P.Buonapartea
and taken up as required, as they are
never injured by the most intense frost,
but, on the contrary, are rendered
sweeter. In February or March, how-
ever, any remaining must be extracted,
otherwise they will vegetate. Being
preserved in sand, they continue good
until the end of April or May.
To obtain Seed. — Some of the finest
roots are best allowed to remain where
grown ; or else, being taken up early
in spring, planted in a situation open,
but sheftered from violent winds. If of
necessity some of those are employed
which have been preserved in sand,
such should be selected as have not had
their tops cut off very close.
They must be kept clear of weeds,
and in dry weather watered plentifully
twice a week. At midsummer the seed
is usually ripe ; the umbels may then be
cut, and when thoroughly dried on
cloths, the seed beaten out and stored.
Seed should never be employed that
is more than a twelvemonth old, as it
has generally lost its vegetative power
■when of a greater age.
PARSONIA. Two species. Stove
evergreen twiners. Cuttings, Loam
and peat.
PARTERRE, a French word pro-
nounced with the final e silent, is syno-
nymous with our English name Flower
Garden. „r' Fruit, greenish yellow
PARTING the roots is a mode ^^^ [/"''^^^.ety o,-/his
propagation available with some plants, '^ ^ '"'"^'^ "^iBi f
and where a large increase ol an indi-j
vidual specimen by this mode is desired. All the stove p -
Us flower stems should be removed as i in a day temperature of 70 , «ith a
EDIBLE FRUITED.
All the stove passion flowers thrive
PAS
421
P AU
night temperature of 50°. Mr. Jones, lowed to remain they will be small and
of the Kew Gardens, has given the foi- of little value.
lowing directions, especially, for the i " The fruit-bearing branches mav be
cultivation of P. quadrangularis ; but stopped at the distance of five or six
they apply equally well to the other j feet above the fruit,
species. " Treated in this way P. quadrangu-
" It may be grown in the stove, or /ar/s will frequently produce fruit 4 lbs.
better perhaps in an intermediate in weight; and though not ranking as
house, between the stove and green- i a first-class fruit, it makes a rather
house. It is necessary to the perfect novel as well as a useful addition to
cultivation of the plant that it should the desert, at which the pulp is eaten
grow in a border in the inside of the | with sugar and wine. None of the
house, rather than in pots, however other species of Pass/flora bear such
large. If no other situation presents large fruit as quadrnngitlnr-is. Of
itself, a border may be made beneath others, edulis and hiurifolia are
the path, taking care to leave a space amongst the best. Unlike quadrangu-
of three or four inches between the laris, the branches of these smaller-
surface of the soil and the stones, so fruited species must not be stopped,
that there may be a free access of air, and they will continue to flower and
and that water may spread equally fruit for several months in a stove,
over the surface of the soil, and moist- The fruit is eaten with the same ingre-
en it thoroughly. Whatever may be dients as the largest kind, and has a
flavour agreeable to most palates." —
Gard. Chron.
PASSION-FLOWER. Passiflora.
PASTINACA. The only cultivated
species is the Parsnip, which see.
PATAGONULA Americana. Stove
evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Loam and
the situation of the plant, let the drain-
age be as efficient as possible.
" As the plant may have to remain
some years in one situation, five or six
barrowfuls, or even more, of good soil,
composed of three-fourths rich loam,!
and the rest leaf mould, should be pre-
pared in a very rough state, and in this peat,
plant it. A spare rafter, or any such i PATERSONIA, Nine species.^
place near the glass, will do exceed- ' Green-house herbaceous. Division and
ingly well for the plants to be attached seed. Sand and peat,
to. If young when turned out, they ■ PATlilNIA. Four species. Hardy
should not be allowed to bear flowers or biennials. Seed. Light rich loam,
fruit the first year. | PAULLINIA. Sixteen species. —
" One or at most two branches should , Stove evergreen twiners. Ripe cut-
be allowed to grow, and after they have tings. Light rich loam,
extended ten or fifteen feet, they should PAULOUNIA iinperial is, is a hardy
be stopped, and should not be allowed tree, though, until its habits are better
to put forth any laterals. I tested, it is advisable to plant it in a
" During winter no water to be given sheltered situation. Mr. G. Bishop,
unless' the plants droop. Some time in gardener at the Chiswick Gardens,
February the branches must be well cut states that — " It may be propagated by
back ; and if necessary to leave any cuttings, particularly if the young
length of stem between the ground and shoots are selected when they have
the glass, all the buds, excepting three advanced to about three or four inches
or four at the top of each branch, must in length; also by eyes, in the same
be rubbed off. { manner as the vine; as well as by di-
" The number of branches allowed visions of the roots, the smallest par-
to grow in the second year, must be tide of them generating adventitious
determined by the strength of the buds. The best time to propagate it is
plant, from two to six being the usual when the plants commence their spring
number. growth. Uoth eyes and roots should
"Advantage should be taken of the be potted in soil consisting of leaf
first flowers that open to fertilize the mould, peat, and sand, in equal pro-
stigma, fot fructification will not always > portions, and the pots containing them
take place naturally. From one to plunged in a dung-bed. Any other
three fruit are suflicient on each | fermenting material would answer the
branch; if a greater number are al- ! same purpose, where the atmospheric
P AV
422
PEA
temperature averages from 75° to 80°.
Divisions of the root in particular will
emit shoots at the expiration of three
■weeks at the farthest.'" — Gard. Chron.
For a drawing and interesting article
thoroughly decomposed, excluding all
that possesses the least fermentation.
" It has been found that frequent
sowings of peas in the same ground is
injurious; the plants not unusually
on this recently introduced tree, see turn yellow, and partially die before
the " Horticulturist.''''
PAVETTA. Three species. Green-
house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings.
Sandy loam and peat.
PAVIA. Seven species. Hardy
deciduous trees and shrubs. Layers
and grafting on horse-chestnut. Com-
mon soil.
PAXTOMA rosea. Stove orchid.
Division. Very turfy loam, leaf-mould,
and sand.
PEA. Pisum sativum.
" The Pea is a hardy annual, a
native of the south of Europe, and cul-
tivated from time immemorial.
<' There is an immense variety, from
perfecting fruit. This remark is par-
ticularly applicable to the early kinds.
" The first crops should be sown in
the spring, so soon as the ground will
admit of being worked, choosing the
driest soil, and such as lays well ex-
posed to the sun.
" To have a constant succession, a
few should be planted every fortnight
or oftener. At the time the hist sowing
of early ones is made, sow also some
of the later varieties, which will come
in as the early ones go out of bearing.
" The usual method of cultivation, is
to sow the seed in drills, as directed
for the Kidney Beans, only thicker in
which the following have been selected j the drills. As the plants rise from half
as among the best, and more than suf-
ficient for any garden ; some inferior
kinds are still cultivated, apparently
from want of knowledge.
" Landreth's Extra Early ; this has
been introduced more than twenty
inch high to two or three inches,
begin to draw earth to the stems, doing
this when the ground is in a dry state,
and earthing gradually higher, as the
stems ascend; at the same time loosen
the ground between the young plants,
years, and to the present maintains its and cut down rising weeds. Stick the
superiority over all others, as an early plants when six to twelve inches high,
variety; it is unquestionably the ear- 1 as soon as they begin to vine. The
liest, and a general favourite. i early varieties require sticks or rods
" The Early Frame succeeds Lan- two to three feet high ; the Imperial
dreth's Extra Early, and is followed by and Royal Dwarf Marrowfat two feet,
the Early Charlton, or Golden Hotspur, Large Marrowfat five feet." — Rur. Reg.
as it is likewise called. | ToforcePeas: — Forcing- commences
" The Large White Marrow, Peru-, in December, in the early part of which
vian Black Eye do.. Royal Dwarf do., | month they may be sown in a hot-bed
and Blue Imperial, ripen nearly to- |to remain, or thick to transplant, during
gether; each has its admirers. The the succeeding month, into others for
imperial is quite dwarf and may do with- production. These may be repeated in
out rods ; many prefer it to all others. ^ January, and the transplanting takes
"The Blue Prussian is an old sort, place in February. It is also a common
generally liked, and a good bearer. practice to sow in a warm border dur-
" Bishop's Early Dwarf continues ing October, and the plants being cul-
longer than most others in bearing, tivated as a natural ground crop, are
and its habit being so dwarf, as not lo removed into a hot-bed in a succeeding
require rods, is well suited to many month,
gardens. ! The hot-bed must be moderate, and
" Sugar or Eat Pods, generally boiled earthed equally over to a depth of six
both pod and peas, and eaten in the or eight inches, with light fresh mould
manner of Kidney Beans
" The Pea thrives best in a rich
loamy soil, but will, with proper care,
produce tolerable crops in almost any.
not particularly rich. The seed must
be buried one inch and a half deep.
The frame, which is required to be two
feet and a half high behind, ai)d one
The early varieties require stronger j and a half in front, ought tc^be put on
ground than the Marrowfats and Im- three or four days before the crop is
perial, but in manuring for them, ob- inserted, that the steam and heat may
serve to use none but such as is , abate. Seed may likewise be sown at
PEA
423
PEA
the above times in pots or pans, and
placed round the binsoftlie stove. At
the close of September also, some peas
may be sown in pots and sunk in the
earth of any open compartment ; when
the frost commences, to be removed
into the green-house. A border of fresh
earth bein^ made in the front of it early
in December, the plants are removed
into it, in rows two feet asunder, or still
better in pairs, with ten inches interval,
and two feet and a half between each
pair. These will come into production
about the middle of March.
In every instance, as stated above,
the rows should be two feet, the seed
or plants being set an inch asunder.
The plants are ready for moving when
an inch or two high. They must be
shaded and gently watered until Ihey
have taken root. As much earth should
be preserved about their roots at the
time of removal as possible.
Transplanted peas are most produc-
tive, and run the least to straw in the
forcing frames. Air must be admitted
as freely as possible under contingent
circumstances, the same precautions
being necessary as for cucumbers.
^Vater must be given at lirst sparingly,
otherwise decay or super-luxuriance
will be occasioned; but when they are
in blossom, and during the succeeding
stages of growth, it may be applied of-
tener and more abundantly, as it is ne-
cessary for the setting and swelling ol'
the fruit.
The shading during hot days, and
covering at night, must also be particu-
larly attended to. From three to five
months elapse between the times of
sowing and production, according to the
fineness of the season, length of the
days, &c.
The temperature may be uniformly
kept up throughout their growth, hav'
ing 50" for the minimum, and 70^ for j safely relied upon
the maximum. i
In Pots. — Mr. N. Wilson, gardener,
of Gopsall, cultivates them in this man-
ner : —
" The peas are to be ready for trans-
planting by the 1st of February, so that
the same sowing does for the first out
of doors, as well as for those. The
seedlings are removed from the boxes
or pots, where they have been thickly
sown, when about four inches in height,
and are planted thinly into large pots
(twelves) which have been filled with
good soil, not too rich. They are
staked with moderately strong willows,
and run round at distances of six inches
with small twine, which has a neater
appearance and does not shade so much
a's common pea sticks. The situation
quite suitable is the back walls of the
late vineries.
" The pots so filled and staked, are
placed on the top of the back flues, ele-
vated to the glass as near as the stakes
will permit, where they are to remain
till the crop is gathered, which will be
from the 1st to the loth of May. The
peas are kept from the frost and severe
weather, and have always plenty of air,
when the weather is fine.
" They are watered rather sparingly
at first, but plentifully as they advance
into bloom. Peas in pits and frames
will not bear forcing till they are out of
bloom, and the pod set, then they will
bear it, and be forwarded admirably.
They cannot be had in the autumn on
the same principle after the 20th of
November." — Caid. Chron.
PEACH. Persica vulgaris.
Varieties. — D. Landreth and Fulton
ofl'er the following among others as de-
sirable varieties. The vicinity of Phi-
ladelphia is famous for the extent of its
Peach orchards, and the abundance and
excellence of tlie fruit. What is there
considered worthy of culture may be
PEA
424
PEA
Explanation of Abbreviations. — Colour — y yellow ; r red j w white. Size
— L large; m medium.
Those marked *
are cling
'StC
nei
•.
name. colouh.
1
N
L
>
H
.J
cs-
2
season.
*Algiers Winter ....
y
October
Alberge — Yellow Rare Ripe
y r
L
1
August
*Biood Peach
r
L
2
September
Columbia
y
L
September
Darby Belle .
y
L
September
Early York .
r
M
August
Early Red, Cole's .
' y
L
August
Eastburn's Choice .
r
L
September
Freestone Heath .
y
L
September
Early Malacoton, Crawford-s
y r
L
September
Grosse Mignonne .
y r
L
August
*Lemon Clingstone
y >•
L
September
*Late Heath .
w
L
September
Late Yellow, Pool's
y r
L
September
Large Early Rare Ripe
y r
L
August
Morris' Red .
r
M
September
Morris' White
w
M
September
Nutmeg, White
w
M
August
Oldmixon Freestone
y
L
September
*01dmixon Clingstone .
r
L
September
President
y r
L
September
Red Rare Ripe
r
L
September
Red Cheek Malacoton .
y '
L
September
*Rodman's Cling .
w
L
September
Smock's Freestone
y r
L
September
*Smock's Cling
y
L
September
*Tippecanoe .
y r
L
September
Washington .
w
L
September
Ward's Late .
w
L
September
The culture of the Peach is in this
country so simple, and generally un-
derstood, that it would seem scarcely
necessary to occupy space with direc-
tions on that subject.
The following remarks are from a
paper by Dr. Thompson of Wilmington,
Delaware, published in the Farmer's
Cabinet of Philadelphia, and may excite
surprise in some quarters by its details
of the extent to which the Peach trade
has arrived.
"To Mr. Isaac Reeves, a native of
New Jersey, is tlie whole credit due of
first introducing on a large scale the
culture of the inoculated peach tree
into Delaware. The late Mr, Jacob
Ridtjway, of Philadelphia, owning a
farm near Delaware City, on the Chesa-
peake and Delaware canal, was induced
by Mr. Reeves to become his partner,
and upon this property, in the spring of
1S32, they set out the first twenty acres
of inoculated peach trees ever planted
in this State, with the view of supplying
the Philadelphia market. They rapidly
extended their plantation to about one
hundred and twenty acres, were emi-
nently successful, and one year — the
very best season they ever had — their
gross income from the sales of fruit was
some sixteen thousand dollars. Peaches
then commanded from one dollar twen-
ty-five cents to three dollars per basket,
containing about three pecks. In the
spring of IS36, the late Mr. Manuel
Eyre and myself followed suit upon our
' Union Farm,' midway between Wil-
mington and Newcastle on the Delaware
river, to about the extent of one hun-
dred and forty acres. In a year or two
afterwards, Mr. Philip Reybold & Sons
went into the business — then a host of
others, until now, from twenty-five
PEA
425,
PEA
hundred to three thousand acres of
land, in Newcastle county, are planted
with, and successfully cultivated in
peaches, making Delaware, though the
smallest of the States, the largest pro-
ducer of this fruit. The result has been
a proportionate diminution of price, the
average, per basket, one season with
rearing of them constitutes a distinct
business of itself. They are produced
by planting out the peach stones, or
pits, in the spring, which have been
slightly covered with earth in the fall,
so as to be exposed to the action of the
winter's frost. The sooner the pits arc
put in the sand or earth after the fruit
another, not exceeding from thirty to is matured, the better — they should
sixty cents. In this way Delaware has ! never become dry. The shoots from
become the principal supplier of the j these stones are budded in August of
Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, and the same year, from four to six inches
North River markets, and many of our from the ground. The ensuing spring
fine peaches now reach even Boston, all the first year's growth is cut off
The whole annual income from this above where the scion has taken — not,
branch of business to the farmers of this { however, until it is well developed —
county may be estimated from one to
two hundred thousand dollars. For so
handsome an additional product, the
agriculturists of Delaware, as well as
the consumers of peaches in our vicini-
ty, owe a debt of gratitude to the ori-
ginator of the culture, whom as one, I
should gladly unite in presenting with
some valued and lasting memento in
recognition of his merit for giving a neiv
staple to a State ; for who is a greater
benefactor to mankind and the age he
lives in, than he who brings into opera-
tion a new branch of business, giving
by his enterprise and perseverance an
impetus to agriculture ; causing the
earth to give forth its increase, and so
multiplies its fruits as to bring them
within the reach and enjoyment of all ?
The great improvement made in peach-
es within the last few years in New
Jersey and Delaware, consists in propa-
gating none but the finest kinds, by
when, in the fall and following spring,
they are ready for transplanting or sale.
The mode of preparing the ground for
them is precisely that with us of the
Indian corn crop — the earth is well
ploughed, and from thirty to forty
bushels of lime are spread upon it to
the acre. The trees of like kinds, for
the convenience of picking, are then
set out in rows at distances varying from
twenty to thirty feet apart, according to
the strength of the soil ; a crop of corn
is then put in and cultivated in the usual
way, and this is done successively for
three years; by this time the trees be-
gin to bear. Tlie cultivation of the corn
being the proper tillage for the trees,
and this crop amply paying for all in-
vestment in trees, &c. After the trees
commence bearing, no other crop ot
any kind should ever be grown among
them, as I have known two rows of
potatoes between a row of peach trees
budding and grafting, so as to have the not only to affect the fruit, but seriously
fruit as early and as late as our latitude . to injure the trees ; but they should be
will admit ; the earliest ripening with us ; regularly ploughed some three or four
times in the season, just as if the corn
crop was continued. So obnoxious in
from the first week in August, such as
Troth's Early, Early York and Early
Ann, and ending in the latter part of our" country is the peach tree to the
October with Ward's Late Free, the
Heath, Algiers' Winter, &c. I need
not enumerate all the different varieties
worm, or borer — the tegeria exitiosa —
that each tree in the orchard should be
examined twice a year, summer and
used and planted out to keep up this : fall — say in June and October — by re^
succession — some of the principal are moving the earth down to the roots, and
in the order of enumeration. Troth's killing with a pruning-knife every in-
Early, Early York, Early Ann, Yellow \ truder — then scraping the injured bark
Rareripe, Red Rareripe, Malacatoon, ' and removing the glue. Thus exposed,
Morris' White, Old Mixon, Rodman, ! they should be left for a few days, when
Ward's Late Free, Maiden, Free ; the earth should again be replaced with
Smock, Late Rareripe, Heath, Algiers' a hoe. The limbs should be only mo-
Winter, &c. These trees are generally derately pruned or thinned out, so as to
obtained for about six dollars per hun- admit the sun and air, avoiding in the
dred, from approved nurserymen in [ operation leaving forks, which incline
Delaware and New Jersey, and the I them to split when burthened with fruit.
PEA
426
PEA
When the peaches ripen, they should | great and prevailing disposition of the
be carefully picked from step-ladders, peach tree in our climate is to over pro-
seven to eight feet high, into small liiuid- t duction of fruit in favourable seasons,
baskets, holding one peck each. Our , Our remedy for this is carefully to thin
operators for this purpose are both men it off by plucking all those that touch,
and women, who earn from fifty to
seventy-five cents a day, besides being
found. These baskets are gently emp-
tied into the regular market baskets,
which are all marked with the owner's
name and strewed along the whole line
of orchard to be picked. As these are
or are within two or three inches of
each other, when the size of hickory
nuts, which are thrown into some run-
ning stream or into the hog-pens to be
devoured. This mode ' of heading in,'
or pruning one half of the producing
buds, is new to me, but which I have
filled they are put into spring wagons, just tried upon my garden trees in the
holding from thirty to sixty baskets, and
taken to the wharf, or landing, where
there is a house, shed or awning, for
the purpose of assorting them, each
kind by itself, which is into prime and
cuUings — the prime being distinguished
rot only by their size and selection.
city, and will be able to speak of expe-
rimentally, hereafter. With us in Dela-
ware, as everywhere else, the peach
tree succeeds best in a good soil. That
preferred is a rich sandy loam, with
clay. Many of my finest trees and
choicest fruits are grown in a loose and
but also by a handful of peach leaves | stony soil. The trees should never be
scattered through the top. They are , set out in wet, low, or springy situa-
then put on board the boats in tiers, tions, and for the same reasons, high
separated by boards between, to keep and rolling ground shdtild be selected
them from injury, and so reach their! for your plantations, and for the addi
destined market. We consider a water
communication from the orchards, or
as near as may be, most essential, as all
land carriage more or less bruises or
destroys the fruit. Our roads through
the orchards and to the landings are
all kept ploughed and harrowed down
smooth and even. The baskets for
marketing the peaches are generally
obtained in New Jersey at twenty-five
to thirty-seven dollars and fifty cents
per hundred. With trifling modifica-
tions our culture and practice may be
tional circumstance that they are less
obnoxious to early frosts."
Wall- Culture. English Method. —
Borders should never be deeper than
eighteen or twenty inches for the peach,
and six feet wide. Soil chopped turfy
loam from a rich pasture, rather more