tered situation. The varieties by graft-
ing. ' In the south of the island they do
well in sheltered places on a lawn ; in
the north they require a wall.

C. canade'nsis (Canadian). 18. Pale red. May.
North America. 1730.

pube'scens (downy) . 18. Pale

red. May.

siliqua' strum (cylindrical - podded. Com-

mon Judas Tree). 20. lied. May.
South Europe. 1596.

-flo're-a'lbo (white - flowered).
20. White. May. South Europe.

- parciflo'rum (small-flowered).
20. Purple. May. Bucharia. 1827.

CERCOCA'RPTJS. (From kerkos, a shuttle-
cock, and carpos, a fruit. Nat. ord., Rose-
worts [Rosaceoe]. Linn., l2-Icosandria,l-
monogynia. Allied to Geum and Purshia).
There is no unwholesome plant in this
order, and the strawberry, raspberry,
and the blackberry of the bramble, are
the nearest plants in affinity to the rose
itself; then come the potentilla, geum,
and agrimonia, among which stands
Cercocarpus, followed by the Spiraeas and
Quillaiads. Greenhouse evergreen shrub.
Cuttings of green shoots, in sand, under
a glass, in a little heat. Peat and loam.
Winter temp., 40 to 45.
C. Fothernilloi'des (Fothergilla-like). 12.
Purple. May. Mexico. 1828.

CE'REUS. Torch Thistle. (From cereus,
waxy ; referring to the fact that some of
the spines are as pliant as soft wax, while
others are as brittle as wax tapers. Nat.
ord., Indian Figs [Cactaceae]. Linn., 12-
Icosandria, l-monogynia). Cuttings, at
any time, of either old or young shoots ;



the latter are the best, if the base of the
cutting is well dried. Instead of insert-
ing them firmly in sand, they do best
when laid among rough material, such
as peat, charcoal, leaf mould, and brick
and lime rubbish. They are generally
described as stove plants ; but, unless
when they are just making their wood,
they will endure a very low temperature
if kept dry. Unless for the winter
flowering varieties, and those desired to
bloom at that season, no water will be
requisite from October to March, if kept
cool. Sandy loam, turfy peat, half parts
of lime rubbish and dried cow-dung.
"Water freely when growing and when
in bloom. Summer temp., 55 to 85 ;
winter, 35 to 50.

C. sE'thiops (l&aek-spined). Brazil. 1829.

affi'nis (related). White.

albiseto' sun (white bristled. Trailing}. 2.

St. Domingo. 1816.

albispi'nus (white-spined). 2. St. Domingo.

1816.

ambi'guus (doubtful). 2. Purple, white.

July. 1827. '

amblygo'nus (blunt-angled). Buenos Ayres.

1836.

arcua'tus (arched). White. 1835.

au'reus (golden -spined). South America.

1825.

baxa'rius ( clog-shaped). June. Mexico. 1838.

bifo'rmis (two-formed). June. Honduras.

1840.

cUloe'nsis (Chiloe).

cocci' neus (scarlet). Scarlet, September.

Brazil.

ccerule'scens (bluish). 3. Blue. July. Brazil.

1829.

crispa'tus (curly). Rose. Brazil. 1829.

eyli'ndricus (cylindric). 3. Peru. 1799.

De-ppei (Deppe's). 1. Peru. 1799.

ebu'rnem (ivory). 3. South America. 1818.

erio'phorus (woolly). Red. 1835.

euphorbioi'des (Euphorbia-like). 3. South

America.

extdnms (long-stemmed). 6. Pale rose. Au-

gust. Trinidad.

Eyrdsii (Eyre's). White green. 1829.
fe'rox (fierce). 1. Brazil. 1827.
fimbria'tus (fringed). 20. Pink. St. Do-
mingo. 1836.

flagellifo' rmis (rod-shaped. Creeping eereus)

Pink. Peru. 1690.

flavispi'nus (yellow-spined). 3. West Indies.
formo'sus (handsome). White. Buenos

Ayres. 1834.

fulvispino' sus (tawny -spined). 3. South

America. 1796.

gemma' tus (bud-bearing). July. Mexico.

1834.

gra'cilis (slender long-spined). South Ame-

rica.

grandiflo' rus (great - flowering. Night-

blooming Cereus). White yellow. Ja-
maica. 1700.



CER



[227]



CER



'C. gra'ndls (gte&t-spined). 3. Brazil.

griseus (grey). 3. Grey. South America.

1809.

Hawo'rthii (Haworth's). 3. Caribbees.

1811.

heptago'nus (seven-angled). 3. White. July.

West Indies. 1728.

Jiexago'nus (six-angled). 36, White. Au-

gust. Surinam. 1690.

htfmilis (humble). South America. 1827.

Ht/strix (porcupine) . South America. 1808.

Jamaca'ru (Jamacaru). White. Brazil.

1835.

Lancea'nus (Lance's). Scarlet. May.

Guiana. 1834.

lanugino'sus (woolly). 1. White. August.

West Indies. 1690.

Idtifrons (broad-stemmed). White. Septem-

ber. South America. 1830.

Leetfnus (Mr. Lee's). 1. Bright red.

Mexico.

l&ptophis (slender). White purple. 1835.

leuctfnthus (white-spined). White, purple.

1830.

ma' gnus (great). 3. White. June. St.

Domingo. 1829.

Martia'nus (Martius's). 2. Pink. April.

Mexico. 1838.

monocle? nos (single-branched). 20. Rose

white. June. Caribbees.

monstro'sus (monstrous) . Red, white.

South America. 1816.

-mu'ltiplex (multiplied). Scarlet. St. Do-
mingo. 1829.

-myosifrus (mouse-tail). Brazil. 1828.

myriophifUus (thousand-leaved). Brown.

1815.

Napoleo'nis (Napoleon's). 6. Green, white.

1834.

ni'ger (black). 3. South America. 1820.

ru/blUs (noble). 3. Pink. West Indies.

1811.

ochroleif cus (cream - coloured). Striped.

South America. 1835.

ova 1 tus (egg-shaped). Chili. 1827.

oxyao'nus (sharp - angled). Pink. Brazil.

1829.

oxype! talus (sharp - pctaled). Red. May.

Mexico. 1828.

panicuU'tus (panicled). White, red. St.

Domingo. 1827.

pentago'nus (five-angled). 3. White. July.

South America. 1769.

peruvia'nus (Peruvian). 3. Red. August.

Peru. 1728.

Pitajay'a (Pitajaya). 6. White. Cartha-

gena. 1836.

potyffo'nus (many-angled). 10. White.

Chili. 1827.

quadrangula' ris (quadrangular). White.

West Indies. 1809. Creeper.

ramo'sus (branched). July. Mexico. 1838.

rega'lis (royal). 10. White. South Ame-

rica.

repa'ndus { waved- Jeaced). 20.

August. West Indies. 1728.

rosa'ccus (rosy). Rose. 1826.

Royefni (Royen's). 2. White. South Ame-

rica. 1728.

seni'lis (old-man). 20. Red. Mexico. 1823.

serpenti'nus (serpentine). 4. White, pur-

ple. Peru.



C. splendldus (splendid). Scarlet. Septem-
ber. Mexico. 1831.

strtctus (erect). 3. South America. 1823.

subrepcfndus (sub-waved-Zea#ed). 3. 1817.

Wnuis (slender). Pink. Brazil. Creeper.

tetraca'ntha (four-spined). Rose. July.

Mexico.

tetrago'nus (four-angled). 3. White. July.

South America. 1810.

triangula' ris (triangular - stemmed}. 1.

White. August. West Indies. 1590.

trigo'nus (triangular-stemmed). 1. White.

South America. 1809.

tri'queter (three-sided). 3. South Ame-

rica. 1794.

tubiflo'rus (tube-flowered). White. 1830.

tunica'tus (tunicated). Brazil. 1832.

undo,' tus (waved). China. 1829.

There are many other species named
in botanical works; but as little is known
of them but their names, and they are
probably synonymous with some of those
we have retained, we have omitted them
until more certainly known. Cereus
speciosissimm and some others have been
joined to Cactus.

CERI'NTHE. Honeywort. (From keros,
wax, and anthos, a flower; referring to
its being a favourite flower with bees.
Nat. ord., Borageworts [Boraginacesel.
Linn., 5-Pentandria, \-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Anchusa). Hardy annuals, except
C. maculata. All by seeds, in common
soil. Maculata requires a dry soil, or its
fleshy roots decay.

C. alpi'na (Alpine). Pale yellow. June. Car-
pathian Mountains. 1827.

a'spera (rough). 2. Yellow, purple. July.

South France. 1633.

macula' ta (spotted). 2. Yellow, red. July.

South France. 1804. Perennial.

ma'jor (greater). 3. Yellow. July. South

France. 1596.

mi' nor (smaller). 2. Yellow, purple. July.

Austria. 1570.

reto'rta (twisted), 2. Yellow, green. July.

Levant. 1825.

CEROPE'GIA. (From keros, wax, and
pegre, a fountain; referring to the form
and waxy appearance of the flower. Nat.
ord., Asclepiads [Asclepiadacese]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, \-Monogynia. Allied to
Hoy a). Cuttings of small side shoots,
in April, in sand, under a glass, and a
little heat ; sandy loam, fibry peat, and
a little leaf-mould and charcoal. Sum-
mer temp., 55 to 80 ; winter, 45 to
55 ; giving the East Indian species the
most heat. More curious than beau-
tiful



CES



[ 228 ]



GET



GREENHOUSE.

C. apJij/Ua (leafless). 2. White. June. 1817.
Evergreen twiner.

austra'lis (southern). 3. New Holland.

1820. Evergreen twiner.

sinua' ta (wavy-edged). 3. Pale red. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1818. Ever-
green twiner.

stftphelin'fo'rmis (Staphelia-formed). 4. Pur-

ple. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1826.
Evergreen trailer.

tomlo'sa (uneven). Yellow. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1820. Evergreen
twiner.

STOVE.

C. acumina'ta (taper-pointed). 2. Purple.
July. Coromandel. 1820. Tuber.

africa'na (African). 6. Yellow. July.

East Indies. 1823. Evergreen twiner.

bulbo'sa (bulbous). 2. Red, green. May.

East Indies. 1821. Trailer.

dicho'toma (fork -branched). 1. White.

July. East Indies. 1804. Evergreen.

Slegans (elegant). 20. Purple. August.

East Indies. 1828. Deciduous twiner.

jifncea (rushy). 1. Yellow. East Indies.

1822. Evergreen.

Lu'shii (Dr. Lush's). Purple. Septem-

ber. Bombay. 1833. Deciduous
climber.

ocula'ta (round-spotted). 6. Green. Red

spotted. September. Bombay. 1842.
Deciduous twiner.

tubero'sa (tuberous). 8. Red, green. May.

East Indies. 1821. Tuberous Pe-
rennial.

vincwfo'lia (Vinca- leaved). 20. Purple.

September. Bombay. 1837. Ever-
green twiner.

Wri'ghtii (Dr. Wright's). 20. Green, pur-

ple. August. East Indies. 1832.
Deciduous climber.

CE'STRUM. (An ancient Greek
name for another plant. Nat.
ord., Nightshades [Solanace].
Linn., 5-Pentandria, \-rnono-
gynia. Allied to Habrothamnus).
Cuttings in sand, in heat, in
April ; peat and loam. Of easy
culture. With the exception of
tinctorium, which is used for
dying, and the few others we
have selected, none are worth
cultivating, being chiefly poiso-
nous plants of no beauty. There
are fifteen other species. Those
we have described are stove
evergreen shrubs, with the ex
ception of C. roseum, which is
a greenhouse evergreen shrub.
C. alatcrnoi' des (Alaternus-like).
6. Yellowish. March. Tri-
nidad. 1824.

aurantl'acum (orange-coloured-



flmcered). 3. Orange. Guatimala.
1842.

C.latifo'lium (broad - leaved) . 6. White.
June. Trinidad. 1818.

ro'seum (rose-coloured-^owererf) . 3. Rose.

July. Mexico. 1839.

subero'sum (cork- bar ked). 5. Sulphur.

June. 1815.

tincto'rium (dying). 4. White. May.

Caraccas. 1823.

CETO'NIA AURA'TA. Golden Rose
Beetle. This insect is the Scarabaus
auratus of some naturalists. The grub
is of a dirty- white colour, and the tail
end thicker and more highly glazed than
the remainder of its body. It is usually
found in decayed wood ; but being occa-
sionally discovered in the nest of the ant
under ground, where it seems to feed
upon the bits of wood of which the nest
is composed, it thence has the popular
name of ' King of the Ants.' After
remaining about three years in the larva
state, it makes a sort of cocoon of chips
of wood glued together by an excretion
of its own. In this it passes the winter,
and in June following emerges in the
perfect form. The rose beetle flies well,
with a considerable humming noise,
during the hottest part of the day, pass-
ing from flower to flower preferring,
but not exclusively, our roses. It robs
them of their honey ; but, not content
with this, devours occasionally their
nectaries, and the lowermost juicy por-
tion of the petals. Our drawing repre-




CHA



[ 229 ]



CHJE



sents the larva, pupa, and beetle of their
natural size. The beetle is of a shining
green colour above, and the wing-sheaths
dotted with white. Beneath, the body
and head are coppery red. Tlie Cottage
Gardener, iii. 341.

This beetle is most severely felt by
the gardener when it attacks the blos-
soms of his strawberries, which it does
in May or June ; but it also attacks
the whitethorn, candytuft, elder, moun-
tain-ash, and poeony, the flowers of
which it feeds upon. The female rose-
chafers often lay their eggs in the ground,
and the larvae they produce are no doubt
often confounded with those of the cock-
chafer (Helolontha vulgaris), being as
large and very similar.

CHABR^E'A. (In honour of D. Chau-
Irey, a Genevese botanist. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., \$-Syn-
genesia, \-cequalis .

C. runcina'ta (rimcinate). li. White. June.
Chili. 1844.

CHJENA'NTHE. (From chaino, to gape,
and antltos, a flower. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidaceae]. Linn., IQ-Gynandria, 1-
monandria). Stove orchid. Offsets and
divisions, placed in a very shallow bas-
ket with sphagnum ; or tied to a block
of wood, and suspended in a high tem-
perature and moist atmosphere ; cool
and dry in winter. Summer temp., 60
to 90 ; winter, 50 to 60.
C.Barke'ri (Barker's). Para. 1837.

CH^ENE'STES. (From chaino, to gape ;
in allusion to the flower's mouth. Nat.
ord., Nightshades [Solanaceae]. Linn., 5-
fentandria, 1 - Monogynia. Allied to
Lycium). A stove evergreen shrub,
propagated by cuttings in spring, in
sand, under a bell-glass, with bottom
heat. Sandy loam and fibry peat Sum-
mer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 45 to 55.
C. lanceola'ta (spear-head-/ewd). 5. Purplish
brown. July. Quindiu. 1846.

CHJENO'STOMA. (From chaino, to gape,
and stoma, a mouth ; in reference to the
wide opening of the tube or bottom part
of the flower. Nat. ord., Figworts
[Scrophulariacea3]. Linn., 14 - Didy-
namia, l-angiospcrmia). All natives of
Cape of Good Hope. Seeds sown in
March in a hotbed, and transplanted to
the flower garden in May ; and cuttings



taken off in August and September, and
potted in a greenhouse or cold pit, to be
transplanted the following season.

GREENHOUSE ANNUALS.
C.fattida (fetid). 1. White. June. 1794.

villo'sa (long-haired). 1. White. June. 1783.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
C. corda' ta (heart-shaped- leaved). 1|. White.
June. 1816.

hi'spida (bristly). 1. White. July. 1816.

polya'ntha (many-flowered), f. Lilac, yel-

low. June. 1844.

CH^ETANTHE'RA. (From chaite, a
bristle, an& anther, an anther or pollei -
bag ; the anthers being furnished with
tufts of bristly hairs. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteraceae]. Linn., \-Syngenesia,
1-superflua. Allied to Mutisia). All na-
tives of Chili, and half-hardy herbaceous
perennials except C. limaris. Division of
the roots, in March or April. C. limaris
by seed. Peat and loam. Protection of
Greenhouse or cold pit in winter.

C. chile" mis (Chilian). 1. July. 1827. An-
nual.

cilia' t a (hair-fringed). 2. July. 1822.

linea'ris (narrow -leaved}. Yellow. July.

1837. Annual.

serra'ta (saw- leaved). . Yellow. July.

1827.

tenuifu'lia (fine -leaved). Yellow. July.

1827.

CH^TO' CALYX. (From chaite, a bristle,
and Jcalyx, a flower envelope ; in refer-
ence to the calyx being furnished with
bristles. Nat. ord., Leguminous plants
[Fabaceae]. Linn., \1-Liadelphia, 4-
decandria. Allied to Hedysaruin). Stove
evergreen twiner. Cuttings of ripe
shoots in heat. Peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 45 to 55.

Ci vincent? na (St. Vincent's). 6. Yellow. June.
St. Vincent. 1823.

CH^TOGA'STRA. (From cliaite, a bristle,
and gastron, a cavity ; referring to the
cavities between the apex of the ovary
and the bottom of the calyx being fur-
nished with hairy scales. Nat. ord., Me-
lastomads [Melastomaceae]. Linn., 10-
Decandria, \-monogynia. Allied to Os-
bekia). Seeds in hotbed, in March;
and cuttings in sandy soil in heat. Peat
and loam. Summer temp., 50 to 80 ;
winter, 45 to 55.
C. gra'cilis (slender). 1. Red, lilac. Brazil.

1834. Stove perennial.
lanceola'ta (spear-head-teared). 1. White.



CHA



[ 230 ]



CHA



January. Trinidad. 1820. Stove
annual.

sMgo'sa (short-bristled). . Rosy-purple.

August. West Indies. 1848. Green-
house evergreen.

CHAFF-FLOWER. Alternanthe ra achyr-
a'ntha.

CHALK. Carbonate of lime, contains
when pure Carbonic acid, 45 ; lime, 55.
But as it usually occurs it contains about
twenty-four per cent, of water, and five
per cent, of silica (flint), alumina (clay),
and oxide (rust) of iron. After these
deductions it will be apparent that if
fifty tons of lime be applied to land, it
will be equal to more than one hundred
of chalk, a subject worthy of considera-
tion when it has to be conveyed from
afar. Chalk is usually employed in
large quantities to improve the staple of
a soil. It makes heavy soils less reten-
tive of moisture, and light sandy soils
more retentive. On wet sour lands it
neutralizes the acids which render them
unproductive. Some chalks contain
phosphate of lime, and this being a con-
stituent of all plants, such chalk is to be
preferred. Some contain a large pro-
portion of carbonate of magnesia, which
is less beneficial. Chalk has also been
shown by Mr. Beaton to be of great value
in forming the best of walks. See Con-
crete Walks.

CHAMJECY/ PARIS. White Cedars. (From
chamai, ground, meaning dwarf, and Ctt-
prcssm, Cypress the Cypress-dwarf or
bastard Cypress. Nat. ord., Conifers [Pina-
cete]. Linn., 21-fifoncecia, 10-decandria.
Allied to Taxodium and Cypress). Hardy
evergreens. Seeds. Deep sandy soil.

C. nutktie'nsis (Nootka Sound). 70. North
America.

obtu'sa (blunt). 80. Japan.

pisi'fcra (pea-bearing). A small tree. Island

of Niphon.

splicer oi' dea (globe -coned). A small tree.

North America.

squarr(/sa (spreading). A bush. Japan.

thurtfera (frankincense). 70. Mexico.

CHAMJEDO'REA. (From chamai, dwarf,
and dorea, a gift ; referring to the nuts
of this palm being easily reached. Nat.
ord., Palms [Palmaceae]. Linn., 22-
Dicecia, 6-hexandria. Allied to Areca).
Stove deciduous trees. Seeds when ob-
tainable; freely by suckers from the
roots. Rich sandy loam. Summer temp.,
60 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 60.



C.fra' grans (sweet-scented). 8. White. Tri-

nidad. 1820.
gra'cilis (slender). 10. White, green. Ca-

raccas. 1803.

CHAMUEFI'STULA. Same as Cassia.

CHANNEL A' UCIUM. (From chamaileuJce,
a dwarf white poplar ; because its heathy
stems are miniatures of that tree. Nat.
ord., Fringe Myrtles [Chamselauciacese].
Linn., \Q-Decandria,\-monogynia}. This
is the head of a small order of beautiful
little greenhouse bushes, natives of New
Holland, generally with the aspect of
heaths, having their flowers gathered
into heads, and the flower envelopes
ending in awns, fringes, or bristles,
which give them the appearance of
Composites. A greenhouse evergreen
shrub. Cuttings of the points of shoots,
or side shoots when getting firm, in sand
under a bell-glass; one part fibry peat,
and two of sandy lumpy loam. Summer
temp., 55 to 75 ; winter, 35 to 45.

C. cilia' turn (hair-fringed). 2. White. May.

New Holland. 1825.

CHAM^E'LEDON. (From chamai, dwarf,
and leclon, a kind of Cistus). It is really
Azalea procumbens, and we ought to have
united it to the hardy section of that
genus. See Azalea.
C. procu'mb&is (trailing). . Pink. April.

North of Scotland.

CHAMJERHO'DES. (From chamai, dwarf,
and rodon, a rose ; in reference to the
appearance of the plants. Nat. ord.,
Roseworts [Rosaceoe]. Linn., 5-Pentan*
dria, 5-Pentayynia. Allied to Rubus).
Hardy herbaceous perennials ; chiefly by
seeds; sandy loam and a dry elevated
position.

" o'rus (large-flowered). Yellow. June.
ihuria. 1828.

MS (many-pistiled). Yellow. June.
24.

(From chamai, dwarf,
and rhops, a twig. A comparative name,
making the Fan palm of the south of
Europe a low twig in comparison to the
huge gigantic palms of the tropics. Nat.
ord., Palms [Palmacecel. Linn., 23-Poly
gamia, 2-dieecia). Seed's, imported; suck-
ers which are freely produced, with the
exception of C. gracilis and gttiammis,
the others will flourish in a greenhouse,
and their leaves render them striking
objects. In Edinbtirgh the Jmmilis stood
out several winters, with but a slight



Iberia. 18



CHA



[ 231 ]



HA



protection; rich loamy soil. Summer
temp., 50 to 80 ; winter, 35 to 45.

C. exce'lsa (tall). 30. Green, white. Nepaul.
1822.

gra'cllis (slender). 10. Green, white. South

America. 1822. Stove.

gumne'nsis (Guiana). 20. Green, white.

Guiana. 1824. Stove.

hu' milts (low). 10. Green, white. March.

South of Europe. 1731.

hjfstrix (porcupine). 10. Green, white.

Georgia. 1801.

Palme' tto (Palmetto). 20. Green, white.

Carolina. 1801.

serrula'ta (saw-leaved). 10. Green, white.

North America. 1809.

CHAM^NE'RON. (From chamai, dwarf,
and neron, the oleander. Nat. ord, Ona-
grads [Onagraceae]. Linn., 8-Octandria,
l-monogynla. Allied to Epilobium).
Hardy herbaceous perennial ; seeds ; di-
vision of the roots in spring ; common
soil.

C. America' num. (American). Red. July. North
America. 1825.

CHAMISSO'A. (Named after M. Camisso,
a botanist. Nat. ord., Amaranths, [Ama-
rantacece]. Linn., 5-Pentandria, \-mo-
nogynia). Stove evergreen shrub; cut-
tings of ripe shoots in heat, tinder a bell-
glass; fibry sandy loam. Summer temp.,
60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55.
C. altfssima (tallest). 5. Yellow. July.
Jamaica. 1816.

CHAPTA'LIA. (Named after M. Chap-
tal, a French chemist. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteraceae]. Linn., V^-Synge-
nesia, ^-necessaria. Allied to Cussonia).
Hardy herbaceous perennial; division of
the roots ; light sandy soil.
C. toMcnto'sa (wooly). . White. May. North
America. 1806.

CHARCOAL. Soot, a chief constituent
of which is charcoal, has long been known
as a very effective fertilizer ; and burning
has still longer been known as a mode of
reducing stubborn soils to prompt produc-
tiveness. But both these sources of ferti-
lity might owe their efficiency to other
causes than their affording carbon to
plants ; and comparatively it is only
lately that anything like a general know-
ledge has been diffused that mere charcoal
is a good manure. Charcoal is a most effi-
cient manure to all cultivated plants,
especially to those under glass. Heaths,
rhododendrons, cucumbers, onions, roses,
orchidaceous plants, hydrangeas, caml-



lias, melons, and pine apples, have been
the subjects of extensive and most suc-
cessful experiments. "We think no cul-
tivated plant would be unbenefited by
having charcoal applied to the soil in
which it is rooted. It should be broken
into small pieces, about the size of a nut,
and for potted plants may be mixed in
the proportions of one part charcoal to
twenty parts earth. If applied to the
open ground, one-fourth of a bushel may
be sown over a square rod or perch, and
dug in just before inserting the crop.
The reason of charcoal being so useful as
a manure is very apparent. MM. Sen-
nebier, Buckert, Saussure, and others,
have demonstrated that plants are ren-
dered much more luxuriant and produc-
tive by having carbonic acid applied to
their roots, than other plants to whose
roots nQ' such application was made.
Now charcoal kept moist, as when buried
in the soil, slowly combines with oxygen,
and emits carbonic acid ; in fact, it slowly
dissolves. We are sorry to differ from
such an authority as Liebig, who broadly
asserts that " Carbon never combines at
common temperatures with oxygen, so as
to form carbonic acid." This was long
since shown to be otherwise by Count
Rumford ; and may easily be demon-
strated to be incorrect, by confining a few
ounces of fresh and moistened charcoal
powder, mixed with earth, in a glass re-
ceiver full of oxygen, over lime water,
carbonate of lime will form, showing the
gradual evolution of carbonic acid. For
draining, pieces of charcoal about the size
of filberts and walnuts are among the
best that can he employed.

CHARD. See Artichoke.

CHARDOON. See Cardoon.

CHARLES'S SCEPTRE. Pedicular is Seep-
trum Car oil num.

CHARLOCK. Sinapis avemis, a well-
known weed.

CHARLWOO'DIA. New Holland dragon
tree ; the species are now united to 6V-
dyline.

CHASCA'NTTM. ^From chasJco, to gape ;
referring to the irregular limb of the
flower approaching the form of a Lip-
wort flower. Nat. ord., Verbenes [Ver-
benaceae]. Linn., \k-Didynamia, 2-an-
giospermia. Allied to StachytarphetaJ.
Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings in



CHE



[ 232 ]



CHE



spring, in sand, tinder a glass, in gentle
heat. Loam and sandy peat, well
drained.

C. cuneifo'lwm (wedge - shaped - leaved). 4.
White. April. Cape of Good Hope.
1821.

CHEESE-RENNET. Gdliwm verum.

CHEILA'NTHES. (From cheilos, a lip,
and anthos, a flower; in reference to the
form of the seed organs. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [Polypodiaceas]. Linn., 24-Crypto-
gamia, \-jfilices. Allied to Adiantum).
Division of the roots, just when com-
mencing to grow. Peat and loam. Sum-
mer temp., 55 to 80 ; winter, 45 to 55.



C. gra'cilis (slender). . Brown. July. North

America. 1823.

odo'ra (sweet-smelling). |. Brown. June.
. 1819.



Switzerland
vesti'ta (clothed). ^. Brown.