and much difference of opinion among
cultivators with regard to the advantage
of employing dung in a fresh or in a
putrid state, and, as is too often the
case, both parties have run into ex-
tremes the one side contending for the
propriety of employing it quite fresh
from the farm -yard, the other contend-
ing that it cannot well be too decayed.
The mode employed by Lord Leices-
ter is the medium between these equally
erroneous extremes. He found that
the employment of the fresh dung
certainly made the dung go much far-
ther, but then a multitude of the seeds
of various weeds were carried on to
the land along with the manure. He
has, therefore, since used his compost
when only in a half putrefied state
(called short dung by farmers), and
hence the seeds are destroyed by the
effects of the putrefaction, and the
dung still extends much farther than
if suffered to remain until quite pu-
trefied. Putrefaction cannot go on
without the presence of moisture.
Where water is entirely absent, there
can be no putrefaction ; and hence
many farmers have adopted the prac-
tice of pumping the drainage of their
farm -yards over their dung heaps;
others invariably place them in a low
dranp situation. This liquid portion
cannot be too highly valued by the cul-
tivator. The soil where a dunghill has
DUN
[ 847 ]
DUE
lain in a field is always distinguished
by a rank luxuriance in the succeeding
crop, even if the earth beneath to the
depth of six inches is removed and
spread with the dunghill.
Guano. This now celebrated manure
has been known as the chief fertilizer
employed by the Peruvians, almost as
long as that part of the New World has
been recognised by geographers. Its
name, in the language of that country,
signifies the manure ; and it merits
such distinction, as being one of the
most powerful assistants to vegetation
which can be applied to the soil. Guano
is not peculiar to Peru, but is found in
immense beds upon many rocks and
islands of the Atlantic, being the excre-
ments of the marine birds frequenting
those ocean solitudes. It has been
lately analyzed by Dr. Ure,who reports
it as composed of the following propor-
tional constituents : Azotized organic
matter, including urate of ammonia,
and capable of affording from 8 to 17
per cent, of ammonia by slow decom-
position in the soil, 50.0; water, 11.0;
phosphate of lime, 25.0; ammonia,
phosphate of magnesia, phosphate of
ammonia, and oxalate of ammonia, con-
taining from 4 to 9 per cent, of ammo-
nia, 13.0 ; siliceous matter, 1.0.
This analysis explains the source
from whence failure has been derived
to many who have tried it. It is the
most violently stimulating of all the
known natural manures, and they have
applied it too abundantly. This is
shown by the experiments of Mr.
Maund. When applied to Strawberries
once a week in a liquid state (four
ounces to a gallon), it made them very
vigorous and productive ; but sprinkled
upon some young seedlings of the same
fruit it killed them. Two ounces per
yard (five cwt. per acre), were sprinkled
over Onions, and they doubled the un-
treated in size. Potatoes manured witli
one ounce and a half per yard, were
rendered much more luxuriant than
others having no guano. Brussels
Sprouts were half destroyed by being
planted in immediate contact with nine
parts earth and one part guano. Gera-
niums were greatly injured by liquid-
manure of guano (four ounces per gal-
lon), but " Plants of various sorts, in
pots, watered only with guano water,
half an ounce to a gallon, have flou-
rished astonishingly ; none have failed.
These are lessons which cannot be
mistaken." Auctorium, 223. Mr. Ken-
die and other persons record, as the
result of dearly-purchased experience,
that where guano has failed to be bene-
ficial, or has been injurious, it has been
applied in quantities too powerful for
the plants to bear. In a liquid state,
half an ounce per gallon, and given to
growing plants once a week, it never
fails to be productive of vigour. When
sown as a top-dressing, it should be
mixed with five times its weight of dry
earth, ashes, &c., and then scattered as
thinly as possible. When used as a
top-dressing for a flower-pot, a small
pinch between the thumb and two fin-
gers will be sufficient.
Cow- dung, for potting purposes,
should be collected whilst fresh, kept
under a dry shed, be frequently turned
over, and used when in a dry loose
condition. Two years' old dung is best.
DURA'NTA (Named after C. U-urantes,
a physician and botanist. Nat. ord.,
Verbenes [Verbenacese]. Linn., 14-
Dldynamia 2-An(/iospermia.}
Stove evergreen shrubs, with blue flowers.
Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-
heat; loam and peat. Summer temp., 60 to
80; winter, 45 to 55.
D. arge'ntea (silvery). 6. East Indies. 1824.
Wi'sm(Ellis's). 6. August. West Indies.
1739.
ine'rmis (unarmed). 6. August. South
America. 1/3Q.
macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 6. West Indies.
1818.
Muti'sii (Mutis's). 6. West Indies. 1820.
Plumie'ri (Plumier's). 15. October. South
America. 1733.
Xa/ape'ns(Xalapa). 6. Mexico. 1822.
DU'RIO (From Duryon, the Malay
name of the fruit, " one of the most
delicious productions of nature." Nat.
ord., Sterculeads [Sterculiacese]. Linn.,
18-Polyadelphia 1-Decandria. Allied to
Cheirostemon.)
In a putrid state the fruit is used as a bait to
trap the civet cat, hence the specific name.
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of firm young
shoots, in spring, in sand, under a glass, and in
bottom-heat ; peat, loam, and leaf mould. Sum-
mer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 50 to 55.
D.xibethi'nus (civet). 60. White. East Indies.
1825.
DUV
C 348 ]
EAR
DUVA'LIA. Applied by Haworth to a
section of Stapelia, but the name was
pre-occupied by Nees von Esenbeck
for a genus of Liverworts, of which 110
account is taken in this work. The
species will be found under Stapelia.
DUVAU'A (After Duvau, a French bo-
tanist. Nat. ord., Terebinths or Ana-
cards [Anacardiacese]. Linn., 21-Mo-
ncecla 1 -Octandrla. Allied to Schinus.)
Fine evergreens, requiring greenhouse pro-
tection north of London.
D. denta'ta (toothed). 20.
Owyhee. 1/95.
depe'ndens (hanging). 2
1/90.
White. June.
White. Chili.
0. Yellowish.
latifo'lia (broad -leaved).
June. Chili. 1830.
longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. Pale yellow.
June. Buenos Ayres. 1835.
ova'ta (egg-leaved). 6. Greenish. Chili.
1824.
DWARF FAN-PALM. Chamce'rops hu' mi-
lls.
DWAKF STANDARD is a fruit-tree on a
very short stem, with its branches un-
trained.
DY'CKIA. (Named in honour of
Prince Salm-Dyck, a German author
of a splendid work on succulents.
Nat. ord., Bromelworts [Bromeliacese].
Linn., Q-Hcxandrla 3-Tryginia. Allied
in appearance to a small Pitcairnia.)
Like a pine-apple plant in miniature ; usually
grown with small greenhouse succulents. Suck-
ers; loam and peat, with lime rubbish, and
well drained. Summer temp., 56 to 75;
winter, 38 to 45.
D. alli'ssima (tallest). Orange. September.
Buenos Ayres.
variflo'ra (scattered-flowered). 2. Orange.
June. Brazil. 1832.
DYER'S GREEN-WEED. Genista tlnc-
to'ria.
DYSOPHY'LLA. (From dysodes, fetid,
and phyllon, a leaf; referring to the
strong peppermint-like smell of the
leaves. Nat. ord., Lipivorts or Labiates
[Lamiacese]. Linn., l^-Dt/dynamia 1-
Gymnospermia. Allied to Mint.)
Division of the roots just as fresh growth is
commencing in spring ; common sandy soil.
D. pu'mila (dwarf). . Purple. August. Ne-
paul. 1826. Hardy herbaceous.
quadrifo'lia (four-leaved). 2. Purple. July.
Nepaul. 1820. Greenhouse evergreen.
stella'ta (starry-cowered). 1. Purple. India.
1816. Greenhouse herbaceous .
verticilla'ta (whorled). Lilac. Nepaul, 1828.
Greenhouse herbaceous.
E,
EARI'NA. (From earinos, the spring,
the time of their blooming. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gy-
nandrla \-Monandrlu. Allied to Pho-
lidota.)
Stove orchids, from New Zealand. Division
of the plants when fresh growth is commencing ;
sphagnum moss and fibry peat, in which the
roots are fixed above the surface of a pot, or in
a shallow basket, and suspended from the roof.
Summer temp., 60 to 85, with moisture; win-
ter, 50 to 60, and rather dry.
E. mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed). White. May.
1845.
suave'olens (sweet-scented); White. May.
1843.
EARTH. Every cultivated soil is
mainly composed of four earths in va-
rious proportions : Silica, or pure
flint; Alumina, or pure clay; Lime,
combined with carbonic acid in the
state of chalk ; and Magnesia. See
Soil.
EARTHING-UP, or drawing the soil in
a ridge to the stems of plants, is bene-
ficial to fibrous-rooted plants, by re-
ducing the distance from the surface
of the extremities of the plant's roots ;
by inducing the production of rootlets
from the stem ; and sheltering the
winter standing crops, for the closer
the leaves of these are to the earth the
less is the reduction of heat from the
latter, either by radiation or contact
with the colder air. But to tuberous-
rooted plants, as the potato, it is de-
trimental. In our experiments, it has,
on an average, reduced the produce
one-fourth.
EARTH-NUT. A'rachis.
EARWIG. Forft'cula auricula' ris. This
destroyer of the peach, apricot, plum,
dahlia, pink, and carnation, commits
its ravages only at night, retiring
during the day to any convenient
shelter in the vicinity of its prey. Ad-
vantage must be taken of this habit,
and if small garden pots with a little
moss within be inverted upon a stick,
and pieces of the dry hollow stem of
the sunflower, or Jerusalem artichoke,
be placed in the neighbourhood of the
fruits and flowers enumerated, many
of the insects will resort thither, and
may be shaken out and destroyed. As
EAR
[ 349 ]
ECU
earwigs are winged insects, it is useless
to guard the stems of plants in any
mode.
E'BENUS. The following species
have been separated from An thy 'His
by some botanists, to make this genus,
but they should be reunited to it. See
Anthy'llis.
E. Cre'tica (Cretan). 1$. Pink. June. Candia.
1737.
pinna' ta (leafleted). . Pink. June. Bar-
bary. 1786.
Sibtho'rpii(SibthoTp's). Pink. July. Greece.
1826.
E'BONY. Diospy'ros ebe'neiim.
ECASTAPHY'LLUM. See Pteroca'rpus.
ECCREMOCA'RPUS. (From ekkremes,
pendent, and karpos, fruit; position of
the seed-pods. Nat. ord., Bignonlads
[Bignoniacea?] . Linn., l^-Didynamla
2-Angiospermia. Syn., Cale'mpelis.)
Half-hardy evergreen climbers, with orange
flowers. Seeds sown on heat in February will
bloom out of doors during the summer; cuttings
taken off in August, and kept in a cold frame
during the winter, will bloom better. In shel-
tered places the fleshy roots will remain safe in
the ground during the winter, but in most
places it is safest to protect them from frost and
wet, or take them up and keep them from frost,
and plant again in May ; any light fertile soil.
E. longiflo'rus (long-flowered). 6. July. Peru.
'1825.
sea' bra (rough). 6. July. Chili. 1824.
ECHEA'NDIA. (Derivation unknown.
A rare Lily wort [Liliacea?]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria \-Monogynla. Allied to
Anthericum.)
Division, and, it is believed, by seeds ; peat
and loam ; greenhouse and cold pit culture.
E. ternifln'ra (three-flowered). Golden. July.
Mexico. 1837.
ECHEVE'RIA. (After M. Echeveri, a
botanical draughtsman. Nat. ord.,
Home-leeks [Crassulaceffi], Linn,, 10-
Decandria -Pentagyma. Allied to
Sedum.)
Cuttings, chiefly in spring, that the plants
may be established during summer ; the base
of the cutting should be dried for several days,
though the leaves are kept green by shading
and moisture, before inserting them in sandy
soil ; a bell-glass, if not kept close, will do them
good, and also a little bottom-heat; sandy loam,
peat, and lime rubbish. Winter temp., 40 to
45, and kept almost dry.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
E. acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved) . 1 . Scarlet, yel-
low. April. Mexico. 1841.
bracteola'ta (small-bracted). Red, yellow,
Caraccas, 1840,
E. ccespeto'sa (tufty). 1. Yellow, July. Cali-
fornia. 1796.
cocci'nea (scarlet-flowered). 2. Scarlet. Oc-
tober. Blexico. 1816.
farino'sa (mealy). Pale yellow. California.
gibbiflo'ra (swollen-flowered). 2. Yellow,
pink. September. Blexico. 1826.
grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 2. Orange. Oc-
tober. Blexico. 1828.
la'xa (loose). Yellow. California. 1847.
pitlvertile'nta (powdery). White, red. Sep-
tember. Mexico. 1840.
retu'sa (blunt-leaved). 1. Crimson, yellow.
November. Mexico. 1846.
ro'sea (rosy). 1. Rose, yellow. September.
Brazil. 1840.
Sche'erii (Scheer's). l. Pink, yellow. No-
vember. Blexico. 1842.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
E. lu'rida (dingy-leaved). 1. Scarlet. July.
Mexico. 1830.
racemo'sa (racemed). 2. Crimson. October.
Blexico. 1836.
secu'nda (second). Scarlet. June. Blexico.
1837-
ECHINA'CEA. (From cchinos, a hedge-
hog .; referring to the involucre, or
scaly covering of composite flowers.
Nat. ord., Composites [ Asteracece] .
Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2-Superflua. (Al-
lied to Rudbeckia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division and
seeds, in spring ; common or sandy soil.
E. Di'cksoni (Dickson's). 1. Lilac. August.
Blexico.
du'bia (doubtful). 4. Lilac. September.
Blexico. 1837.
heterophy' lla (various-leaved). l. Purple,
October. Mexico. 1829.
napifo'lia (Rape-leaved). 2. Red. July.
North Spain. 1824.
purpu'rea (purple-flowered). 4. Red. Sep-
tember. North America. 1699-
sero'tina (late-flowering). 3. Red. Sep-
tember. North America. 1816.
ECHIKOCA'CTUS. (From cchinos,
hedgehog, and cactus. Nat. ord, Indian
Figs [Cactacese]. Linn., ~L2-Icosandria
\-Monogynia. )
Like the section Blammillaria, this of Melo-
cacti is encumbered by one-half too many
I names of species; founded on trifling varia-
| tions, peculiar either to different ages of, the
; same plants, or to accidental forms from seeds.
; For species and culture, see Ca'ctus.
ECHI'NOPS. Globe Thistle. (From
cchinos, hedgehog, and opsis, like ; re^
ferring to the spiny scales of the invo-
lucre, or covering of composite flowers.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceaj].
Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 5-Scgregata. Al-
lied to Gazania.)
Biennials chiefly by seeds in April. Pe-
rennials by division in Blarch ; common soil.
ECH
[ 350 ]
ECH
HARDY BIENNIALS.
E, barma'ticus al'bus (Hungarian white).
White. Hungary. 1832.
Gmeli'ni(Gmclin'a) J . White, blue. 1835.
hu'milis (humble). l. Blue. June. Cau-
casus. 1816.
lanugino'sus (woolly). 2. Blue. July. Levant.
1736,
platy'lepis (broad-scaled). September. 1835.
pu'ngens (pungent). Russia. 1835.
Tau'ricus (Taurian). 4. Blue. August.
Tauria. 181 6.
Tournefo' rtii (Tournefort's). Caucasus.
1835.
HARDY PERENNIALS.
E. Dahu'ricus (Dahurian). 3. Blue. August.
Dahuria. 1828.
exalta'tus (lofty). 6. White. July. Austria.
1817.
glabe'rrimus (most-smooth). Blue. August.
Sinai. 1830.
punicula'tus (panicled). 6. Blue. July.
Spain. 1815.
Pe'rsicus (Persian). White. August. Persia.
1821.
Ri'tro (Ritro). 3. Blue. July. Europe. 1570.
Ruthe'nicus (Russian). 3. Blue. July.
Russia. 1816.
spino'sus (spiny-headed). 4. White. July.
Egypt. 1597-
stri'ctus (erect). 3. Pale blue. July. Europe.
1830.
tenulfo'lius (fine-leaved). 2. Blue. August.
Russia. 1820.
virga'tus (twiggy). 2. Blue. June. South
Europe. 1820.
ECHI'TES. (From echis, a viper; re-
ferring to the snake-like coils of the
twining shoots. Nat. ord., Dogbanes
[Apocynacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monoyynla.}
Nearly all evergreen climbers. Cuttings in
sand, in bottom-heat, in spring ; lumpy loam
and peat. Summer temp., for stove species,
60 to 80 ; winter, 48 to 60. Others, usual
greenhouse temperatures.
GREENHOUSE.
E, bispino'sa (twin-spined). 1. Pink. Sep-
tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1795.
Under shrub.
diffo'rmis (two-formed). 8. Pale yellow.
July. Carolina. 1806.
E. antidysente'rica (antidysenteric). Pink.
East Indies. 1821.
atropurpu' rea (dark-purple). Brown, pur-
ple. July. Brazil. 1814.
biflo'ra (twin-flowered). 20. White. July.
West Indies. 1783.
caryophylla'ta (Clove - leaved). 6. Pale
yellow. October. East Indies. 1812.
cymo'sa (cymosed). 10. July. fc>ast Indies.
1828.
Dominge'nsis (St. Domingo). 10. Yellow.
June. West Indies. 1820.
E, Franci'scea (River Francisco). Rose, green.
September. Brazil. 1845.
frute'scens (shrubby). 10. East Indies.
1816.
grandiflo'ra (large- flowered). 8. Pink. East
Indies. 1823.
He'ynii (Heynes's). 5. Yellow. June. East
Indies. 1818.
hirsu'ta (hairy). 10. Yellow, rose. Sep-
tember. Brazil. 1843.
longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 6. White.
June. Brazil. 1816.
Malaba'rica (Malabar). 6. Red. June.
Malabar. 1822.
panicula'ta (panicled). 10. Yellow. July.
South America. 1823.
pelta'ta (shield-leaved). 10. Trinidad. 1826.
reticulu'ta (netted). 6. Yellow. July. East
Indies. 1818.
sple'ndens (shining). White, rose. Sep-
tember. Brazil. 1841.
Richa'rdii (Richard's). 3. Yellow. July.
Guiana. 1824.
rubricau'lis (red-stemmed). 6. Yellow.
July. Guiana. 1824.
stella'ris (sta.r-eyed-corollaed). 10. Rose,
yellow. July. Rio Janeiro.
subere'cta (slightly bent. Savannah flower},
10. Yellow. July. Jamaica. 1759.
toro'sa (twisted). 10. Yellow. July. Ja-
maica. 1778.
umbella'ta (umbelled). 15. Yellow. July.
Jamaica. 1/33.
E'CHIUM. Viper's Bugloss. (From
echis, a viper, seeds like the viper's
head. Nat. ord., Bomgeworts [Boragi-
nacese]. Linn., b-Ptnlandria 1-Mono-
(jynia. Allied to Anchusa. )
Annuals and biennials, by seed, in common
garden soil, in March ; evergreen shrubs also,
by seeds, sown in spring in a slight hot-bed;
by layering the young shoots in summer j and
cuttings in sandy soil, of firm young shoots, in
April or May ; under a bell-glass, but not kept
very close, and receiving a little bottom heat ;
peat and loam. Winter temp., 40 to 48.
HARDY ANNUALS.
E. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). Blush. July.
Spain. 1826.
arena'riurn (^3.nd-inhabiting}. Purple. July.
Calabria. 1826.
calyci'num (large calyxed). Blue, yellow.
July. South Europe. 1829.
macro. 1 nthum (large-flowered). 1. Violet.
July. Barbary. 1818.
Si'msii (Sims's). Red, blue. August. South
Europe. 1816.
HARDY BIENNIALS.
E. amce'num (agreeable). Blue. July. Cau-
casus. 1826.
aspe'rrimum( very rough). Blue. July. Cau-
casus. 1826.
Dahu'ricum (Dahurian). Blue. July.
Dahuria. 1827.
Ita'licum (Italian). 4. White. July. Jersey.
Sibthn'rpii (Sibthorp's). 1. Red. June.
Europe, 1824.
ECH
[ 351 ]
EDG
E. te'nue (slender). 1. Blue. July. Sicily.
1824.
tuber cula' turn (pimpled). 1. Violet. Au-
gust. Spain. 1820.
viola'ceum (\io\et-flowered). 3. Blue. June.
Austria. 1658.
vulga're flo're-a'lbo (common white-flow-
ered). 1. White. July. Britain.
HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
E. cauda'tum (tailed). 1. Red. July. "Cape
of Good Hope. 181Q. Greenhouse.
Lagasca'num (Lagasca's). Lilac. July.
Spain. 1826. Hardy.
Merte'nsii (Merten's). \\. Blue. June.
Spain. 1824. Hardy.
prostra'tum (prostrate). 1. Red. July.
Egypt. 1825. Hardy.
spica'tum (spiked-Dwarf ). . White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 17Q1. Green-
house.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
E. aculea'tum (prickly). 4. White. June.
Canaries. 1815.
ambi'guum (doubtful). 3. White, red.
July. Canaries. 1820.
arge'nteum (silvery). 3. Blue. June.
Cape of Good' Hope. 1 789.
bi'frons (two-faced). 3. White, red. June.
Canaries. 1820.
brachya'nthum (short-flowered). l. White.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 181Q.
ca'ndicans (whitish). 3. Blue. June.
Madeira. 1777.
capita' turn (headed), 2. Red. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1819.
cynoglosfsoi'des (Bugloss-like). 3. Blue.
July. Canaries. 181 6.
densiflo'rum (close-flowered). 2. Blue. June.
Canaries. 1820.
fastuo'sum (proud). 4. Purple. April.
Canaries. 1779-
feroci'ssimum (fiercest-stalked). 6. Blue.
June. Madeiia. 1/94.
folio'sum (leafy). 3. White. July. Cana-
ries. 1815.
frutico'sum (shrubby). 3. Pink. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1759.
gigante'nm (gigantic). 10. White. June.
Canaries. 1779.
gla'brum (smooth). 2. White. May. Cape
of Good Hope, 1791.
glaucophy'llum (milky-green-leaved). 2.
Violet. May. Cape of Good Hope.
1/92.
grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 3. Pink.
June. Madeira. 1787.
hispidum (bristly). 2. White. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1818.
inca'mim (hoary). Blue. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1816.
Iceviga'tum (smooth-stalked). 2. Blue.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1774.
lasiophy'tlurn (hairy-leaved). 2. White.
May. Cape of Good Hope. 1819.
linea'tum (lined). 2. White. July. Cana-
ries. 1815.
longiflo'rum (long-flowered). 3. Blue. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1806.
macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 3. Blue. July.
Canaries. 1823.
E. mo'lle (soft). 6. White. June. Teneriffe.
1820.
nervo'sum (nerved). 4. Purple. July.
Madeira. 1777.
panicula'tum (panicled). 3. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1815.
petree'um (rock). 2. Blue. May. Dal-
matia. 1843. Hardy.
pyramida'tum (pyramidal). 3. Blue. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1820.
sca'brum (rough). 2. Purple, blue. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1820.
si'mplex (simple). 1. White. June. Tene-
riffe. 18-20.
sphasroce'phalon (round-headed). White.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1824.
stri'ctum i erect). 3. Blue- June. Cana-
ries. 1/79.
strigo'sum (stiff-haired). 2. Violet. Au-
gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1821.
Swa'rtzii (Swartz's). Blue. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1816.
verruco'sum (warted). 3. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1822.
vire'scens (greenish). 2. Bluish. July.
Canaries. 1820.
EDGING. The material used for
dividing beds and borders from the
paths. For the kitchen-garden, and
all other places where neatness only
need be considered, slates set edgeways
form the best edging. In peaty, or
any light soils, the common heath
(Erica vitlgaris) is very advantageously
employed; it requires to be clipped
twice annually, and may be planted at
any season. Box is neat ; but objec-
tionable as a harbour for vermin, liable
to decay, troublesome, and as a great
impoverish er of the soil. Thrift is
almost as objectionable ; when employ-
ed, it is best inserted by the dibble
during September, the plants being
placed two inches apart. It requires
frequent trimming, and to be renewed
every three years. Gentianella makes a
very beautiful edging, but is expensive.
It may be planted in September. Va-
rious other substitutes have been
recommended, but none seem so de-
serving of attention as the Saxifraya
hypnoides. It is a native plant, and is
strongly recommended. Sprigs have
to be planted a few inches asunder;
they soon spread out and unite, only
require paring once in autumn or sum-
mer, and no other attention than a
second paring in winter or early spring.
In winter the leaf of this saxifrage is a
refreshing green, and in spring and
summer it is in great beauty, from its
EDCr
[ 352 ]
multitude of white flowers and pink
buds. The cuttings strike without dif-
ficulty. Turf is sometimes employed,
and should be of the finest grasses,
such as are found on the chalk downs.
Cast-iron, edgings, if kept constantly
painted, either very dark green, or dark
brown, are very neat, and, if of an open
basket-work pattern, very ornamental.
EDGWO'RTHIA. [Named after M.
Edy worth. Nat. ord , Daphnads [Thy-
melacese]. Linn., S-Octandria l-Mo-
nogynia. Allied to Daphne.)
The flower-heads at the end of the shoots are
in round balls, covered with hairs ; when open
they are clear, yellow, and fragrant. Must not
be confounded with Edgeworthia of Falconer,
now called Reptoniu. A Daphne-like green-
house plant. Cuttings, in sand, under a bell-
glass, in spring, and grafting should be tried on
the Spurge laurel ; peat and loam. Winter
temp., 40 to 45.
E. chrysa'ntha (golden-flowered). 3. Yellow.
June. China. 1845.
EDWA'RDSIA. (After Mr. Edwards,
botanical draughtsman. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacece]. Linn.,
10-Decandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Sophora.)
All have yellow flowers. Cuttings of firm
side-shoots, several inches in length, in sand,
under a glass, in summer ; sandy peat and a
little lumpy loam. If in pots in a greenhouse,
winter temp., 35 to 45; if kept dry during
winter all except E. nitida will stand against a
wall.
E. Chilc'nsis (Chilian). May. Chili. 1822.
chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). 12. May.
New Zealand.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 12. May.
New Zealand. 1/72.
Macnabin'na (Mr. Macnab's). 6. July.
Australia. 1820.
microphy'lla (small-leaved). 6. May. New
Zealand. 1/72.