until the following spring, when the
When the plants are of a sufficient 1 seeds will begin to vegetate. If the
size and strength, they may be increas-
ed in the following ways:
" By Division. — Take up one of the
largest plants about the end of October,
and after shaking all the soil from the
roots, separate each of the stems which
have got any roots attached to them
with a sharp knife ; then shorten the
seeds are not sown until the sprmg,
they seldom grow before the following
year; and frequently many of the seeds
perish before th.it time arrives.
" The seedlings must be allowed to
remain in the seed-pans the first sea-
son, and be transplanted the following
spring, either into the open border, or
top of each, and pot them in some good I singly in pots; and the time they are
rich mould, placing them afterwards in
a cold pit, where they are tolerably se-
cure from frost, and where they can be
kept dry during the winter. la the
afterwards before they flower depends
upon the treatment they receive, but
generally they require two or three
years.
P.^0
415
P MO
"From Single Eyes. — Any time when i they never flower well, as they always
the plant is in a dormant state, cut ofT| suffer from drought. But even in such
a branch ot" the two or three year old la situation they may be made to flower
wood, which has a quantity oTbuds upon ' by adding a quantity of well-rotted
it, and cut it into pieces of about two dung, and a little fresh loam, to the
inches in length, leaving a single bud [ soil.
on each piece; then pot and treat them "Planting. — In planting them in the
in the same manner as grape-vines are open border the best time is the end of
when raised from single eyes; that is, October; but they may be removed at
plant them about two inches deep in any time except when they are either
pots filled with good rich soil, and place ! in flower or showing flower; but they
them in a gentle moist heat. Plants I will be liable to lose their flower-buds
raised in this way are good but small. | if they are transplanted after they com-
" By grafting on the roots of the mence growing,
herbaceous kinds, as of P. officinalis ; | " They seldom suffer much from
but it is uncertain, and when it does ' moving if it is carefully performed in
succeed the plants are generally short- I the autumn ; for they may then be taken
lived, except when the grafted part is up from the open border, and potted
placed sufficiently under the soil,
which case it frequently emits roots
from the base of the grail, and becomes
a healthy plant supported by its own
roots.
" The operation of grafting is per-
formed in the following ways : —
" Select some good tubers of the
herbaceous pa>onies — the Chinese P.
albijlora and its varieties are the best
— any time, early in spring, before the
plant commences growing. Then cut
off a small portion of the crown, and
slit the tuber, from the top and down-
wards, sufficiently deep to admit the
scion of the moutan-pa;ony, which
must be of the last season's wood, fit-
ting the bark of both well together, as
in the ordinary way of grafting; and
bind them tightly with strong matting.
Then pot them singly in pots deep
enough to cover the graft about an inch
with soil, and place them in a cold pit
or frame kept close, and give them but
little water at first. They may also be
grafted about the end of July or begin-
ning of August, using the young wood
of the current year in the same way as
the preceding ; but when they are
grafted and potted they must be placed
in a strong moist heat, and kept close
with a bell-glass, as the wood, being
rather soft, would soon perish if placed
in a cold pit or frame.
"Soil. — It requires a strong rich
loamy soil, with plenty of moisture,
during the growing season: in swampy
situations they will soon perish if they
are in one when in a dormant state.
A deep loamy or strong soil, with a dry
subsoil, should be selected, and a light
dry sandy or poor soil avoided ; for in this
for forcing them. Forcing requires
great caution as regards the heat ap-
plied : if not done gently, and the
plants allowed to make fresh roots be-
fore they are subjected to much heat,
they will invariably lose their flower-
buds during the time of forcing; and
they must only be subjected to a mo-
derate heat at any time — sixty degrees
— as they are very apt to get drawn up
weakly.
" VVhen the forced plants have done
flowering they should be again planted
in the open border, cutting the principal
shoots back at the same time : they
will then be ready by autumn for repot-
ting, and fit for forcing again the follow-
ing spring. When potted they must be
well protected, in a cool pit, from the
frost.
'^Culture. — When planted perma-
nently in the border they should have
an open situation which is not in the
least shaded by other plants, and they
will require a little more trouble except
shortening some of the longest of the
shoots before the spring, when they
must be slightly protected to preserve
theyoungshoots from injury by the frost,
which is easily done by placing a single
mat, or canvass covering, over them, at
a sufficient distance from the plant, so
as not to hurt the young shoots by pres-
sure.
" The covering should be removed on
all fine days, but replaced during the
night. If the plants are small they may
be covered with a hand-glass during the
night ; they will then flower freely
during the early part of May, and the
colours will be more brilliant." — Card.
Ckron.
PAL
416
PAN
PALAFOXIA linearis. Green-house
herbaceous. Seed and division. Com-
mon soil.
PALICOUREA. Three species.
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings.
Sandy loam and peat.
PALIURUS. Two species. Hardy
deciduous shrubs. Seed, root cuttings,
and layers. Common soil.
PAN^TIA fulva. Green-house an-
nual. Seed. Sandy loam.
PANCRATIUM. Twenty-nine spe-
cies and many varieties. Chiefly stove
and green-house bulbs, butP. ?7ZiyrJC«7n,
and P. maritimum are hardy. They
are propagated by offsets, and new
varieties raised from seed. They thrive
best in a compost of three-fourths sandy
loam and one-fourth leaf mould. Take
up the hardy species in autumn, sepa-
rate the offsets, and replant immediately
about four inches deep in a light, well
drained sheltered border, putting some
mulch or six inches of coal ashes over
them during the winter.
PANDAMUS. Twenty species.
Stove palms. Seed or suckers. Rich
light loam.
PANNING is forming a pan or basin
in the soil round the stem of a tree or
shrub in which to pour water.
PANSY or HEART'S EASE. Viola
tricolor.
"This is one of the English florist's
flowers, and spirited contests for prizes
are yearly witnessed — in this country
but little attention has been paid it;
though its increasing beauty by the
production of new varieties is claiming
our regard. Those of us whose idea of
a Heart's Ease is confined to the pretty
little flower of former days, have but an
imperfect conception of the size, figure
and brilliancy to which the Viola tri-
color has attained. For an interesting
article on its culture see the " London
Horticultural Magazine."
Varieties. — These are increased in
number annually, but the following are
established in public favour.
Brown's Attila.
Countess of Ork.iey.
Curion.
Cook's Attila.
Alicia.
â– Black Bess.
• Mulberry Superb.
â– Prince Albert.
• Ringleader.
• Triumph.
Davies' Miss Nugent.
Foster's Man of Kent.
King's Exquisite.
Princess Royal.
Sulphura Elegans.
Kitley's Bathonia.
Lane's Sir John Sebright.
Lidgard's Jewess.
Major's Bridegroom.
Beauty of Knosthorpe.
Princess Royal.
Maule's Princess Royal.
Pearson's Agnes.
— — — — Black Prince.
De Buch.
Magraith.
Milton.
Sobieski.
Scholfield's Surprise.
Silverlock's Prince Albert.
Prince of Wales.
Thompson's Attila.
Beauty of Bucks.
-— — ^— Coronna.
Cream.
Cyclops.
Desirable.
Duchess of Richmond.
Hamlet.
Jewess Superb.
Launcelot.
Miss Stainforth.
Nymph.
Prince Albert.
Princess Royal.
Regulator.
Raphael.
Rufus.
Ultraflora.
Venus.
Warrior.
Characteristics of Excellence. — " The
first and most essential quality is its
form, which will be found in the greatest
perfection in that flower round which if
a circle be drawn each petal will exactly
touch the circle, not projecting beyond
it, nor stopping short of it. The petals
should be large and broad, because in
that case the indentations must be shal-
low where the outline of one petal meets
another. Of a firm texture, flat, even
at the edge, and free from notches.
The eye must be clean and well defined,
the colours should be rich and vivid,
and the markings must have a clear
edge. A uniform tint as a ground
colour is much esteemed ; but the varia-
tions and combination of colour are so
numerous and beautiful, that no precise
PAN
417
PAP
rules can be formed to govern this ing up in all directions, and they will
point.'" — Gard. Chron. blossom beautifully, if the subsoil be
So27 used by the best Pansey growers congenial to them. If laid in the soil,
round Manchester, is the surface soil of cuttings of the choicest pansies may be
an old pasture and partially decomposed ' taken off at any season, even in the
cow-dung, about one part of the latter depth of winter. If it is convenient for
to two of the former. the amateur to procure them at that sea-
Bed. — This should have a southeast son, he may lay the whole cutting be-
aspect, unshaded by trees, but very neath the surface, either in coil or
sheltered Irom wind, be three feet wide, longitudinally, so that it is not buried
â– with a path all round, and then, having ' above half an inch or a little more. It
dug out the soil, be made eight inches ' will spring up at most of the joints in
deep of the above compost. The edges due season vigorous and healthy." —
supported with slate. I Gard. Chron.
Propagation. — By Seed. — Sow, as | Box for exhibiting Blooms. — Dr.
soon as it is ripe, or any time in spring Lindley says, that — " the best construct-
or summer will do, in pans of the same cd box for exhibiting twenty-four Hearts-
compost plunged in an open border, ease is made of deal, of the following
In six weeks the seedlings appear, dimensions, viz., twenty inches long.
Save seed from the best shaped flowers, one wide, and five inches deep; the
impregnating these mother plants with lid was made to unhinge; a sheet of
pollen from bright-eyed flowers. Gather ! zinc was fitted inside, resting upon a
the seed pods as they ripen. i rim ; four rows of six holes each were
By Cuttings. — The best season is mid i cut in the zinc at three inches apart,
August. Take short jointed cuttings ' under each hole was a zinc tube sol-
from the approved plants, and insert dered to the plate, and intended to
their stems about two inches deep in contain the water. The apertures to
some of the compost in a north border, admit the flower should be made in the
covering with a hand-glass. They will : form of a keyhole, as it will admit part
have rooted in a month, then pot them, of the calyx and keep the flower in a
and keep in a dry situation until frost flat position, the outside may be paint-
arrives, then put them in a cold frame i ed green, but the zinc plate should be
plunged in coal ashes, covering the painted of a dead white." — Gard.
frame with a mat when frost is severe, j Chron.
and never letting the sunshine come Insects. — The worst animal foes of
upon them during frosty weather, but 1 the Pansey are the slug and the snail,
admit air freely. To destroy and keep away these ver-
Planting in Bed. — Do this early in Imin, water the bed late of an evening
April, in dry weather, placing the plants j in moist weather with lime water, and
in rows twelve inches apart each way. sprinkle the surface pretty thickly with
Shade for a few days; and if night frosts fresh wood ashes. See Agromyza.
occur shade them from the sun during ! Disease. — The Pansey is liable to
the day after. They require no after- root-rot, if the soil is not well drained,
culture but frequent hoeing ; never give If grown in light, fresh earth, in an
water even in the driest summers, but j open border, it is never subject to the
at such seasons cover the surface of the I disease. If a plant, which shows by
bed with fresh cow-dung, sprinkled its yellow hue that infection has oc-
over with earth, to keep it from being curred, be taken up, the decayed roots
unsightly. I removed, and it be transplanted into a
Winter Protection. — Mr. Mearns, of , soil and situation such as I have de-
the Manchester Zoological Gardens, scribed, it will speedily send forth fresh
recommends the Pansey grower, " in^
stead of using frames and glasses, which
are not always at hand, to trim and
clean the ground, and loosen the sur-
radicles, and recover its vigour.
PANSEY FLY. Agromyza.
PANTILES. See Bricks.
PAPAVER. Poppy. Twenty-six
face carefully, and then to cover the | species and many varieties. Hardy
whole of the plants about half an inch herbaceous and annuals. The former
deep with a good rich compost. In the j are increased by division, the latter by
spring the plants will be found perfectly i seed ; light rich loam,
protected, and every extremity spring- 1 PAPER LIGHTS were never much
27
PAP
418
PAR
employed, and, since the introduction
of Whitney's and other compositions
for rendering cloth semi-transparent,
are still less likely to be employed.
Cartridge paper is the best for the pur- ]
pose. It should be damped before it
is nailed upon the frame, because when
good crop immediately afterwards, never
fails, by speedy exhaustion, to demon-
strate how great has been the disper-
sion of carbonaceous matter.
PARIVOA grandijlora. Stove ever-
green tree. Cuttings. Rich loam.
PARK, in the modern acceptation of
dried it becomes taut. It may then be j the word, is an extensive adorned in
painted over with boiled linseed oil, in , closure surrounding the house and gar-
which a little white lead has been in- '', dens, and affording pasturage either
corporated. In nailing on the paper, I to deer or cattle. In Great Britain, a
a strip of tape should be placed between park, strictly and legally, is a large ex-
the heads of the tacks and the paper, \ tent of a man's own ground inclosed
to check the tearing to which the paper 1 and privileged for wild beasts of chase
is so subject
PAPER-MULBERRY. Broussone-
tia papyracea.
PAPYRUS. Four species. Stove
perennial aquatics. Seed and division.
Rich loam in water.
PARAGUAY TEA. Ilex paraguen-
PARASITIC PLANTS are such as
derive their nourishment from other
living plants by rooting into their sap
vessels. Examples are the Mistletoe
and Dodder, which attach themselves
to the stems and branches of some
plants ; the Hypocistus, and the Oro-
banche or Broom rape, affix themselves
to the roots of others. The minute
fungi which constitute the mildew are
also parasites. There is some doubt
whether the ivy is at all parasitical ;
by prescription or by royal grant.
(Coke's Litt. 233. a. Blackstone, 2. 38.)
The beasts of park, or chase, according
to the definition of ancient sportsmen,
were the buck, doe, fox, marten, and
roe ; but in a common and legal sense,
Coke says, beasts of park were all the
beasts of the forest. It has been de-
cided by the superior courts of law,
that to constitute a park these circum-
stances are essential : — 1. A grant from
the king, or prescription. 2. That it
be inclosed by a wall, pale, or hedge.
3. That it contain beasts of park, and
if it fail in any one of these, it is a total
disparking. [Croke Car. 59.) Of such
parks there are said to be 781 in Eng-
land. {Brooks Ahr. Action sur Stat.
48.)
PARKIA. Two species. Stove
but whether it derives nourishment or | evergreen trees. Cuttings. Peat and
not from trees, it certainly checks the
respiration, and prevents the free ac-
cess of light and air to those upon
which it attaches. The orchidaceous
plants, which grow upon dead wood
as readily as upon living timber, are
not parasites.
PARASTRANTHUS. Three spe-
cies. Hardy herbaceous. Division.
Sandy loam and peat.
PARDANTHUS. Two species.
Hardy herbaceous. Seed and division.
Light rich sheltered border.
PARINARIUM. Three species.
Stove evergreen shrubs. Ripe cut-
tings. Sandy loam and peat.
PARING and BURNING is never to
be practised by the gardener, except
for the purpose of charring the turf and
rendering porous the soil cut from the
banks of clayey ditches. When this is
carefully done, a serviceable dressing
is obtained. But paring and burning,
as a general practice, is extremely
wasteful; and though it may give a
loam.
PARKINSONIA aculeata. Stove
evergreen shrub. Imported seed and
cuttings. Peat and loam.
PARNASSIA. Five species. Hardy
herbaceous. Division and seed. Shaded
moist peat.
PAROCHETUS communis. Half-
hardy evergreen creeper. Division.
Light rich loam.
PARONYCHIA. Fourteen species.
Chiefly hardy perennials and annuals.
P. canariensis is a green-house her-
baceous, and a few others are half-
hardy. Seed and division. Sandy
loam.
PARRY A arctica, a hardy annual.
P. integerrima, a hardy perennial
trailer. The first increased by seed,
the latter by cuttings. Loam and peat.
PARSLEY. Petroselinurn sativum.
Varieties, — There are two varieties,
the common plain leaved and the curly
leaved.
Time and Mode of Sowing. — It is
PAR
419
PAR
sown annually, but if it is never per- 1 Time and Mode of Sowing. — Sow at
mitted to run to seed, the stalks being ! monthly intervals from February until
cut down as often as they rise, it will ! the middle of June. Sow thinly in drills
last for several years. It may be sown ' nine inches apart. The plants appear
from the close of February until the in about a month after sowin", and
middle of June, and this is repeated when of tolerable growth, require to be
about the middle of September, for thinned to nine inches asunder, and
the supply of winter and spring; but cleared from weeds, either by hand or
this is unnecessary if the plants are the hoe ; which latter operation, being
not allowed to seed. The seed is to performed as often as weeds appear, ia
be inserted moderately thick, in narrow the only cultivation required. Hy the
drills barely an inch deep, twelve inches I end of July, or during August, the
apart if in a bed by itself, or in a single ' earliest sowings will have acquired a
one round the edge of a bed ; the mould sufficient size for occasional use; but
being raked level, and the stones im- j the roots seldom attain their full growth
mediately over the seed gathered off.
The plants make their appearance in
from two to six weeks. When two or
three inches high, they may be gathered
from as required. In early June, when
they make a show for seed, the stems
should be cut down close to the bottom,
and again in September, if they have
acquired a straggling rank growth ; this
cause them to shoot afresh, and
until Michaelmas; and the latest crops
not until the following year. On the
arrival of frost, some of them must be
taken up; and after the removal of the
superfluous fibres, decayed leaves, &c.,
buried in sand, in a dry situation under
cover.
To save Sefd. — Some plants must be
left where grown, and allowed to run
in May. Their produce will ripen in
acquire a strong growth before the j July or August, when it must be cut.
arrival of severe weather. On the ap-
proach of frost, if protection is atlorded
to the plants by means of haulm or reed
panels, so supported as not to touch
them ; it will preserve them in a much
better state for use in winter and spring
dried, beat out, and stored.
PARSLEY-PIKRT. Erica aphanes.
PARSNIP. Pastinaca sativa.
Soil and Situation. — The soil in
which the parsnip succeeds best, is a
rich dry sandy loam, and the deepe
But a still more effectual plan is to take the better. The most inimical to it is
up some of the strongest and best curled ! gravel or clay. It is always beiieficiaL
plants in September, and to plant them { to trench the ground two spades deep,
in pots, two or three plants in each, j a little manure being turned in with the
using a rich soil. If these be placed in j bottom spit.
a forcing house and abundance of li()uid I In the isle of Guernsey, which has
manure given, they will be very siipe- I long been celebrated for the fineness of
riorly productive throughout the winter, its parsnips, sea-weed is the manure
To obtain Seed. — Nothing more is chiefly employed.
necessary than to allow some of the
plants to run up in June; they should
not, however, be allowed to stand
nearer than eighteen inches to each
other. The seed ripens in early autumn,
and when perfectly dry, may be beaten
Of excrementitious manure that of
pigeons is the best. Decayed leaves
are also very favourable to its growth.
The situation cannot be too open.
Time and Mode of Sowing. — The
usual time for sowing is fi-om the end
out and stored. Soot is an excellent of February to the beginning of April,
manure for parsley, and preserves it
from root-canker, the only disease af-
fecting it.
PARSLEY (Hamburgh). Petroseli-
num sativum, var. latifolium.
Use. — This esculent is known by the
but the earlier the better. It has heen
recommended in field cultivation to
sow them in September ; in the garden,
when sown at this season, they also
attain a finer size, but many of them
run to seed. In the isle of Guernsey
name broad-leaved and /arg-e-roo<ei ' they regulate their time of sowing, ac^
Parsley. It is cultivated for its root, ! cording to the soil ; in the most favour-
which attains the size of a middling ; able soils they sow in January, or if the
parsnip, boiling exceedingly tender and ! soil is wet or stiff, they do not insert
palatable. It is eaten both as a sauce ! the seed until the latter end of March.
to flesh meat, and in soups, &c.
Sow in drills ten inches apart, and
PAR
420
-♦
PAS
one inch deep : the compartment being ' fast as they are produced. This makes
la.dout in be^d not more^han four feet, the plant stool, for whatever prevents
>^ide,for the convenience of weeding, the formaUon of seed, promotes the
Rt^ VVhpn the seedlings are two or development ot root. , , u
fhr'ee Ses 1 ,gh remov^e to ten inches PASCALIA glauca Half hardy herb-
aparl and the te'eds both by hand and -^s. Cuttings^ Loam an^et^^
small hoeing. The beds require to he PASQUL-FLOWLR. Anemone puc
frequently looked over, to remove all | satilla .^^ P,ower.
it impracticable.
Select Species and Varieties .—
impraclicaoie. ,
The roots may be taken up as wanted | hardy ok half-hardy, according to
in September, but they do not attain
maturity till October, which is intimated
by the decay of the leaves
LATITUDE AND SOIL.
P.carulea. Common Blue Passiflora.
Five slightly differing varieties, the best
by the decay oi uie icdvco. Five slightly dinenng vaneucB, i-i'^ '■■■=••
â– In November, part of the crop may ^^ ^^j^j^^ ^^^ p Colvillii and P. glauco-
be taken up, and the tops being cutl ,^^^_ AH require the protection ot a
close off, layed in alternate layers with ^ ,.
sand, for use in frosty weather. The
remainder may be left in the ground.
phyllo
wall.
GREEN-HOUSE.
P. incarnata. Flesh-coloured Passi-
flora. This, in well drained borders,
will endure our winters against a south
wall. P. Fieldii is a variety of this.
P. chinensis. Chinese Passiflora.
STOVE.
P. alata. Winged Passiflora. Pur-
ple, white, and crimson.
P. alata-carulea, Hybrid-winged Pas-
siflora. Black, blue, and white.
P. actinia. Sea Anemone Passiflora.
White, fragrant.
P. kcrmesina. Crimson Passiflora.
P. Loudoni. Loudon's Passiflora,
purple.
P. Middletonia. Middleton's Passi-
flora. Green and pink, fragrant. Some-
times called P. fragrans.
P. Phanicea. Phcenician Passiflora.
Crimson, purple, and white. P. elegans
is a variety of this.
EDIBLE FRUITED PASSIFLORAS.
1 P. edulis. Purple-fruited Granadilla.
1 White. Green-house.
P. laurifolia. Laurel-leafed Grana-
! dilla, or Water Lemon. Red and violet
' flowers. Fruit, yellow. Stove.
P.maliformis. Apple-fruited Grana-
dilla, or Sweet Calabash. Flowers
white, blue, and red. Fruit, dull yel-
low.
P. quadrangular is. Common Grana-
dilla. Flowers, red, white, and violet.