of the cloth, otherwise theylook ragged
and are liable to tear away from the
nail. If old shreds are re-used, they
should be previously boiled for a few
minutes to destroy any insect-eggs, or
larvae thev may contain.
SHRIVELLING of the berries of the
grape in stoves arises from the roots of
The drawing shows the ! t'le vine not supplying a sufficiency of
smaller size, used with one sap. This occurs if the roots are in a
cold heavy soil, or are vegetating in an
outside border, the temperature of
which is too low compared with that of
the stove. In the first case, thorough
draining and the incorporation of cal-
careous rubbish ; and in the second
hand. See Scissors. The
large size, which has wood
handles, will, when em-
ployed with both hands,
cut through a bough full
three inches in circum
ference, with the greatest case, protection to the border and stem.
ease.
Verge Shears are merely
the hedge shears set near-
ly at a right angle on long
handles tor the conveni-
ence of the gardener in
clipping the sides of box
edging, and the verge of
grass plots.
Turf Shears are set also at an angle,
but in a different direction for cutting
the tops of edgings, and grass growing
in corners unapproachable by the scythe.
SHEEP LAUREL. Kalmiaangusti-
folia.
SHELLS. See Animal Matters.
SHELTER. See Screen.
SHEPHERD! A
will remove the evil.
SHRUBBERY is a garden, or portion
of a garden, devoted to the cultivation
of shrubs. It is not necessary, as Mr.
Glenny observes, " That there sliould
be any flowers or borders to constitute
a shrubbery, but there should be great
taste in forming clumps, and grouping
the various foliages and stylesof growth.
The groundwork in such a garden con-
sists of gravel walks and lawn. If flow-
ers be intermixed, or, which is very
generally adopte<l, there be a space lefl
all round the clumps to grow flowers
in, it becomes a dressed or pleasure
ground, rather than a shrubbery. —
Though any part of a ground in which
shrubs form the principal feature, is
Two species. ; still called a shrubbery. — Gard. and
Hardy deciduous trees. Layers. Peat Prac. F/or
and loam, or common soil. I SHRUBS are trees ofa dvirarf growth,
SHEPHERD'S BEARD. Ar nopog on. \noi exceeding in height twelve or fif-
SHU
544
SLI
teen feet, unless they are climbers, and | dicaulis a perennial. Seeds,
having, if permitted, branches and fo- ' soil.
Common
liage clothing the entire length of their
stems.
SHUTERIA hicolor. Stove ever-
green twiner. Seeds. Rich light loam
SHUTTLECOCK
punicca.
SIBBALDIA. Four species and
some varieties. Hardy herbaceous pe-
rennials, or evergreen trailers. Divi-
sion. Loam, peat and sand.
SIBERL\N CRAB. Pyrus pruni-
folia
SINNIXGIA. Six species. Stove
evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Peat and
loam.
SIPHOCAMPHYLUS. Four
Peripetera j species. Stove and hardy evergreen
i shrubs. Cuttings. Light sandy soil.
SIREX gigas. This fly pierces the
fir, and other growing timber, deposit-
ing its eggs in the alburnum. M. Kol-
lar says that : —
"In the seventh week after the eggs
are laid, the maggot has attained its
SIBERIAN PEA TREE. Cara- full size, and then generally buries it
gana. self six inches deep in the wood, where
SIBTHORPIA europcea. Hardy ^ it is transformed in a cavity into a pupa,
herbaceous creeper. Division. Peaty ' covered with a thin transparent skin,
soil, and a moist situation. It remains in this state a longtime ; and
SIDA. Sixteen species. Hardy an- examples are given of the perfect insect
nuals, biennials, and herbaceous pe- ^ only making its appearance when the
rennials; and stove evergreen shrubs, wood has been cut up for useful pur-
Seeds. Rich soil. The shrubby kinds ^ pos
are also increased by cuttings
SIDERITIS. Eighteen species.
Hardy annuals and herbaceous peren-
nials, and hardy, half-hardy and green-
house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings,
seeds, and division. Dry sand or chalk.
SIDERODENDRON triflorum.
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings, Loam,
peat, and sand.
SIDESADDLE FLOWER. Sarra-
cenia.
SIEGESBECKIA. Six species.
Hardy annuals. Seeds. Common soil.
SIEVE, fiee Measures.
SIEVERSIA. Seven species. Hardy
herbaceous perennials. Seeds or divi-
sion. Light soil.
SILENE. Catch Fly. One hundred
and fifty-one species. Chiefly hardy
annuals, biennials, and herbaceous pe-
PINE.
S-"
SIR JOSEPH BANKS'
Araucaria imbricata.
SISYMBRIUM millffoUum. Green-
house evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Light
soil.
SISYRINCHIUM. Twenty-seven
species. Hardy, half-hardy, green-
house and stove herbnceous perennials.
Seed, or offsets. Light soil.
SIUM. Two species. Hardy herb-
aceous perennials. Division or seeds.
Moist soil.
SKIP-JACK. See Elater.
SKIRRET. Siwn Sisarjim.
Propagation. — By Seed. — Sow at the
end of March, or early in April, in
drills one inch deep, and twelve inches
apart. The seedlings will be up in
five weeks. Weed and thin to twelve
inches apart. In autumn, they will be
rennials. Seeds, Light rich soil. The ; fit for use like parsnops
shrubby kinds increase by young cut-
tings also. A few are green-house bi-
ennials.
SILK COTTON TREE, Bombax.
SILK TREE. Acacia Jul ibriss in.
By Offsets. — Old roots throw ofT these
in the spring, when they may be slip-
ped off, and planted in rows a foot
apart each way.
Soil. — A light loam is best, trenched,
SELPHIUM. Three species. Hardy with a little manure dug in with the
herbaceous perennials. Division. Com- bottom spit,
mon soil. To save Seed, let a few of the old
SILVER TREE. Leucadendron se- roots run up in spring; they will flower
riceum. in July, and ripen their seed in the au-
SIMABA. Two species. Stove tumn.
evergreen shrubs. Ripe cuttings. Turfy SKULL-CAP. Scutellaria.
loam and peat. SLIPPER PLANT. Pcdilanthes.
SINAPIS. Mustard. Six species. | SLIPPER WORT. See Calceolaria.
Chifly hardy annuals. S. frutescens is | SLIPS are employed for increasing
a green-house evergreen shrub. S. me- the number of an established variety or
S LO
545
SNA
species. In the woody kinds, the youna; : green trees. Ripe cuttings. Loam and
shoots are slipped off from the sides of pent.
the branches, &c., with tlie thuinh and
finger, instead of cutting them off' with
.«;L0E tree. Prunus spinosa.
SLUGS are of many species, and the
a knife, but is more commonly practised smaller are much more injurious to the
to the lower ligneous plants, such as gardener than those of a larger size,
sage, southernwood, rosemary, rue, and , because they are much less discernible,
lavender. The best season of the year ' and their ravages being more gradual,
for effecting the work is generally in ; are not at once detected. They are
spring and beginning of summer, though I effectually destroyed by either salt or
many sorts will grow if planted at al- { lime ; and to secure its contact with
most any time of the year.
their bodies, it is best first to water
Select the young shoots, chiefly of the soil where they harbour with lime
but one year's growth, and in many ' water, in the evening, wlien they are
sorts the shoots of the year will grow coming out to feed, sprinkling the sur-
the most readily, even if ]ilanted the face also with dry lime ; and at the end
summer they are produced, especially
the hard wooded kinds ; but in the more
soft wooded plants, the slips will also
often readily grow when a year or two
old, being careful always to choose the
most robust shoots, situated on the out-
of a week, applying a surface dressing
of salt, at the rate of five bushels per
acre. If cabbage leaves are spread
upon the surface of land infested by
slugs, they will resort to their under
sides, and thus they may be trapped ;
ward part of the plants, Trom three to but lime and salt are most efficacious,
six, or eight, or ten inches long, slip- Lime-water may be poured over wall-
ping them off close to the branches, trees infested with them, and they may
Clear off the lower leaves, then plant i be syringed with it as well as with
them two parts in the ground, giving ' water in which gas liquor has been
occasional shade and water, if in sum- j mixed, about half a pint to a gallon.
mer, till properly rooted ; and towards If lime be sprinkled along the top, and
autumn transpjant them where they are at the base of the wall, renewing it
to remam.
Many shrubby plants growing into
]nrge branches from the root, such as
roses, spicas, and raspberries, may be
slipped quite to the bottom, into sepa-
rate plants, each furnished with roots,
and may be planted either in nursery
rows, or at once where they are to re-
main.
weekly, the slugs cannot get to the
trees.
S.MALL CARDAMOM. Amomiim
cardnmomum.
S.M.'VLL LUPINE. Lupimis naiius.
S^LVLL MON'ARDA. Fycnanthc-
mum monardella.
SMALL PALM. Sahal Palmetto.
SMALL PEPPERMINT. TInjmm
Herbaceous plants may be slipped i P/pcrp/Za. •
into many separate plants, and it is J SMEATHMANNIA tef/g-a^a. Stove
effected by slipping off the increased evergreen shrub. Half-ripened cuttings.
suckers, or offsets of the root ; some
sorts, by the offsets from the sides of
the heads of the plants ; and some few
sorts by slips of their stocks or branches.
Slipping should generally be per-
formed in the spring, or early part of
autumn, which may be effected cither
by slipping the outside offsets with
roots, as the plants stand in the ground,
or, to perform it more effectually, you
may take the whole plants up, and slip
them into several separate parts, each
Loam, peat, and sand.
SMILACINA. Nine species. Hardy
herbaceous perennials. Division. Light
soil.
SMITHIA. Three species. Stove
trailing annuals. Seeds. Peat, sand,
and loam.
SNAILS. See Slugs.
These marauders are said to be very
fond of bran, and that they are readily
trapped if this be put in heaps under
dower pots, with one side pro[)pcd up
slip being furnished also with roots, to admit them. The common garden
planting them, if small, in nursery rows , snail. Helix hortensis, is thus noticed
a year, to gain strength ; or such as are
strong, may be pla?itod at once in the
borders, &c. — Altercromhi';.
by Mr. Curtis: —
"Snails arc said to be hermaphro-
dites, and, consptjuently, they are all
SLOANE.\. Two species. Stoveever-i capable of laying eggs; and there have
35
SNA
546
SOI
been found eighty in one heap. They
are globular, whitish, shining, and not
larger than swan-shot. If kept in a
damp place, they readily hatch, at
once becoming little, thin, transparent,
and nearly colourless shells. In a short
time, they increase to twice the size,
even when they have had nothing to
feed upon. They are then of a dark.
SNAKE GOURD. Trichosanthes.
SNAKE ROOT. Aristolochia ser-
pent aria.
SNAPDRAGON. Antirrhinum and
Silene antirrhina.
SNAP TREE. Judicia hysopifolia.
SNEEZEWORT. Achillea Ptarmica.
SNOW is one of the gardener's best
shelters, and should never be removed
ochreous colour, with three imperfect ' from his out-door crops. It prevents
rings, composed of brownish dots and ' heat from radiating from tliem; pro-
streaks, and a transverse line of the : tects them from freezing, drying blasts ;
same colour next the pale lip or mar- | and, being a bad conductor of heat,
gin ; and these spots seem to vary as thus prevents its escape from them,
the animal withdraws or extends itself, , I have never known the surface of the
owing to the dark tints shining through i earth, below a covering of snow, colder
the semi-transparent shell.
than 32°, even when the temperature
As the snail grows, it has the faculty of the air above has been 28°. — John-
of enlarging the shell, from its own se
cretions ; and, when full grown, it is as
large as a small plum. It is convo-
luted obliquely, striated of an ochreous
colour, variegated with pitchy spots,
giving it a marbled appearance, and
forming two or three transverse bands ;
the lip is ochreous, the margin slightly
reflexed, the under side is smooth and
white, with a pinkish tint.
" There are various ways of reducing
the numbers of this pest — the simplest
is, by searching amongst the leaves of
wall-fruit in April, when the snails first
leave their winter quarters, to satisfy
their long abstinence, and they con-
tinue feeding until August or Septem-
ber.
" To protect seedling plants, a thick
dusting of lime and soot round the
stem will keep the snails away in dry
weather.
" In August, the eggs may be found
son''s Principles of Gardening
SNOWBALL TREE. Viburnum
Opulus.
SNOWBERRY. Chiococca.
SNOWDROP. Anemone sylvesti'is,
and Galanthus.
SNOWDROP TREE. Halesia.
SNOWFLAKE. Leucojum.
SOAP-BOILERS' ASHES. 'S.Ge Ashes.
SOAPWORT. Saponaria.
SOBOLEWSKIA lithophila. Hardy
annual. Seed. Common soil.
SOIL. However varying in the pro-
portions, yet every soil is composed of
silica, alumina, lime, magnesia, oxide
of iron, salts, and animal and vegetable
remains. The most important conside-
ration is, what proportions those are
which constitute a fertile soil ?
The beau ideal of a fertile soil is one
which contains such a proportion of de-
composing matter and of moisture as to
at the roots of pot-herbs, in the cavities ' keep the crop growing upon it always
of muck heaps, at the rotten foot ofl supplied with food in a state fit tor
paling, &c. These should be diligently
sought for and destroyed; for they
nearly all will hatch.
" Salt and urine are destructive to
snails ; but it is difficult to apply either
to them with much advantage. Lime,
soot, and wood ashes are excellent
checks ; but the first loses its efficacy
as soon as it becomes wet, and even
introsusceptmn, yet not so superabun-
dantly as to render the plants too
luxuriant, if the object in view is the
production of seed ; but for the pro-
duction of those plants whose foliage
is the part in request, as spinach, or of
edible bulbous roots, as onions, which
have a small expanse of leaves, so as
to be almost entirely dependent upon
the dews of the evening will frequently I the soil for nourishment, there can
exhaust its caustic properties. Cabbage scarcely be an excess of decomposed
leaves are not an invariable decoy for i matter presented to their roots.
the old snails: young ones, however,
are very fond of them, especially when
wet and withering." — Card. Chron.
SNAIL FLOWER. Phaseolus cara-
calla.
Spinach, on rich soils, will yield suc-
cessive cuttings, the same as asparagus ;
the latter especially demands abundant
applications of nourishment to its roots,
since, like the onion, it has little foliage
S I
547
SO I
and sliglitly fibrous roots, at the same ensis, gives as being the most fertile
time that, like the spinach, it has to for the grasses : —
afford repeated cuttings; and thus, re- " Fine sand, 115; aluminous stones,
quiring a repeated development of 70 ; carbonate of lime, 23; decompos-
ing animal and vegetable matter, 34 ;
silica, 100; alumina, 2S ; oxide of
iron, 13; sulphate of lime, 2; soluble
vegetable and saline matter, 7 ; loss, 8 ;
total 400."
I have already stated what forms a
fertile soil; it maybe added, that, to
parts, it needs abundant food in its im-
mediate neighbourhood. A soil with a
just proportion of decomposing matter
will be capable of absorbing moisture,
during the droughts of summer, from
the atmosphere; for the most fertile
soils are always the most absorbent.
Yet it must not be too retentive of constitute it eminently sucli, its earthy
moisture, which is the case in such
soils as contain too much alumina ;
neither must it too easily part with
moisture, a fault which is a character-
istic of those soils which contain an
e.tcess of silica.
A subsoil of gravel, mixed with clay.
particles must be in a minute state of
division; the more so the more fertile it
will be.
In the above analysis 185 parts only
were separable by sifting through a fine
sieve; 215 parts were impalpable;
whereas poorer soils will ofien have
is the best, if not abounding in oxide ! 300 parts coarse matter to every 100 of
of iron ; for clay alone retains the moist-
ure, on the arable surface, in too great ,
an excess; and sand or chalk, on the
contrary, carries it away too rapidly.
It is, however, evident, that to insure
finely pulverized constituents.
In affording warmth to plants the
earth is of considerable importance,
and the power of accumulating and re-
taining heat varies as much in soils as
these desiderata in any soil, at all sea- the proportions of their constituents.
sons, IS impossible; and it is manifest
that a soil that would do so in one cli-
mate would fail in another, if the mean
annual temperature of them should dif-
fer, as well as the amount in inches o
Sir Hum[)hrey Davy found that a rich
black mould, containing one-fourth of
vegetable matter, had its temperature
increased in an hour, from (Jo^ to SS^
by exposure to the sunshine, whilst ^
rain which fall during the same period- , clialk soil was heated only to 09' undef
Thus, in the western parts of England,
more than twice as much rain occurs
as in the most eastern counties, or in
the proportion of forty-two to nineteen ;
a soil in the cast of England, for any
given crop, therefore, may be richer
and more tenacious than the soil re-
quired for it on the western coast.
Alumina, or clay, imparts tenacity to
similar circumstances. Hut the firstj
when removed into the shade, cooled
in half an hour 15*^ ; whereas the latter
lost only 4°. This explains why the
crops on light-colored tenacious soils
are in general so much more backward
in spring, but are retained longer in
verdure, during autumn, than those on
black lisrht soils. The latter attain a
a soil when applied; silica, or sand, genial warmth the more readily, but
diminishes that power ; whilst chal k ami part from it with c<iual speed. Different
lime have an intermediate effect. They plants affect different soils. Every
render heavy soils more friable, light gardener must have observed that there
soils more retentive. These simple is scarcely a kitchen garden but has
facts are important; tw-o neighbouring some particular crop which it sustains
gardens, by an interchange of soils, In luxuriance, tar superior to any other
being often rendered fertile, which be- garden in its neighborhood, or to any
fore were in the extremes of tenacity other crop that can be grown on it. A
and porosity.
garden I once cultivated would not
From these statements it is evident , produce, without the preparation of an
that no universal standard or recipe can artificial soil, the coniinon garden-cress
be given for the formation of a fertile {Lepidium sativum), whilst the raspberry
soil; but a soil, the constituents of was remarkably luxuriant; and we
which approach in their proportions to ' have seen that the composition of a soil
those of the following, cannot be un- has a main influence in these peculiari-
productive in any climate. It is a rich ties. It is certain that a soil is often
alluvial soil, which Mr. Sinclair, in his considered unproductive, and the un-
iuvaluablc Ilortus Gramineus Wobuni- productiveness attributed to some de-
SOI
548
SOL
plying the manure deep below the sur-
face. In another instance, some pars-
neps being of necessity sown in a poor
soil, having turned in some manure by
trenching fall twelve inches deep,
ficiency in its staple, when, in truth, big and others have most illogically
the defect arises from erroneous man- | concluded, from the smallness of the
agenient. soluble extract contained in a soil, that
I have before stated an instance of it is of small importance, forgetting
tap-rooted plants being produced, of, that as fast as it is taken by the roots of
superior size and form, by means of ap- , the crop, it is generated again by the
decomposition of the animal and vege-
table remains. This is one reason why
fallowing is beneficial ; easily decom-
posing matters have been exhausted by
successive crops ; and by a year's rest,
would not allow any to be applied to and exposure to the putrefactive agency
the surface, but, at the time of thinning of the air, the more stubborn and more
I set half the bed out at an average of slowly decomposing exuvin have time
twelve inches' distance between each to resolve into and accumulate soluble
plant, the other half at nine inches, compounds in the soil. — Princ.of Gard.
When taken up for storing, the whole ] SOJA hispida. Hardy annual. Seed,
were alike perfectly fusiform ; but those Common soil.
SOLANDRA. Five species. Stove
evergreen climbers. Cuttings. Turfy
loam and peat. S. grandijlora. Mr.
J. Brown, gardener at Whittlebury
Lodge, near Towcester, says that —
" After it attains to the height of from
three to five feet, it must not be shifted,
but allowed to remain in as small a pot
as it will grow in until the roots be-
come matted round the inside. Early
in autumn keep it in a cool situation,
and allow it to become perfectly dry,
when the leaves will drop off. About
grown at twelve inches apart were the
finest, as four and a half is to three. If
manure had been applied to the surface,
the fibrous roots, I calculated, would
be multiplied at the expense of the
caudex, to its much greater detriment
than by making the few usually pro-
duced by this root extend in length,
thus enlarging the circuit of their pas-
turage.
Again, a more silicious, darker co-
lored soil should be employed for the
growth of an early crop, of any given
plant, than is required by the main crop ; the beginning of November, introduce
because such soil will more readily
get rid of the superfluous moisture, and
earlier acquire a genial warmth, two
great desiderata for vegetation in spring.
On the contrary, in autumn, for a late
crop of peas, for instance, the soil
should be more aluminous, that such
moisture may be retained.
The quantity of soluble matter ob-
tainable Irom a soil, at any one time,
is very small, seldom exceeding a one-
thousandth part of its weight; and even
pure vegetable mould, the debris of
it into heat, and force gently, supply-
ing it plentifully with water wlien it
begins to grow. Being thus excited for
a short time, the plant grows freely,
and produces blossom-buds on the
young wood, and at the end of each
shoot; these in January and February
expand. As soon as it has done flow-
ering, which is generally in March, the
shoots are to be cut back, and the
plant, being shifted, put into heat and
encouraged to grow, stopping the young
shoots fre(juently, to induce it to throw
entirely putrefied plants, was found by out laterals, and to keep it dwarfed.
Saussuro to yield only one-eleventh of By this treatment it very often forms
soluble matter. This mould was too spurs similar to a pear or apple-tree, at
rich for horticultural purposes, peas ' the ends of which, after allowing the
and beans grown in it being too luxuri- 1 roots to become matted in the pot,giv-
ant ; and they were more productive in ing it a rest, and keeping it dry and cool
a soil containing only one-twentieth of from August till November, blossoms
organic constituents dissolvable by wa- , are produced in abundance, upon its
ter. Small in amount, however, as is being put again into heat." — Gard.
the soluble constituents of the most Chron.
fertile soils, they are necessary for the SOLANUM. One hundred and thirty-
vigorous vegetation of plants; tor when six species, and some varieties. Stove
a soil is deprived of those constituents and green-house evergreen shrubs and
by frequent washings with boiling water, annuals; hardy annuals, deciduous
it is much less fertile than before. Lie- climbers, herbaceous, and a few tuber-
SOL
549
SOR
ous-rooted perennials. To this latter
belongs S. tuberosum, the potato. The
annuals are increased by seeds; the
other species by seeds, cuttings, or
tubers. Light rich soil suits them all.
Green-house evergreen shrubs. Ripe
cuttings taken off at a joint. Turfy
loam and sand.
SOLDANELLA.
SORRELS. These are Oxalis Aceto-
sella. Wood Sorrel ; Rumex acetosa,
Seven species. Garden Sorrel ; R. scutatus, French or
Hardy or half-hardy herbaceous peren- ' Roman Sorrel
nials. Seeds or division. Peat and
loam. j
SOLDEVILLA setosa. Hardy herba- !
ceous perennial. Seed. Common soil.
SOLDIER-WOOD. Inga purpurea. {
SOLIDAGO. Golden Rod. Sixty-
seven species. Hardy herbaceous pe-