roots, to guard against which, use a
trowel to ease them up, and suffer as
much earth as will, to adhere. During
the time they remain in the frame, the
sash should be raised when the weather
is mild, to admit the air, and gradually
harden them, preparatory to full ex-
posure when transplanted, else the sud-
den change of temperature might prove
fatal. In order to make them set fruit
more certainly, it is the practice to nip
off the top or leading shoots when they
are in full flower; this checks the growth,
and directs the strength of the plant
towards the blossoms. If a part of the
flowers are destroyed in this operation,
there is no loss.
Whilst the crop is growing and pro-
gressing towards maturity, keep the
ground well hoed, and free from weeds.
When the plants have attained six or
eight inches in height, draw towards
their base a portion of loose earth,
which will encourage them to put forth
fresh fibres, and protectthc roots already
formed, from the sun's rays. — Rural
Register.
KIRGANELIA elegans. Stove ever-
green shrub. Ripe cuttings. Loam and
peat.
KITAIBELIA vitifolia. Hardy herb-
aceous. Seed. Common soil.
KITCHEN GARDEN.
Situation of the Kitchen Garden. — In
selecting the site, and in erecting the
inclosures, as well as in the after pre-
the south is to be preferred to one verg-
ing towards the north. A high wall
should inclose it to the north and east,
gradually lowering to the south and
west. If, however, a plantation or
building on the east side, at some dis-
tance, shelter it from the piercing
winds, which blow from that quarter,
and yet are at such a distance as not to
intercept the rays of the rising sun, it
is much to be preferred to heightening
the wall. It is a still greater desidera-
tum to have a similar shelter, or that
of a hill on the south-west and north-
west points. The garden is best situated
at a moderate elevation ; the summit of
a hill, or the bottom of a valley, is equal-
ly to be avoided. It is a fact not very
difficult of explanation, that low lying
ones are the most liable to suffer from
blights and severe frosts ; those much
above the level of the sea are obviously
most exposed to inclement winds.
Size of the Kitchen Garden. — To de-
termine the appropriate size of a kitchen
garden is impossible. It ought to be
proportionate to the size of the family,
their partiality for vegetables, and the
fertility of the soil.
It may serve as some criterion to
state, that the management of a kitchen
garden occupying the space of an acre,
aflbrds ample employment for a garden-
er, who will also require an assistant
at the busiest period of the year. In
general, a family of four persons, ex-
clusive of servants, requires a full rood
of open kitchen garden.
Plan of the Kitchen Garden. — In
forming the ground plan of a kitchen
garden, utility is the main object. The
form and aspect represented in the
accompanying sketch are, perhaps, as
unobjectionable as any, since none of
the walls face the north, and conse-
quently the best aspects are obtained
for the trees. A narrow path two feet
paration of the soil, the ingenuity and j wide should extend round, adjoining
science of the horticulturist are essen- j the wall, and then a border about ten
tially requisite. He will be called upon
to rectify the defects and to improve the
advantages which nature affords; for it
feet, the widest on those broad sides
that face the south, which not only is
beneficial to the trees, but convenient
is very seldom that the natural situation ' for raising early crops, &c. Next to
KNI
335
LAB
this should be a walk five feet
width, likewise extendin
area.
Fig. 95.
round the green shrubs
I and peat
KYDIA. Two species. Stove ever-
Cuttings. Sandy loam
LABEL. That which combines du-
rability with facility of reference and
cheapness, is a small piece of deal,
planed smooth, painted white, and
written upon with a lead pencil.
Respecting the inclosure of the kitch-
en garden, see Hedges and Walls.
KLEINHOVIA Iwspita. Stove ever- ; When required for a seed-bed, a small
green tree. Cuttings. Peat and loam.
KNIFE. Of this the gardener re-
quires several kinds. I. Garden Knife,
with a curved blade, for common rough
purposes. 2. Pruning Knife, with a
straight blade, and fine edge. 3. Graft
stake is to be driven into the ground,
and from it the label to be suspended.
LABICHEA. Two species. Green-
house shrubs. Cuttings. Sandy loam
and peat.
LABLAVIA. Six species, besides
ing knife, also straight-bladed, but with i varieties. Stove and green-house twin-
a thinner and narrower blade. 4. Bud- ers. Four annuals, the rest deciduous.
ding Knife, is like the grafting knife,' Annuals sow in pots in stove, seedlings
but should have a double-edged sharp plant out at end of May. Deciduous by
point, like an oyster- knife, and the
handle of ivory, is wedge-shaped, for
raising the bark from the wood. There
is a variety of superior excellence, call-
ed Curtis's Budding Knife. 5. Aspara
cuttings. Common soil.
LABURNUM. Cytisus Laburnum.
Varieties. — Common Broad-leafed
Laburnum ; Narrow-leafed long-spiked
Laburnum ; Short-spiked Laburnum ;
gus Knife, has cither a strong straight Variegated-leafed Laburnum, and Mid-
blade, with a sharp chisel-shaped point, die-sized Laburnum (C. L. interme-
or a slightly curved blade, with a saw- j dium). The first two of which varieties
edge on the inner side of the curve. ' are tolerably permanent from seed, but
KNIGHTIA excejsa. Green - house the other two must be continued by
evergreen tree. Cuttings. Loam, peat, cuttings.
and sand. I Propagation. — By Seed. — The seed
KNOXIA. Four species. Stove ever- ! grows freely in the open ground, and
green shrubs, except JiT. teiv's, which is
annual. The former are increased by
cuttings. Sandy loam and peat.
KOLREUTERIA paniculata. Hardy
deciduous tree. Layers and root-cut-
tings. Sheltered common soil.
should be sown in March, in four-feet
beds, drilling it in half an inch deep;
they will come up in six or seven weeks.
Keep them weeded during summer;
and in spring following the seedlings in
general, if they stand very close, may
KONIGA maritima, var. variegata. ' be transplanted into the nursery in rows.
Green-house evergreen shrub. Cuttings.
Common soil.
KRAMERLV pauciflora. Stove ever-
green shrub. Cuttings. Sandy loam
and peat.
KRIGIA. Two species. Hardy an-
nuals. Seed. Sandy loam
two feet distance, allowing them more
room as they advance in growth; and
here they may remain two, three, or
four years, till large enough for the
shrubbery.
By Cuttings. — October or Novem-
ber is the best time for planting them.
KUHNIA. Four species. Two hardy, I Choose young shoots eight, ten, or
and two green-house herbaceous. Divi- | twelve inches long ; plant them in rows,
sion. Sandy loam and peat. I a foot apart, and five or six inches in
LAB
336
LAM
the lines; and they will be rooted in
one year.
All the culture these plants require
in the nursery, is to keep them clear
from weeds, and to hoe frequently the
ground between the rows. — Abercrom-
bie.
L^TIA thamnia. Stove evergreen
shrub. Cuttings. Rich loam and peat.
LAGASCA mollis. Stove annual.
Seed. Common soil.
LAGENARIA vulgaris. See Gourd.
LAGERSTRCEMIA. Four species.
Stove evergreen shrubs, and one varie-
LABYRINTH is an arrangement of I ty, L. 2/idifa rosea, for the green-house.
■walks, inclosed by hedges or shrubbe
ries, so intricate as to be very difficult
to escape from. From the twelfth cen-
tury to the end of the seventeenth, they
were a very favourite portion of English
pleasure grounds, but they are now
more judiciously banished.
LACHENALIA. Thirty-five species.
Green-house bulbs, except L. glauca,
which is hardy. Seed and offsets.
Sandy peat.
LACHNANTHES tinctoria. Green-
house herbaceous. Seed and division.
Sandy peat.
LACKEY MOTH. See Clisiocampa.
LACTUCA. Lettuce. Seven species,
and many varieties. Hardy annuals.
Seed. Common rich soil. See Let-
tuce.
LADY'S FERN. Aspidium thelyp-
terum.
LADY'S MANTLE. Alchemilla.
LADY'S SLIPPER. Cypripedium.
LADY'S SMOCK. Cardamine.
LADY'S TRESSES. Neottia spira-
lis and spiranthes.
L^LIA. Sixteen species. Stove
epiphytes. Oifsets. Peat and pots-
herds. Mr. Beaton gives the following
directions for the treatment of L. super-
biens, and they are applicable to the
rest of the genus : —
" In April, place it in the warmest
end of the green-house, and there let it
remain till all its shoots are three parts
grown, about the end of June; then
place it in the stove, and let it have as
much air as possible, watch its buds
narrowly, and leave it in the stove till
they are in a forward plump state, then
remove it to a cooler place, and allow
it to go gently to rest as the season de-
clines. If all has gone on well with it,
the flower spikes will make their ap-
pearance as soon as it is at complete
rest in November: at this time the same
heat given to the camellia suits it best,
so that it may safely be taken to the
drawing room for the winter, and hav-
ing previously finished its growth, little
or no water need be given it while in
the drawing room." — Gard. Chron.
Cuttings. Peat and loam.
For the culture of L. indica, Mr. R.
Reid gives the following directions: —
" It should be kept all winter in the
green-house, or even the back sheds
will do perfectly well, and no water
should be given to it. About the middle
or latter end of April, it will begin to
grow, when the young shoots may be
thinned out, and the remainder short-
ened a little; the plant should then be
placed in the stove or vinery, where
there is a brisk heat. It will grow vi-
gorously till June, and will then appear
as if it had done growing for the season,
but in a few weeks, when the young
shoots are well ripened, it will make a
second push at the extremity of every
young shoot. These are the flowering
shoots; and by the month of August it
will be loaded with its beautiful tresses
of purple flowers " — Gard. Chron. On
light well drained soils and sheltered
locations in Pennsylvania, the Lager-
strffimia supports the winter — further
south it is seen in great luxuriance, fif-
teen or twenty feet in height.
LAGETTA lintearia. Stove ever-
green shrub. Ripe cuttings. Loam and
peat.
LAGONYCHIUM stephanianum .
Half-hardy evergreen shrub. Seed, cut-
tings, and layers. Common soil.
LAHAYA'. Ten species. L. alsini-
folia and L. minuartoides are hardy ; L.
diffusa, a green-house, annual trailer ;
the others green-house and stove ever-
green shrubs, except L. polycanpoides,
which is herbaceous. These are in-
creased by cuttings. Sandy peat.
LALAGE orna^a. Green-house ever-
green shrub. Young cuttings. Sand,
loam, and peat.
L A M B E R T I A. Eight species.
Green-house evergreen shrubs. Cut-
tings. Sandy loam and peat.
LAMB'S LETTUCE, or CORN SA-
LAD, {Valerianella olitoria,) is grown
for winter and spring salads. The first
dish formerly brought to table, was a
red herring set in a corn salad.
Soil and Situation. — It will flourish in
L AM
337
LAN
any soil that is not particularly heavy ;
the best is a sandy moderately fertile
loam, in an open situation.
Time and Mode of Sowing. — Seed
may he sown in February and the two
following months, and once a month
during the summer, if in request; but
it is not so palatable during this season.
Lastly, during August and early in Sep-
tember, the plants from which will be
fit for use in early spring, or during the
winter, if mild. Three sowings are in
general quite sufficient for a family,
viz., one at the end of February, a
second early in August, and a third
early in September.
The seed sown in drills, six inches
apart. The only cultivation required
is the keeping the plants free from
weeds by frequent hocings, they being
previously thinned to four inches asun-
der. They should always be eaten quite
young. In summer, the whole plant
may be cut, as they soon advance to
seed at this season ; but in spring and
winter the outer leaves only should be
gathered, as directed for spinach.
To obtain Seed. — Some of the spring-
raised plants must be left ungathered
from. They flower in June, and per-
fect their seed during the two following
months.
L.^MIUM orvala. Hardy herbaceous.
Seed and division. Common soil. Some
varieties of L. longifolium and L. rugo-
suin are also cultivated in gardens.
LAMPWICK. Phlomis lychnitis.
LAND-DITCHING. See Draining.
LANDRA. Rapkanus landra.
LANDRETH, David, was a native
of England, the son of a farmer of Ber-
wick upon Tweed. Early in life his
attention was attracted by plants and
flowers, and yielding to his fondness for
them, and impulses which they only
who love nature can fully appreciate, he
determined to a<lopt gardening as a
profession. At that day the art was
less widely and ardently pursued than
at the present, and the sources of in-
formation, and consequent means of im-
provement, were limited. Then publi-
cations on the subject were not, as now,
of almost daily issue. Periodicals on
gardening and rural afi'airs were un-
known ; and, save the works of Miller,
there was scarcely one for reference.
Since then Horticulture has assumed its
rightful place as a delightful if not a
22
fine art, cherished and pursued by the
intellectual and refined.
The subject of this sketch, after hav-
ing availed himself of the usual routine
of practice in the neighbourhood of his
birth-place, as a mean most likely to
promote his views, and extend his
knowledge of the more approved rules
of the profession which he had espoused,
removed to the vicinity of London.
Here he profited by an observance
of the operations in the extensive
nursery establishments and pleasure-
grounds around the metropolis ; and,
having prepared himself for the efficient
practice of his art, embarked for Ame-
rica. The hostilities between the mo-
ther country and her colonies, then ex-
isting, prevented his sailing for a middle
port, and he accordingly took passage
for Quebec, where he resided for three
years. On the conclusion of the war,
his longing desire to remove to a south-
ern point, and climate more genial to
his pursuit, could now be gratified; and
in the autumn of 1784 he arrived in Phi-
ladelphia, the spot towards which his
eye had been unwaveringly directed —
but why, he has been heard to say, he
could not tell. There all were stran-
gers. Within its wide extent there did
not live a solitary being with whom he
could claim acquaintance, much less
friendship. How many have since fol-
lowed from their fither-land, and found
peaceful and happy homes!
With a pocket but scantily supplied,
and winter approaching, when but little
employment in his line could be ex-
pected, he availed himself of a tempo-
rary engagement. It was not long,
however, ere his qualifications and cor-
rect deportment secured the favourable
notice of Robert Morris, the distinguish-
ed revolutionary patriot, in whose em-
ployment he entered, and continued for
several years, and with whose regard
he was honoured until the close of Mr.
Morris' eventful'life.
Mr. L., on relinquishing the employ-
ment of Mr. Morris, was enabled to
carry out his long-cherished and origi-
nal design of establishing himself as a
Nurseryman ; and shortly thereafter
laid the foundation of vvliat has been
known throughout the Union, for more
than half a century, as the " Landreth
Nurseries." He ultimately associated
with himself a younger brother, Cuth-
bert, who had followed him to America,
LAN
338
LAN
and their united efforts enabled them | dreth in the contemplation of his floral
successfully to conduct what was then I family. A beautiful plant, a noble
considered an extensive business. A tree, or a landscape decorated by the
scrupulous regard to wliat was due to hands of nature or of man, were to him
others secured respect and moderate , objects of the purest pleasure. After
competency. an active and well-spent life, and with
To the brothers Landreth, Philadel-'an enviable reputation, he died on the
phia is, in a degree, indebted for the 22d August, 1836, aged 84.
early development of horticultural taste, LANDSCAPF: GARDENING, as if3_
and in the ficilities which they aiforded name intimates, is the composition of
for its gratification the whole Union has beautiful scenery, so that all artifice is
participated. Their productions, orna- concealed by the blending of trees,
mental and useful, have been distributed shrubs, ground, and water: thus form-
far and wide. Specimens of fruits and
flowers from their grounds exist in al-
most every town and hamlet in the
country. The earliest collection of Ca-
mellias in America was made by them,
and their importations of valuable plants
and fruits were extensive. Their col-
ing vistas gratifying as those which
occur naturally. Admiration for such
scenery is an innate quality of the hu-
man mind ; and successfully to imitate
such scenery requires judgment as well
as taste. It is not possible, without an
enormous outlay, to introduce any spe-
lection of indigenous plants, obtained i cies of landscape beauty upon a given
through the agency and friendship of plot of ground. There is the beauty
traveling collectors, and local corre- I of the level surface, quite unattainable
bpondents, was, perhaps, the largest of upon a surface which is abrupt and bro-
ils day, if we except the magnificent ; ken. The beauty of the clay districts
one of the Bartram Botanic Garden. is not to he secured upon those of the
How vast have been the enlargement chalk; neither on light uplands can be
of horticultural taste, and the means of; arranged' the dense beauties of well-
gratifying it since Mr. Landreth first | watered alluvions. " Consult the genius
embarked in his floral enterprise! Then of the place" is an axiom which has
a green-house, or, as it was popularly ^ been derided, but which is dictated by
termed, a "glass-house," was an ob- ' the soundest sense,
ject of amazement, and a simple rose, j A writer upon the general principles
exhibited in a window budding and of landscape gardening has some very
blooming " out of season," attracted a jjudicious remarks, from which the fol-
wondering crowd. Now a residence in
town or country is scarcely considered
lowing are extracts
Although due light and shade are
perfect which does not embrace at least necessary to bring out striking effects,
a room prepared for the preservation of I colour must be attended to. Light and
plants ; and the thousands who throng , shade, we all know, when the sun
the exhibitions of our Horticultural So- ! shines, vary every moment; and ther^-
ciety evince the extent of interest on fore it becomes a study so to assort
the subject.
The temperate and regular habits of
Mr. Landreth promoted health, and
protracted life beyond the ordinary
term. In manners he was plain and
unobtrusive; his temperament ardent,
actively sympathizing with the alHicted,
or warming with indignation at oppres
objects, within range of the principal
point of view, as to bring out various
good effects. Not only must we regard
the diurnal motion of the sun, but his
position in the ecliptic; so that when
he is at various elevations and posi-
tions, light may make the lights and
hadows spread out where they may
sion. His fondness for plants increased make the strongest impression on the
with age, and, though their culture j eye.
was the source of his support, he loved
them for themselves alone. " Trade
was, with him, an adjunct to the grat
" This is a point not much attended
to, but one of^ the greatest value, and
well deserving the closest study by the
fication of a refined enjoyment. Never landscape-gardener. Frequently the ad-
did painter look upon his canvas, in glo- ! mission, at a particular spot, of a mere
nous enthusiasm for his art, with an eye I streak of light eidivens a whole scene,
more abstracted from the lucre which and excites the highest admiration. Sun-
his pencil brought, than did David Lau- | shine through trees, when the orb itself
LAN
339
LAN
18 concealed, and the rays are pene- i an indication of want of invention. The
trating, a thin shower falling among | country is covered with new residences
them, produces at times delightful ef- [ in the Elizabethan style ; and there is
fects. ' a sameness that is rather tiresome, and
" The variety of green tints is very I far from being so picturesque as the
great, and their disposition of import- castellated, with all its modern incon-
ance. Green is a mixture of blue and
yellow, and the predominance of either
ruities.
"Dwelling-houses should be arranged
must be studied. A different suit of for comfort, and, where means are at
colours appears in the autumn, the yel
low prevailing, but mixed with red in-
stead of blue, which seems to disappear
from the tints of autumn. Some trees
change colour early, as the horse-chest-
nut; others late, as the beech and oak.
Advantage should be taken of this, and
trees arranged accordingly. Evergreens
command, also tor elegance and gran-
deur, both internally and externally.
" The ruins of ancient buildings pro-
duce a most pleasing effect, and they
ought to be preserved ; but it would be
preposterous in our day to build that
which is felt to be impressive only
when in a state of ruin. This is a sub-
hi^^oaiiaii^cu av.^v^iuiiitiiy. i:>>dtiittjii3 ....^.. ... — — — - —
should generally be so disposed as to ject not altogether separated from land
form a mass when other trees are naked ;
but, in some situations, single pines and
firs, if room be given to them, produce
a fine effect.
" When a house is to be built where
trees already abound, difficulties will
occur in choosing a site. It is danger
ous to cut down trees before the build
scape gardening
" When a professor finds buildings in
his way, it is his business either to hide
them or to exhibit them to the best ad-
vantage." — Card. Chron.
Under this general head it would be
misplaced to enter more fully into de-
tails ; for these will be found, under
ing has been erected ; and yet effects \ their appropriate titles, in other pages,
may not be brought out, so as to assist , and chiefly borrowed from Mr. Whate-
in the choice, without thinning. It is
al.so difficult to conduct roads where
trees stand thickly ; in such a case the
ley, who has published more correct
views upon the art of tastefully arrang-
ing grounds than any man who has ever
landscape-gardenershould proceed with ' written upon the subject.
great caution, removing first such trees I A taste for landscape-gardening, like
as are not in themselves worthy of a ■ that for the higher order of painting,
place
sculpture and other fine arts, is the
"The disposition of water, where ' slow product of wealth and easy leisure,
,.',■. . -.1 I 1 ;_ ,l;.,.:„„t C. ~ 1„„„ „(" <t.^,.,„>=
sheets of it are to be interspersed with
trees and shrubs, has a fine effect in
certain situations when managed with
judgment. But we cannot teacfi judg-
ment any more than taste, both being
gifts of nature.
" Of all tilings connected with land-
scape-gardening, buildings are often
most offensive ; and we find the gross-
and is distinct from a love of flowers
evinced alike by the young and the
aged, the intellectual and the illiterate.
In the United States, as might be ex-
pected in a new country, the mass are
too busily engaged in the every day
cares of life to devote attention to such
objects — but few comparatively, " the
architects of their own fortunes,"' hav«
est defects of taste frequently displayed | acquired the means to indulge in luxu-
both in their style and position. Many ' rious expenditures. We are, however,
persons are apt to associate external acquiring taste on this and kindred sub-
nature with the state of society in time jects, and with the increasing wealth,
long past. This is an error that has ; the general education and superior in-
led to many trespasses against nature's telligence which characterize the Ame-
rule. A man will build a castle be- j rican people, there can be no doubt
cause the situation he fixed for it is a that long before we can be called an
commanding one, and would have an- [ old nation, our tastes will have been
swered all the purposes of defence in refined, and our capacity to appreciate