TRUSS is the florist's name for what

botanists call an umbel of flowers, a dis- fikst class.

tinctive title for that mode of inflores- Rose. — Aglaia; Amelia; Bacchus,

cence where several flowers have their alias Atlas, and Rose Baccu ; Carnuse



TUL



608



TUL



de Craix ; Catalina, alias Ponceau tres j zio, alias Abercrombie, Captain White ;

Blanc, and Cerise Blanche ; Cerise & | Strong's Admiral White, and Strong's

belle forme ; Galatea (Slater's) ; Tri- | Admiral Black ; Shakspeare, alias Gar-

omphe Royale, alias Heroine, La Belle rick and Edmund Kean ; Strong's King.

Nannette, and La Cherie; Madame Ves- j

tris, alias Clarke's Clio, and Goldham's | third class.

Princess Sophia ofGJoucester; Ponceau



Roses. — Admiral Kingsbergen ; Alex-
tres blanc (Dutch); Queen of Hearts | andre Ic Roi ; Camilhis ; Claudiana ;

Comte deVergennes; Duchess of Cla-
rence ; Emily ; Fleur de Dame ; Grand
Roi de France; Incomparable Hebe,
alias Iphigenia and Rose Hebe ; Lady
Wilmot; La Vandyke; Lavinia (Clarke's);
Lilas en Cerise; Maria (Goldham's) ;
Mary Ann (Lawrence's) ; Rose Monty,
Rose Bianca,Rose Quarto, Rose Primo



(Franklin's); Rose Brillant.

Byblomens. — Anacreon (Slater's); Bi-
jou des Amateurs ; Byzantium (Lau-
rence's); Camarine; Eveque d'Amboise;
Holmes' King; Invincible (Franklin's);
Mentor, aZia* Reine de Sheba; Musa-
dora ; Pandora ; Roi de Siam, alias Aca-
pulco ; Salvator Rosa; Violet Cook;



Violet Sovereign ; Violet Quarto, alias ' bien du Noir, and Rose Unique ; Sarah
Violet Alexander; Violet Brun; Zenobi;i ! (Lawrence's) ; Strong's Daphne, very



(Slater's).

Bizarres. — Catafalque (Old Dutch) ;
Charbonnier; Curion (Slater's); Duke
of Hamilton (Slater's) ; Fabius (Lau-
rence's) ; Glencoe ; lago (Laurence's) ;
Marcellus ; Napoleon (Walker's) ; Poly-
phemus, alias Goldham's Albion, Ulys-
ses, and Nourri Effendi.

SECOND CLASS.

Roses. — Brulante Eclatante; Catha-
rine; Cerise Royal, oZ/as Manteau Ducal,
Ponceau Brilliant, and Moore's Rose ;
Elizabeth Jeffries ; Lady Crewe ; Lady
Middleton ; Lac ; Manon ; Mason's Ma-
tilda, alias Strong's French Rose ; Pre-
tiosa, alias Thunderbolt; Queen Boadi-
cea ; Rose Camuse.

Byblomens. — Ambassador, alias Atlas
and Rose Baccu ; Bailleu van Menvede ;
Bienfait Incomparable; Beauty (Buck-
ley's); Buckley's No. 46; Cleopatra;
Comte de Provence ; David, a/(as David
Pourpre ; Davy's Queen Charlotte ; Due
de Bourdeaux ; General Barneveld ; Im-
peratrixFlorum; Incomparable Daphne;
Incomparable, (Rowbottom's, alias
Haigh's ;) Lancashire Hero (Buckley's);
Lord Denbigh; Lord of the Isle (Sla-
ter's); Lewold; Louis XVI.; Ne plus
Ultra; Prince Elie ; Queen Victoria
(Wilmer's); Rubens ; Sir E. Knatchbull;
Thalia (Clarke's); Violet Sovereign.

Bizarres. — Charles X., alias Water-
loo, Bartlett's Platoff, La Conquerante,
Gabel's Glory, Royal Sovereign, and
Duke of Lancaster; Catafalque Surpasse;
Carter's Leopold; Donzelli, alias Wells'
Lord Brougham ; Leonatus Posthumus;

Lord Milton ; Lord Lilford ; Leonardo flowers, may not be understood by all
da Vinci; Optimus (Hutton's),aZZas Sur- j readers, they are here defined,
passe Optimus; Richard Cobden ; San- | Florists call tulips seedZZng^s until they



like if not the same as La Vandyke;
Thalestris; Vesta; Walworth, aZZas Glo-
ry of Walworth, and Glaphyra.

Byblomens. — Alexander Magnus,
alias Alcon and Grand Marvel ; Ange-
lina; Bagnel, called also Black Bagnel ;
Baluruc ; Black Tabbart; Catharina ;
Chef d'cBUvre ; Competitor; Czarine ;
Ely's Queen Victoria; Fair Flora
(Buckley's); Glory (Buckley's); Gro-
tius; Imperatrice de Maroc, alias Lady
of the Lake, and Valerius Publicola ;
Imperatrice des Romaines, alias Du-
chesse de Modena; Incomparable Pre-
mier Noble, alias Grand Czidt; La belle
Narene; La Mere Bruin Incomparable;
Laurence's Friend ; Nectar ; Passe
Reine d'Egypt; Patty (Lawrence's);
Queen of Beauties ; Queen Charlotte ;
Reid's Sir John Moore ; Reine d'Hon-
grie ; Reine des Tulips; Roscius; Su-
perbeen Noir, alias Lysander Noir;
Transparent Noir; Washington, alias
Rodney; Violet h belle forme, Violet
Imperial, Violet Pompeuse, Violet Rou-
geatre, Violet Triumphant, and Violet
Wallers.

Bizarres. — Bolivar (Lawrence's) ;
Carlo Doici; Catafalque Superieure ;
Duke of Wellington ; Emperor of Aus-
tria ; Jubilee (Rider's) ; Sir Sidney
Smith, alias Magnum Bonum, Trebi-
sonde, Demetrius, and Franklin's
Washington ; Osiris ; Prince Albert
(Groom's). — Gard. Chron.

It will be observed, that tulips are
divided into different classes, and as
the characteristics of these, as well as
some other terms applicable to these



T U L



609



TU L



have bloomed; after this those pre- should commence at the hottnm ofeach

served on account of their good form petal, the deepest marking being on the

and habit, as well as the offsets they top, and equal in every one. The

produce, are called breeders. After flamed flower should likewise possess

some years tiie petals of these become this feather; with a rich beam up the

striped, and they are then said to be rib of each petal, branching off oa

broken. If the striping is good, they either side, touching the feather, and at

are said to have a good strain ; if it be the same time preserving sufficient of

inferior, they are described as having the ground colour to show it to advan-



a bad strain. A rectified tulip is syno-
nymous with a tulip havinga good strain.
A feathered tulip has a dark-coloured



tage. A riame without a feather, in
general, presents a star-like appear-
ance, which, though not so correct as



edge round its petals, gradually becom- the other, is still beautiful. The stem

ing lighter on the margin next the cen- should be elastic, neither too tall nor

tre of the petal ; the feathering is said short for the size of the flower, and suf-

to be /(g-Af, if narrow ; Aearj/, if broad ; ficiently strong to keep itself erect

a.nd irregu/nr, if lis inner edge has a without support. The edge of the petals

broken outline. ! should be unbroken, their greatest

A ^'7mc(f tulip is one that has a dark- width near the top, which would pre-

pointed spot, somewhat in shape like vent all quartering (a term which in

the flame of a candle, in the centre of reality means dividing in four), whereas



each |)otal.



the tulip parts into six, and it would



Sometimes a tulip is both feathered be better in Mr. Groom's opinion if



and flamed.



sextalizijig, or some more proper term



A Bizard tulip has a yellow ground, were substituted — Card. Cliron.



and coloured marks on its petals.



Soil and Situation. — The best soil is



A Byblomen is white, marked with formed of good turfy loam from a pas-



black, lilac, or purple.

A Rose is white, with marks of crim-
son, pink, or scarlet.

Characteristics of Excellence. — A
tulip, however coloured, should be
composed of six petals, three outer and



ture. Some very old cow-dung, say
two years old, and road scrapings, in
the proportions of three or four barrow-
fuls of the loam to one of the others.
The best aspect is south-west ; the beds
should be upon an 0|)en space, eight



three inner, which should be alternate, yards at least from any wall, to avoid
and lie close to each other; broad and the reflection of ihe sun. The soil
round on the top, quite smooth, and of should be free from maniirp, rich, and



sutticient width to allow the edges to
lie over each other when fully expand-
ed. They should be firm in texture,



rendered light by well working it. —
Gard. Chron.
Propigation. — By Seed. — Xn excel-



having a slight swell towards the lower lent French authority gives these direc-
part of the midrib of the petal, which tions : — "When the ripeness of the
will enable it to retain its shape; this tulip seed, where the flower has bloom-
in a fully expanded flower should be ed in a full exposure, is indicated by
semi-globular, the stalk being inserted the opening of the capsule, it is cut off
in the pole, which should be a little a few inches below the head, and placed
depressed. The petals should be level in a very dry situation, in order to in-
on the top, the inner three of the same sure its perfect maturity. This being
height as the outer; the latter should : accomplished, the seeds are taken out,
not be bent back, as is the case in and should be sown, about the middle of
some flowers. The colour of the October, in a bed of well prepared earth,
ground should be pure and rich, the which has been passed through a coarse
base of the petals without stain, and sieve, and covered about the eighth of
the yellow ground should possess the an inch in depth with soil of a fine and
same intensity of colour on the outer as light texture, which will allow the free
on the inner side of the flower. In the vegetation of the seeds without in-
tliree principal classes, namely, roses, crusting or becoming hard. The beds
bizards, and byblomens, the colours must be protected from sharp frosts by
should be brilliant, and well defined, covering them with leaves or with mats,
In Mr. Groom's opinion, the feathered and likewise kept perfectly free from
flower is most preferable; the feathers | weeds. If these necessary prccautiont
38



TUL



610



TUL



are attended to, the tulips will come account of their different heights, called
up towards the end of February. From j first row, second row, third row, or
the size of a small pea in the first year, ; fourth row flowers ; the first row being
the roots will increase considerably ' nearest the sides, and the fourth row
during the two following seasons, and being in the middle; of course, both
each time when the leaves fade, I sides being alike. There are but four
spread over my seedlings about an inch heights recognised. Although we have
in thickness of similarly prepared soil said a bed should consist of seven rows,
to that with which the seed was cover- ' to make the matter plain to those who
ed, being satisfied, that from the loss of have not grown a bed of tulips, every
time and the greater extent of land they seven which cross the bed is called a



occupy by taking them up in the
second year and replanting them, it is
the better plan to allow them to remain
till they have made their third growth.

" I do not take up mine until that
time, and in a few days afterwards I
replant them about two or three inches
in depth, and about three inches apart



row; and among tulip growers, wher-
ever they speak of a row, they mean
the row of seven which crosses a bed,
all these sevens being numbered from
1 to 50, as distinct rows, or up to the
full number, whatever it may be. Tu-
lips should be always planted six inches
apart every way, consequently a bed of



from each other, in a well prepared twenty-five feet would take fifty rows
bed. Lastly, in every succeeding 1 of seven each. The tulips required will
year, I set them in fresh soil, being be 50 fourth-row flowers, 100 third row,
convinced that they attain their full I (there being two rows alike of the other
size much sooner when treated in this heights) 100 second row, and 100 first;



manner, especially if sand has been
mixed with it, or lime rubbish, which
has been enriched with good rotten
manure or vegetable soil." — Card.
Chron.

By Offsets. — The same practical hor-
ticulturist observes, that —



and each of these ought to comprise,
as nearly as may be, one-third of each
class.

" There should be a few over of each
to guard against accident. The parties
who supply the tulips should not only
send the names attached to each, but



The side bulbs always reproduce their classes also,
flowers identically with those from! " Mark a space twenty-five feet long
which they derived their origin. Their and four feet broad, and lying as near
period of blooming varies according to as may be convenient north flnd south,
their size; it occasionally happens in i Dig this clean out to the depth of three
the first year, but sometimes it is six or ! feet.

seven years before they flower. During 1 " If the soil at the bottom is sour or
August the bed must be prepared for | wet, make a drain from the bottom to
thetr reception ; and in September they j the nearest place at which the water
must be planted from two to four inches can escape ; this drain should be made
apart, according to their size. Should | by cutting a trench even with the bot-
their planting be deferred till Novem- | torn of the bed all the way to the pro-
ber, it is very possible that many of the ' posed outlet, half filling it with large^
smaller ones will shrivel and perish, stones, broken pots, or (for want <)f
When they are put into the ground or harder and more lasting substance) with
taken up, the same system is followed j faggot wood, and fill up the trench with



as in the main collection, so that al
mistakes may bo avoided, and by that



the soil of the garden.

" If the bottom of the tulip bed should



means the amateur will be able to re- i be gravel, there will require no artifi-
place any bulbs which by accident or cial drainage. On the bottom of the
otherwise he may have lost in hischoice i bed spread a foot of the common soil
or best beds."— Card. Chron. i of the garden ; the real depth of the

Planting in Beds. — On this part of | bed required for the tulips is but two
their culture the best practical informa- I feet ; but in clearing away all that might
tion is given by Mr. Glenny. He says — ' prove noxious, and making the ground

«' A bed properly arranged consists | sound and sweet, by throwing in a foot
of seven long rows, of which the tallest of good garden soil, an excellent bottom
tulips should be the middle, and shorter- is made, which will not again have to
ones nearer the sides. Tulips are, on be disturbed.



TUL

" If the bottom be wet and sour, aiui
you have drained it as before denoted,
let there be a good six inches of brick
rubbish, or broken flower pots, or both,
put at the bottom, and about six inches
of the common garden soil upon them.

" The pit for the bed bciris; now pre-
pared tor filliiifT, spread dry cow-duns,
six inches thick, at the bottom; let it
be trodden down, and throw maiden
loam, as already described as the top
spit of a meadow, with the turl' rotted
in it; fill up the bed to eight inches
above the surface, drive down at each
corner of the bed a stake, to mark the
exact size the bed should be, that is,
the two end stakes four feet from each
other, and from one end to the other
twenty-five feet; and let these stakes
stand exactly square, one foot above
tlie surface of the path, and perfectly
level.

" If you design to have the sides
boarded, which saves much trouble,
your best way is to let the carpenter
adjust the boards very nicely as to level,
to let them go down at least six inches
below the surlace of the garden or path,
and stand eiL'lit inches above it ; he must
then provide a three-inch width, to fit
on and take otf at pleasure, because it
is of the greatest service in planting.
The most simple way of planning this
is with bolts ; the boarding should be
an inch thick, staples should be placsd
both in the fixed and in the moveable
board, opposite each other, at proper
distances.

" The whole should be covered from
heavy falls both of rain and snow ; and
from the moment the bulbs are in the
ground, have none but genial showers,
and not much rain of any sort. We
would never see the bed dry, but should
be quite as unwilling to see it too wet."
— Gnrd. and Pract. Ftor.

Should very severe frosts occur dur-
ing the winter, cover the bed all over
a few inches thick with sawdust, which,
ifdry, the frost never penetrates. When
the frost is over, take away the sawdust,
and sift a little fresh soil over the sur-
face of the bed.

S'lade. — Tulips cannot be grown more
advantageously than in two beds, ar-
ranged and sheltered according to the
plan of which the following is an end
view. But wlielher grown in two beds
or in one, lii'jhest in the centre, as be-
fore mentioned. The edges of the beds




should be supported by deal planking
two inches thick, and painted green,
surmounted by a wire trellis, thirty
inches high, coloured similarly, and
supporting arches of wire to bear a
canvtis covering, when shade is re-
quired. These wire arches fit into
sockets in the upper rail of the trellis,
and the canvas cover is fastened to
them by strings, as in the case of a tent
beilstead.

The wire trellis will preserve the
plants from boisterous winds during all
periods of the growth, and the whole
will be found to be the most efficient
shelter, at a moderate expense that
combines elegance with utility. The
first fortnight of the month of Novem-
ber is the best season for planting. A
hole should be made with a trowel, not
with a dibble, a little sand be j)laced
beneath and over each bulb, and a small
hillock marks on the surface its place.

The only after culture required is a
frequent hoeing of the suriace of the
bed ; and as the flowers fall, to cut off
the seed pod.

Taking up the Bulbs. — This must be
done as soon as the leaves in early
autumn become yellow. Mr. Cilcnny
says —

" If you have room and convenience,
put them into boxes, with all their skins
and roots, and place the drawers singly
in an airy dry covered place out of the
sun. In a few days they will harden,
the skins will come off easy, and the
root break away without damaging the
bulb. Should any in taking up be Ibund
with moist or mildewed skins, which is
not unfre(]uently the case, they should
nevertheless be let alone a day or two;
the removal of the skins, stalks, and
roots is accompanied with much less
risk. It is not uncommon for part of
the top to come away with the roots, if
the latter is broken off at the time of
taking up in temporary boxes at first,
so that as they are cleared of their
skins and roots, they may be laid away



TUL



612



TUR



in their own drawers perfectly clean,
which is not easily done if they are
taken out to clean and returned to the
same place, because there will be grit
and mould not easily got rid of. Tulips
when put away, should have air, with-
out heat, or much frost; an outhouse of
any kind isbetterthan a dwelling-house.
There should be a vacancy between all
the drawers, and the case all round
should have wire panel sides, back and
front." — Gard. and Pract. Flor.

TULIP TREE. Liriodendron.

TUP A. Six species. Half-hardy
herbaceous perennials. Division and
seed. Light, rich, or peaty soil.

TURF may be obtained either by
sowing grass seeds, or laying turf ob-
tained from a common or down ; and if
the latter mode can be adopted, it is
the best, as the turf is obtained at once,
and more regular than can be under the
best circumstances from seed.

All the preparation of the soil re-
quired is to dig it level, a spade deep,
provided the subsoil is open, otherwise
to have a good drainage effected (see
Draining); to have all large stones re-
moved from the surface, and to have it
brought to a perfect level, by repeated
rollings, and filling up the hollows
when necessary, as indicated by the
level. The surface being then loosened
by raking, is ready for the seed or turf.

By Seed. — " Never use that from a
haystack, for it will have mixed with it
the seeds of weeds ; but buy of respect-
able seedsmen, as much as you require.
For this purpose the best are Poa pra-
tensis, green or spear grass; Poa com-
pressor, blue grass; Anthoiayithum odo-
ratum, sweet scented vernal grass: —
either of the above, mixed with a small
proportion of white clover, will form a
permanent and pleasing sward.

" Sow evenly, and rake well in, and
roll. When the grasses come up, the
ground should be carefully gone over,
and cleared of all weeds and spurious
grasses, as they appear. Strict atten-
tion to this will do much to ensure the
future excellence of the lawn. During
the first season after sowing, the grass
may be mown three or four times, but
not in hot dry weather; and afterwards,
the oftener it is rolled and mown the
better." — Gard. Chron. — Gard. and
Prac. Flor.

By Turf. — The season for laying turf
is any time from September till April



or May, though it will grow at almost
any time of the year, even if there is
occasion to lay it in summer, and dry
weather succeed : for although it will
open at the joints, and turn brown, as
if dead, yet, after the first rain it will
close again, and resume its verdure.

The turf for this use is cut with an
iron instrument called a turfing iron,
observing to cut the pieces all an equal
width, length, and thickness — the pro-
per size is a foot wide, a yard long, and
about an inch thick ; they should be
first marked by line, the proper width,
length, and depth with a racer or miter.
Racing them first longwise a foot wide,
then across in yard lengths; then pro-
ceed to cut them up, having particular
regard to cut them level, and equal in
thickness, otherwise it will be impossi-
ble to lay them level. As you cut, a
man or boy should roll each turf up
close and tight, the grass side inwards,
and pile them up by tens, especially if
they are cut by the hundred. They are
to be laid regular, turf and turf, unroll-
ing them as you lay them, joining them
up quite close edge to edge, making
good all deficiency of broken parts as
you go on ; and as soon as laid, it should
be well beaten with broad heavy wood-
en beaters, being flat pieces of elm or
oak plank, two inches thick, fifteen or
eighteen inches long, and a iiiot broad,
having a long handle fixed slanting in
the middle of the upper side ; and with
these, beat the grass regularly all over,
and then roll it vvell with a heavy roller,
observing the beating and rolling should
be repeated in moist weather.

"If very dry hot weather succeeds,
so as to occasion the turf to shrink and
open at the joints, a good watering will
be of much advantage." — Abercromhie.

By Inoculation. — If turf is scarce, cut
turves into pieces, about three inches
square, and plant these, green side uji,
pretty thickly over the space intended
for the lawn. Boat them down into the
soil, and water freely, roll frequently,
and water also in dry weather. The
turf will soon be as close, and the sward
as perfect, as if the ground had been
entirely turved.

TURF ASHES. See Ashes.

These, which are the basis of charred
turf, now becoming so usual a manure,
are, according to M. Sprengel, thus
constituted : —

Silica 93.10



TUR



613



TUR



Alumina 1.35

Oxide of iron 1.73

manganese . . . 0.32

Lime 0.62

Magnesia 0.33

Potash, combined with sulphu-
ric acid 0.38

Comtnon salt 0.08

Sulphuric acid, combined with

potash and lime .... 1.70
Phosphoric acid, combined



with lime and magnesia . 0.39
TURF TOOLS are the liacer or Rut- shrubs
ter, for cutting the edges of turf after it perennial; and T. racemosa a hardy an



which point the iron is slightly bent
longitudinally to admit the thickness of
wood underneath, and give a proper
inclination to the handle. The instru-
ment serves both as a grass rake and a
daisy rake, and has the advantage over
the daisy rakes in common use, of being
easier cleaned, from the wideness of
the interstices between the teeth. —
Card. Mag.

TURNER A. Eleven species.

Stove annuals, biennials, and evergreen

J". /r/on//?o;-ft is an herbaceous



has been laid, and for cutting tlie out
lines of the turves when first obtained.
It is a thin sharp edged implement,
somewhat rcsemblin



fixed to a handle about four feet Ion
Fig. 173




nual. Seeds, and the shrubby kinds by
cuttings. Rich soil.

TURNIP. Brassica rapa. " The
a cheese-cutter, ' turnip is a biennial plant, growing
in a wild state in some parts of Eng-
land, but better known as an inha-
bitant of the garden and farm. There
are an immense variety: to cultivate
all is not so desirable as to plant
such as are tlie more valuable. Those
which we deem best for family use are
the Early Dutch and Red Top, for au-
tumn and early winter supply. The
Yellow Aberdeen, Golden Maltese,
Ruta Baga (or Swedish), are not so much
esteemed in the autumn, but remain
firm and solid until late in the spring,
(when most other kinds have become
pithy,) and are then fine. The Large
Globe, and Norfolk Turnip, and the
Ruta Baga, are principally cultivated
for cattle.

*' The main sowings of all the kinds
recommended for family use, are made
in the vicinity of Philadelphia from
about the middle of August to the first