gallons of it to be mixed with a
sufficient quantity of earth or ashes, to
enable it to be spread over an acre in
a similar manner. For cabbages, twelve
bushels, or forty-five gallons per acre,
would not probably be too much, spread
upon the surface and turned in with the
spade or last ploughing. To effect the
banishment of the turnip-flea I should
like a trial to be made of six or eight
bushels of the dry, or from twenty-two
to twenty-eight gallons of the liquid,
liydro-sulphuret being spread over the
Burlace immediately after the sowing,
harrowing, and rolling are finished.
Although I specify these quantities as
those I calculate most correct, yet in
all experiments it is best to try various
proportions. Three or four bushels
may be found sufficient, perhaps twelve,
or even twenty, may not be too much.
In cabbages the ambury may usually be
avoided by frequent transplanlings, for
this enables the workman to remove
the excrescences upon tlieir first appear-
ance, and renders the plants altogether
more robust and ligneous ; the plant in
its tender sappy stage of growth being
most open to the insect's attacks. The
warts or galls that so frequently may be
noticed on the bulbs of turnips, must
not be mistaken for the ambury in a
mitigated form. If these are opened
small gardens, wliere the same crop is
too IVequently repeated : also in market
gardens. In the latter case it may be
attributable to the putrid manure used
to produce excessive luxuriance. Lime,
change of manure, rotation of crops, but
above all deep tillage, bringing the
subsoil to the surface, are the remedies
adopted.
AMELANCHIER. Four species.
Hardy deciduous shrubs. Layers.
Common uiMi:f soil.
AMELLUrt. Three species. A.
Lyrhnitis, green-li,ouse evergreen ;
others hardy and deciduous. Cuttings.
Loam.
AMERICAN ALOE. Agave Ameri-
cana.
AMERICAN COWSLIP. Dodcca-
theon.
AMERICAN BLIGHT, {Aphis la-
nigera — Eriosoma lanigera.) The cot-
tony matter in tlie cracks and excres-
cences of apple tree branches in the
spring envelops an insect known by
the above names, and which, when
crushed, exudes a reddish fluid. These
insects are injurious by piercing the sap
vessels with their probosces, sucking
the juice of the tree, and causing
wounds which ulcerate and finally de-
stroy the branch attacked by corroding
through all the sap vessels. The cot-
tony matter is abundant, and, wafted to
other trees, probably conveys to them
infection, by bearing with it the eggs
or embryo insect. But this is not the
exclusive mode of difl'using the disease,
for although the females are usually
wingless, yet, like many other insects,
some are probably produced with winga
at the season propitious to coloniza-
tion. The males are uniformly winged.
In the winter these insects retire under
they will usually be found to contain a \ ground, and prey upon the roots of the
yellowish maggot, the larva probably i apple tree. A tree thus ravaged at all
of some species of cynips. This insect > seasons will soon be killed, if prompt
deposits its eggs in the turnip when of! and vigorous remedies are not adopted,
larger growth than that at which it is ] The affected roots may be bared and
attacked by the weevil, and the vegeta- I left exposed for a few days to the cold,
ble consequently suffers less from the ' and the earth, before being returned,
injury ; but from some slight observa- I be saturated with amnioniacal liquor
tions, I am inclined to conclude, that from the gas works. In early March
the turnips thus infested suffer most I the branches should be scraped, and
from the frosts of winter, and are the scrubbed with the same ammoniacal
earliest in decay. — Johnson''s Principles j liquid, or a strong brine of common salt;
of Gardening.
The Ambury occasionally exhibits it-
but whatever liquid is employed, the
scraping and hard bristles of the brush
self around Philadelphia, principally in ; should penetrate every crack in the
AME
31
AM II
bark. This treatment, repeated and I vent them being injured by its pressure,
persevered in so long as the least ap-
pearance of the insect is observed,
never Hiiis of a cure. Linseed or rape
oil or spirit of tar applied to the infected
part, and repeated a second or third
time with a brush, are also effective
remedies. They suifocate the insects.
Strong pyroligneous acid applied in tiie
same mode is also said to destroy this
as well as the scale insect. The codlin
and June eating, a re particularly liable to
be infected ; but I never observed it upon
any of the russet apples: and theCroI'lon
pippin is also said to be exempted.
AMHRICAN CRANBKRRY, (Oxy-
cornts macrocarpa.)
Suil. — A light soil, well incorporated
with peat, and occasionally manured
with rotten leaves.
Situation. — It requires a constant
supply of water, and on a south bank
where this supply can be obtained, it
may be planted in rows four feet apart
each way, and the water made to circ\i-
late in a small ditch between the rows.
But the edge of a pond will suit it al-
most as well.
After-culture. — The shrubs require
no iitlier attention than to be kept hee
from weeds.
Produce. — This is so abundant that a
bed six yards long is sufficient for the
largest tiimilv.
AMERICAN CRESS, (Barharea pre-
cox.)
Soil and Situation. — For the win-
ter standing crops, a light, dry soil, in
an open but warm situation, should be
allotted to it; and for the summer, a
rather moister and shady border is to
be preferred. In neither instance is it
required to be rich
some twigs may be bent over the bed,
or some light bushy branches laid among
them, which will support it. The only
cultivation they require is to be kept
clear of weeds.
In gathering, the outside leaves only
should be stripped off, whicli enables
successive crops to become rapidly fit
for use.
Wlien the plants begin to run, their
centres must be cut away, which causes
them to shoot afresh.
To obtain Seed. — For the production
of seed, a few of the strongest plants,
raised from the first spring sowing, are
left ungathered from. They flower in
June or July, and perfect their seed be-
tbre the commencement of autumn.
AMERICAN PLANTS. In England
and the European continental gardens,
apartments are allotted to collections
ofour native plants, and usually denomi-
nated the American department. It is
somewhat amusing to read the direc-
tions laid down as to its soil, situation,
&c., as if our country, whicli presents
the greatest diversity of soil, climate
and altitude, with corresponditig vege-
table productions, some delighting in
the swani[), others in the mountain,
some sustaining the frosts of iiigli north-
ern latitudes, others luxuriating in the
sunny south, eaCh choosing tor itself
its own peculiar soil — were as hounded
and contracted as the British Isle. We
annex a specimen. " American Plants.
These comprise many very d liferent
species, which, resemlding each other
in requiring a peaty soil and abundance
of water, are usually cultivated in a
separate department, where the garden
establishment is extensive; anil, wher-
Time and mode of sowing. — It is pro- i ever grown, should have a compart-
pagated by seed, which must be sown
every six weeks from March to August
for summer and autumn, but only one
sowing is necessary either at the end of
August or beginning of September, for
a su[)ply during winter and spring. It
may be sown broadcast, but the most
})refcrable mode is in drills nine inches
apart. Water may be given occasion-
ally during dry weather, both before
and alter the appearance of the plants.
If raised from broadcast sowings, the
plants arc thinned to six inches apart:
if in drills, only to three. In winter
they require the shelter of a little lit-
ter, or other light covering ; and to pre-
rnent to themselves, u very acutely
sloping bank, facing the north or east;
and someofihein,as the Riiododendron,
Andromeda, and Azalea, do not oliject
to being overshadowed by trees. The
soil, as already stated, must be peat;
and the best annual dressings that can
be applied are such matters as decayed
leaves, and the bottom of old wood
stacks; or any other mixture of de-
cayed woody fibre."
AMERIMNLM. Two species. Stove
evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Loam.
AMETHYSTIA cccrulea. Hardy an-
nual. Seed. Peat.
AMHERSTIA nobilis. Stove ever-
AMH
32
A NE
green. A most lovely tree. Cuttings.
Rich clayey io;itn.
AMICIA zigomeris. Stove ever-
green climber. Cuttings. Loam.
AMIROLA nitida. Stove evergreen
tree. Cuttings. Peat and loam.
AMMOBIUM. Two species. Half-
hardy herbaceous. Cuttings. Peat and
sand.
AMMOCHARIS. Brunsvigia.
AMMYRSINE. Two species. Hardy
evergreen shrubs. Layers. Sand and
peat.
AMOMUM. Thirteen species. Stove
herbaceous perennials. Division. Light
rich soil.
AMORPHA. Eleven species. Chiefly
hardy deciduous shrubs. Layers and
cuttings. Common light soil.
AMPELOPSIS. Four species. Hardy
deciduous climbers, except A. bipin-
nata, which is a shrub. Layers or cut-
tings. Common soil.
AMPELYGONUM chinense. Green-
house herbaceous. Seed. Sand,loani;
and peat.
AMPHEREPHIS. Three species.
Hardy annuals. Seed. Common soil.
AMPHICARPA. Two species.
Hardy deciduous twiners. Seed or cut-
lin£8. Loam, peat and sand.
AMPHICOME arguta. Half-hardy
evergreen. Seeds or cuttings. Loam,
eand, and peat. Suited for rock-work.
AMPHILOBIUM paniculatum. Stove
evergreen climber. Cuttings. Loam
and peat.
AMSONIA. Three species. Hardy
herbaceous. Cuttings or division.
Common soil.
AMYGDALUS. Almond. Six spe-
cies, and many varieties. Seed and
grafts. Rich loam. For culture, see
Peach.
AMYRIS. Ten species. Stove ever-
green trees. Cuttings. Loam and peat.
ANACAMPSEROS. Ten species.
Green-house evergreen shrubs. Suck-
ers. Comm'in light soil.
ANACARDIUM. Two species.
Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings. Light
loam.
ANACYCLUS. Three species.
Hardy annuals. Seed. Common soil.
ANADENl A pulrhella. Green-house
evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Peat and
loam.
ANAGALLIS. Pimpernel. Ten
Bpecies. Some are hardy annuals —
seed ; others green-house biennials ;
these and the perennial species are
propagated by cuttings. Common light
soil suits all.
ANAGYRIS. Three species. Half-
hardy evergreen shrubs. Cuttings or
seed. Rich light soil.
ANANASSA. Pine Apple. Four
species and many varieties. See Pine-
Apple.
ANANTHERIX viridu. Hardy pe-
rennial. Seed or division. Light rich
soil.
ANARRHINUM. Three species.
Hardy biennials. Seed. Common soil.
AN ASTATIC A hierochuntina. Rose
of Jericho. Half-hardy annual. Seed.
Common soil.
ANCHIETEApj/r?7o/ia. Stove ever-
green climber. Peat and loam.
ANCHOVY-PEAR. Grias cauliflora.
ANCHUSA. Twenty-seven species.
All hardy but A. capensis. This re-
quires to be raised in a frame ; the
others may be sown in open borders.
ANDERSONIA sprengeloides. Green-
house evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Sandy
peat.
ANDIRA. Two species. Stove
evergreen trees. Cuttings. Loam and
peat.
ANDROCYMBIUM. Three species.
Green-house bulbs. Offsets. Peat and
sandy loam.
ANDROMEDA. Twenty-nine spe-
cies and many varieties Mostly hardy
evergreens. A. buxifoUa, fasriculata,
jamaicensis, and ruhiginosa are stove
evergreens. A. Iiypnoides, japonica,
ovalifoUa, sinensis, and tetragona are
half-hardy. The United States has
contributed the larger portion of this
interesting genus. Seed. Peat.
ANDROSACE. Eighteen species.
Mostly hardy. Seed or division. Peat
and turfy loam.
ANDRYALA. Nine species. Some
hardy, others green-house plants. Seed
and division. Common soil.
ANKILEMA. Eleven species. Stove
and green-house. Division or seed.
Peal and sandy loam.
ANEMIA. Eleven species. Stove
ferns. Division and seed. Light loam.
ANEMONE. Wind-flower. Forty-
seven species ; numerous varieties.
Some hardy herbaceous, others hardy
tuberous; A.vitifoliais half-hardy, and