only in a half putrefied state, (called
short dung by farmers,) and hence the
seeds are destroyed by the eftects of
the putrefaction, and the dung still ex-
tends much farther than if suffered to
remain until quite putrefied. Putrefac-
tion cannot go on without the presence
of moisture. Where water is entirely
absent, there can be no putrefaction ;
and hence many farmers have adopted
the practice of pumping the drainage of
their farm-yards over their dung heaps ;
others invariably place them in a low
damp situation. This liquid portion
cannot be too highly valued by the
cultivator. The soil where a dunghill
has lain in a field is always distin-
guished by a rank luxuriance in the
succeeding crop, even if the earth be-
neath, to the depth of six inches, is
removed and spread with the dunghill.

The controversy, too, which once so
keenly existed, as to the slate of fer-
mentation in which dung should be
used on the land, has now pretty well
subsided. There is no doubt but that
it cannot be applied more advan-
tageously tlian in as fresh a state as
possible, consistent with the attain-
ment of a tolerably clean husbandry,
and the destruction of the seeds of
weeds, grubs, &c., which are always
more or less present in farm-yard dung.
These are the only evils to be appre-



DUN



206



DUN



hended from the desirable employment
of this manure in the freshest state ;
for otherwise the loss of its most valu-
able constituents commences as soon as
fermentation begins. This was long
since demonstrated by Davy, whose
experiments I have often seen repeated
and varied. He says, " I filled a large
retort capable of containing three pints
of water with some hot fermenting
manure, consisting principally of the
litter and dung of cattle. I adapted a
small receiver to the retort, and con-
nected the whole with a mercurial
pneumatic apparatus, so as to collect
the condensible and elastic fluids which
might arise from the dung. The re-
ceiver soon became lined with dew,
and drops began in a few hours to
trickle down the sides of it. Elastic
fluid likewise was generated ; in three
days thirty-five cubical inches h&d been
formed, which when analyzed were
found to contain twenty-one cubical
inches of carbonic acid ; the remainder
was hydro-carburet, mixed with some
azote, probably no more than existed
in the common air in the receiver.
The fluid matter collected in the re-
ceiver at the same time amounted to
nearly half an ounce. It had a saline
taste and a disagreeable smell, and con-
tained some acetate and carbonate of
ammonia. Finding such products given
off from fermenting litter, I introduced
the beak of another retort filled with
similar dung very hot at the time, in the
soil amongst the roots of some grass in
the border of a garden. In less than a
week a very discernible effect was pro-
duced on the grass, upon the spot ex-
posed to the influence of the matter
disengaged in fermentation ; it grew
M'ith much more luxuriance than the
grass in any other part of the gar-
den." — Lectures.

Nothing, indeed, appears at first sight
so simple as the manufacture and col-
lection of farm yard dung, and yet there
are endless sources of error into which
the cultivator is sure to fall, if he is not
ever vigilant in their management. The
late Mr. Francis Blake, in his valuable
tract upon the management of farm-
yard manure, dwells upon several of
these; he particularly condemns the
practice of keeping the dung arising
from different descriptions of animals
in separate heaps or departments, and
applying them to the land without inter-



mixture. " It is customary," he adds,
" to keep the fattening neat cattle in
yards by themselves, and the manure
thus produced is of good quality, be-
cause the excrement of such cattle is
richer than that of lean ones. Fattening
cattle are fed with oil cake, corn,
Swedish turnips, or some other food,
and the refuse and waste of such food
thrown about the yard increases the
value; it also attracts the pigs to the
yard. These rout the straw and dung
about in search of grains of corn, bits of
Swedish turnips, and other food ; by
which means the manure in the yard
becomes more intimately mixed, and is
proportionally increased in value. The
feeding troughs and cribs in the yard
should for obvious reasons be shifted
frequently.

" The horse-dung," continues Blake,
" is usually thrown out at the stable
doors, and there accumulates in large
heaps. It is sometimes spread a little
about, but more generally not at all,
unless where necessary for the conve-
nience of ingress and egress, or perhaps
to allow the water to drain away from
the stable door. Horse-dung lying in
heaps very soon ferments and heats to
an excess, the centre of the heap is
charred or burned to a dry white sub-
stance, provincially termed fire-fanged.
Dung in this state loses from fifty to
seventy-five per cent, of its value. The
diligent and attentive farmer will guard
against such profligate waste of property
by never allowing the dung to accumu-
late in any considerable quantity at the
stable doors. The dung from the feed-
ing hog-sties should also be carted and
spread about the store cattle yard in
the same manner as the horse-dung.

" The heat produced by the ferment-
ation of the dung of different animals
has been made the subject of repeated
experiment. When the temperature of
the air was 40^, that of common farm-
yard dung was 70^; a mixture of lime,
dung, and earth, 55=> ; swine and fowl's
dung, 85°." — Farmer's Magazine,
Johnson^s Fertilizers.

" The quality of farm-yard compost
naturally varies with the food of the
animals by which it is made : that from
the cattle of the straw-yard is decidedly
the poorest, that from those fed on oil-
cake, corn, or Swedes, the richest. Of
stable dung, that from corn-fed horses
is most powerful, from those subsisting



DUR



207



ECU



w

on straw anil hay the poorest; the j ous proportions : — Silica, or pure flint ;



difference between the fertilizing effects
of the richest and the inferior farm-yard
dung is much greater tlian is commonly
believed ; in* many instances the dis-



Alumina, or pure clay; Lime, combined
with carbonic acid in the state of chalk ;
and Magnesia. See Soil.

EARTHING-UP, or drawing the soil



parity exceeds one-half; thus that pro- I in a ridge to the stems of plants, 13
duced by cattle fed upon oil-cake is beneficial to fibrous-rooted plants, by
fully equal in value to double the ! reducing the distance from the surface
quantity fed upon turnips. Hence the j of the extremities of the plant's roots ;
superior richness of the manure of j by inducing the production of rootlets
fattening swine to that of pigs in a lean ! from the stem ; and sheltering the
state, and the far superior strength of j winter standing crops, for the closer
night-soil to any manure produced from \ the foliage of these are to the earth the
merely vegetable food. Chemical ex- | less is the reduction of heat from the
aminations are hardly necessary to j latter, either by radiation or contact
prove these facts. Every farmer who with the colder air.



has had stall-fed cattle will testify to
their truth; every cultivator will readily
acknowledge the superiority of ' town-
made,' that is, corn-produced stable
dung, to that from horses fed only on



But to tuberous-rooted plants, as the
potato, it is detrimental. In my experi-
ments it reduced the produce one-
fourth. Many farmers who cultivate
the potato extensively, do so with the



"""B5 ■■■' "■•■•■ >■"•■' ..v,.»^o .V,V. ^...J „ -^ , _, - -

hay and straw, and that night-soil is far ; horse-hoe alone, no longer using the
superior in strength to either. The j plough to earth-up, as was formerly the
relative (juantities employed by the ; universal practice, and is now with
cultivator betray the same fact, for on those who never profit by experience,
the soils where'he applies twenty loads , EARWIG. Forficula auricularis.
of good farm-yard compost per acre, he This destroyer of the peach, apricot,
■'""■'■ <- • 1 . piurn, dahlia, pink and carnation, com-

mits its ravages only at night, retiring
durinjr the day to any convenient



spreads not half that quantity of night-
soil. The drainage from all manures

should be scrupulously preserved, for ^ — _.._, .- .-..j

the liquid or soluble portion constitutes ' shelter in the vicinity of its prey. Ad-
their richest portion. The escape of, vantage must be taken of this habit,



their gaseous products during decom
position should also be checked as
much as possible, for they contain
ammonia, carbonic acid, &c., all
abounding in constituents valuable as
.fertilizers." — Johnson^s Farmer's En-
cyclop



and if small garden pots with a little
moss within be inverted upon a stick,
and pieces of the dry hollow stem of
the sunflower, or Jerusalem artichoke,
be placed in the neighbourhood of the
fruits and flowers enumerated, many of
the insects will resort thither, and may



DUR.\NTA. Seven species. Stove be shaken out and destroyed. As ear-



evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Loam and
peat.

DUVALIA. Twelve species. Stove
evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Sandy
loam and lime rubbish.

DUVAUA. Four species. Green-
house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings.
Common soil.

DWARF FAN-PALM. Chamarops
humilis.

DWARF MOLY. Allium chama-
moly.

DWARF STANDARD is a fruit tree
on a very short stem, with its branches
unshortened and untrained.

DYCKIA ranjlora. Green-house
herbaceous. Suckers. Sandy peat and
loam.

EARTHS. Every cultivated soil is
mainly composed of four earths in vari-



wigs are winged insects, it is useless to
guard the stems of plants in any mode.

EBENUS. Two species. Green-
house evergreens. Seed. Peat and
loam.

ECASTAPHYLLUM. Three species.
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Rich
loam.

ECCREMOCARPUS longiflora.
Green-house evergreen climber. Cut-
tings. Sand, loam, and peat.

E C H E V E R I A . Seven species.
Green-house and stove succulents. Cut-
tings. Sandy loam and peat.

ECHINACEA. Six species. Hardy
herbaceous. Division. Light rich loam.

ECHINOCACTUS. Sixty-one
species. Stove evergreen. Offsets.
Sandy peat, and a little calcareous rub-
bish.



ECH



208



END



ECHINOPS. Sixteen species. Hardy
herbaceous. Division. Common soil.

ECHITES. Twenty-one species.
Chiefly stove evergreen twiners. Cut-
ings. Loam and peat.

ECHIUM. Fifty-eight species.
Hardy and green-house shrubs and an-
nuals. Layers and cuttings, or seeds.
Loam and peat.

EDGING. This for the kitchen-garden
and all other places where neatness, not



ELiEODENDRON. Five species.
Green-house and stove evergreen
slirubs. Cuttings. Loam and peat.

ELAPHRIUM glabrum. ^ Stove ever-
green tree. Cuttings. Peat and loam.

ELATE sylvestris. A stove palm.
Suckers. Rich loam.

ELATER. See Wire- worm.

ELDER {Sambucus). Common black
elder (S. nigra), of which there are
several varieties, viz., black-berried,



ELEVATION. See Altitude.
ELICHRYSUM. Forty-five species.



ornament, is the object, may consist of) white-berried, green-berried, parsley-
useful herbs, the strawberry &c. As an • leaved, gold-striped, silver-striped, and
ornamental edging nothing can compare silver-dusted,
with the dwarf Box, especially in light
soils. On heavy low lands it suffers

during winter and may, perhaps, be i Chiefly green-house evergreen shrubs
totally destroyed; in such situations i and deciduous perennials. Cuttings,
grass may be used, though it is trouble- Peat and sandy loam.

ELLIOTTIA racemnsa. Half-hardy

evergreen shrub. Layers. Sandy loam

and peat.



some to keep in order.
Fig. 36.




EDGING KNIFE. This tool , fitted
to a straight handle, is used for paring
the edges of grass bordering walks,
&c., and cutting the outlines of sods,
which may be then readily raised by
the spade. — Rural Reg.

EDWARDSIA. Six species. Half-
hardy shurbs. Cuttings. Sandy peat.

EGG-BEARER. Solanum origenum.

EGG-SHELLS. See Animal Matters.

EGLANTINE. See Sweet Briar.

EGYPTIAN LOTUS. Nymphcea
lotus.

EGYPTIAN THORN. Acacia vera.

EHRETIA. Eleven species. Stove
evergreen shrubs and trees. Cuttings.
Loam and peat.

EKEBERGIA capensis. Green-
house evergreen tree. Cuttings. Loam
and peat.

EL^AGNUS. Seven species. Hardy
or green-house trees and shrubs, except
E. latifolia, which is a stove shrub.
Layers or cuttings. Light soil.

ELAIS. Four species. Stove palms.
Suckers. Rich sandy loam.

EL^.OCARPUS. Five species.
Stove or green-house trees or shrubs.
Cuttings. Loam and peat.



ELLRBOCARPUS oleraceus. Stove
fern. Division. Loam.

ELISENA longipetala. Stove bulb.
Offsets. Sandy loam and leaf-mould.

ELM (Ulmus).

ICLM BEETLE. See Scolytus.

EMBLICA. Two species. Stove
evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Peat and
sand.

EMBOTHRIUM stroUlinum. Green-
house evergreen shrub. Cuttings.
Sandy peat.

ENCP.LIA. Two species. Green-
house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings.
Loam.

ENDIVE {Cichorium endivia).

Varieties. — The green-curled, the
only one cultivated for the main crops,
as it best endures wet and cold ; the
white-curled, chiefly grown for summer
and autumn ; the broad-leaved, or Bata-
vian, is preferred for soups and stews,
but is seldom used for salads.

Soil and situation. — Endive delights
in a light, dry, but rich soil, dug deep,
as well for the free admission of its tap-
root as to serve as a drain for any super-
abundant moisture. This should be
especially attended to for the winter
standing crops, for which, likewise, if
the soil or substratum is retentive, it is
best to form an artificial bed by laying
a foot in depth of mould on a bed of
brickbats, stones, &c., as excessive
moisture, in conjunction with excessive
cold, is in general fatal to this plant.
The situation should be open, and free
from the influence of trees.



END



209



END



Time and mode of sowing. — For a
first crop about the middle of April, to
be repeated in May, but only in small
portions, as those which are raised be-
fore June, soon advance to seed. To-
wards the middle of this month the first
main crop may be inserted ; to be con-
tinued in the course of July, and lastly
early in August ; and in tiiis month the
main plantation is made. The seed
is sown then in drills twelve inches



frames, mats, or thick coverings of lit-
ter, during severe and very wet wea-
ther ; but to be carefully uncovered
during mild dry days. The plants, in
this instance, are not required to be
further apart than six or eight inches.
This plan may be followed in open days
during December and January, by which
means a constant supply may be ob-
tained. Instead of being planted in the
above manner on a terrace, it is some-



apart, and about half an inch below the , times practised to take the plants on a
surface. The plants speedily make dry day, and, the leaves being tied to-
their appearance. When an inch in 1 gether, to lay them horizontally in the
height ihey should be thinned to three | earth down to the tip of the leaves;



or four inches apart : those taken away
are too small to be of any service if
pricked out. The bed must be kept
clear of weeds from the first appearance
of the plants until they are removed.
To promote their arrival at a fit size for
performing this operation, water should
be given occasionally in dry weather.

When the larger seedlings have been
transplanted, the smaller ones which
remain may be cleared of weeds and
have a gentle watering ; by which treat-
ment, in twelve or fourteen days, they
will have attained a sufficient size to
afford a second successional crop; and,
by a repetition of this management, in
general a third. The plants are gene-
rally fit for transplanting when of a
month's growth in the seed-bed ; but
a more certain criterion is, that when
of five or six inches' height they are of
the most favourable size.

Plantinjr. — They must be set in rows
twelve or fifteen inches apart each way :
the Batavian requires the greatest space.
Some gardeners recommend them to be
set in trenches or drills three or four
inches deep. This mode is not detri-
mental in summer and dry weather;
but in winter, when every precaution
is to be adopted for the prevention of
decay, it is always injurious.

Water must be given moderately



this accelerates the blanching, but
otherwise is far more subject to failure.

As the number necessary for a family
is but small, but few should be planted
at a time.

Blanching. — About three months
elapse between the time of sowing and
the fitness of the plants for blanching.
This operation, if conducted properly,
will be completed in from ten to four-
teen days in summer, or in three or
four weeks in winter. To blanch the
plants it is the most common practice
to tie their leaves together, to place
tiles or pieces of board upon them, or
to cover them with garden-pots; whilst
some recommend their leaves to be tied
together, and then to be covered up to
their tips with mould, making it rise to
an apex, so as to throw off excessive
rains. All these methods succeed iu
dry seasons ; but in wet ones the plants,
treated according to any of them, are
liable to decay.

The one which succeeds best in all
seasons is to fold the leaves round the
heart as much as possible in their natu-
ral position; and being tied together
with a shred of bass-mat, covered up
entirely with coal-ashes in the form of
a cone, the surface being rendered firm
and smooth with the trowel. Sand will
do, but ashes are equally unretentive



.. „„ ^ — ^ ^^.j I"-) "■•- "-•• - - — -^1 J ^-^ — •■

every evening uutil the plants are esta- j of moisture, whilst they are much supe



blished, after which it is not at all re-
quisite, except in excessive and pro-
tracted drought. Those which arc left
in the seed-bed, if the soil is at all fa-
vourable, in general attain a finer
growth than those that have been



rior in absorbing heat, which is so be-
neficial in the hastening of the process.
If the simple mode of drawing the
leaves together is adopted to effect this
etiolation, they must be tied very close,
and, in a week after the first tying, a



moved. In November some plants that second ligature must be passed round
have attained nearly their full size may the middle of the plant to prevent the
be removed to the south side of a slop- heart-leaves bursting out. A dry after-
ing bank of dry light earth, raised one noon, when the plants are entirely free
or two feet behind : to be protected by i from moisture, should be selected,
14



ENG



210



ENG



whichever mode is adopted for this
concluding operation.

A very excellent mode is to spread
over the surface of the bed about an
inch in depth of pit-sand, and covering
each plant with a small pot made of
earthenware, painted both within and
on the outside to exclude the wet — that
worst hindrance of blanching. To avoid
this, the pots should be taken off daily
for a quarter of an hour, and their in-
sides wiped dry. A common garden-pot
will do if the hole be closely stopped;
but a sea-kale pot in miniature, is to
be preferred ; and if made of zinc or
other metal, it would be better, because
not porous and admissive of moisture. —
Juhnson''s Gard. Almanack.

To obtain Seed. — The finest and
soundest plants should be selected of
the lastplantation, and which most agree
with the characteristics of the respect-
ive varieties. For a small family three
or four plants of each variety will pro-
duce sufficient. These should be taken
in March, and planted beneath a south
fence, about a foot from it and eighteen
inches apart. As the flower-stem ad-
vances it should be fastened to a stake;
or, if they are placed beneath palings,

by a string, to be gathered
Fi'T. 37. as the seed upon it ripens r

for if none are gathered

T until the whole plant is
changing colour, the first
jg, ripened and best seed will
have scattered and be lost,
so wide is the difference
of time between the seve-
ral branches of the same
plant ripening their seed.
Each branch must be laid,
as it is cut, upon a cloth in
the sun ; and when per-
fectly dry, the seed beaten
out, cleansed, and stored.

ENGINE. This name is
applied to many contriv-
ances for supplying water
to platUs.

1. The pump-syringe, or
syringe-engine, (Fig. 37),
can be supplied with water
from a common bucket,
from which it sucks the
water tiirough a perforat-
ed base. The handle is
sometimes made to work
like that of the common
pump.



2. The barrow watering-engine (Fig.
38) is represented in the figure below.
It will throw the jet of water to a dis-
tance of forty or fifty feet, or somewhat
less if a rose is upon the end of the de-
livery-pipe. It holds from twenty to
thirty gallons of water; but may be
made, with a leather-hose attached, to
communicate with a pond or other
reservoir of water.

Fig. 38.




3. The curved barrel-engine (Fig. 39)
is excellent; for the barrel, piston-rods,
&c., being so constructed as to be turned
on a lathe, they are so accurate that
there is the least possible loss of power,
either from unnecessary friction or from
an imperfect vacuum.

Fig. 39.




Another garden engine of still greater
power, is illustrated by the annexed
drawing (Fig. 40) ; it is somewhat more
costly than those in general use, but
may be used for a variety of purposes,
and in some cases might be used to



i



ENK



211



ENT



Fig. 40.




protect property from fire. They are
of various patterns and power. Some of
them, worked by a single arm, cast the
water fifty to sixty feet high. |

E N K i A N T H U S. Two species.
Green-house evergreen shrubs. Cut-
tings. Sandy loam and peat.

ENTADA. Five species. Stove ever-
green climbers. Cuttings. Loam and
peat.

ENTELEA. Two species. Green-
house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings.
Loam and sandy peat.

ENTRANCES. Upon these parts of
a residence, which should give a first
and appropriate impression, Mr. VVhate-
ley has these just remarks :

"The road which leads up to the
door of the mansion may go off from it
in an equal angle, so that tiie two sides
shall exactly correspond ; and certain
ornaments, though detached, are yet
rather within the province of architec-
ture than of gardening ; works of sculp-
ture are not, like buildings, objects
familiar in scenes of cultivated nature ;
but vases, statues, and termini, are
usual appendages to a considerable edi- !
fice : as such, they may attend the man-
sion, and trespass a little upon the gar-
den, provided they are not carried so
far into it as to lose their connexion
with the structure. The platform and
the road are also appurtenances to the
house ; all these may, therefore, be
adapted to its form ; and the environs I
will thereby acquire a degree of regu- 1



larity ; but to give it to the objects of
nature, only on account of their prox-
imity to others which are calculated to
receive it, is, at the best, a refinement.

" Upon the same principles regu-
larity has been required in the approach;
and an additional reason has been as-
signed for it, that the idea of a seat is
thereby extended to a distance ; but
that may be by other means than by an
avenue ; a private road is easily known;
if carried through grounds, or a park,
it is commonly very apparent ; even in
a lane, here and there a bench, a paint-
ed gate, a small plantation, or any other
little ornament, will sufficiently denote
it. If the entrance only be marked,
simple preservation will retain the im-
pression along the whole progress ; or
it may wind through several scenes dis-
tinguished by objects, or by an extraor-
dinary degree of cultivation : and then
the length of the way, and the variety
of improvements through which it is
conducted, may extend the appearance
ofdomain and the idea of a seat, beyond
the reach of any direct avenue. A
narrow vista, a mere line of perspective,
be the extent what it may, will seldom
compensate for the loss of that space
which it divides, and of the parts which
it conceals.

"Regularity was, however, once
thought essential to every garden and
every approach ; and it yet remains in
many. It is still a character denoting
the neighbourhood of a gentleman's



EPA



212



EllP



habitation ; and an avenue, as an object EREMURUS spectabilis. Hardy her-
in a view, gives to a house, otherwise baceous. Division. Common soil,
inconsiderable, the air of a mansion. ERIA. Twelve species. Stove