burgh. Edgar P. Ladd is a grandson of Henrietta Van
Valkenburgh, fourth daughter of Sarah Van Ness and wife
of Samuel Coon. Their daughter, Mary Coon, married
Hiram Ladd and became the mother of Edgar P. Ladd
of Salem, N. Y.
After the firing of the first guns in the Battle of Lexington,
Daniel Hull of Little Hoosac organized two companies of
militia: one remained posted at Hull's Tavern in North
Berlin and the other was engaged in active service. Several
Tories resided in Dutch Hoosac. Lieut. Joseph Rudd 1 of
Bennington, in a letter dated after the Battle of Bennington,
records that "the greater part of Dutch Hoosac" joined
1 See Note 22 at end of volume.
Old Hoosac Falls and Petersburgh 241
Peter's Corps of Loyalists under Col. Francis J. Van Pfister,
posted at the Tory breastwork on Van Pfister's Hill. Capt.
Samuel Anderson of Pownal rallied a Tory Company, includ-
ing Petrus Bovie, Bastian Van Deel, Francis Hogle, "Gad"
Gardner, and others residing along the disputed Twenty -
Mile Line between New York and the New Hampshire
Grants.
Patroons Van Ness, Van Rensselaer, and Barnardus Bratt
left their manors in charge of faithful Negro slaves while
their families removed to Albany during August, 1777. Two
of Van Ness's slaves possessed both the Whig and Tory
flags while guarding their master's wheat fields at St. Croix.
They claimed that they could distinguish a Tory from a
Whig as soon as they came into view, and so they hoisted
whichever colors the occasion demanded.
The Committee of Public Safety remained the "Beach-
Seal Court" of Hoosac Valley for ten years after the Battle
of Bennington, until plain Jonathan Smith of "Constitution
Hill," Lanesboro, Mass., on the upper Hoosac, brought
about the adoption of the Federal Constitution in 1788,
through his speech to Congress. The first town-meeting
of Hoosac took place on March 4, 1789, and the following
officers were elected:
Thomas Sickles .... Supervisor
Zachariah Sickles . . . Town Clerk
Jacob Van Ness
Henry Breese
Nicholas Snyder (Schneider)
Reuben Thayer \- Assessors
Isaac Bull
John Johnson
Zachariah Sickles
Henry Brown .... Collector
16
242
The Hoosac Valley
Thomas Sickles
William Kerr
Nicholas Snyder
Henry Brown
Squire Reed
Henry Walker
Samuel Latham
James Williamson
Henry Snyder
John Van Buren
Henry Breese
John Van Ness
Zachariah Sickles
Godfrey Stark
Ansel Gray
Squire Reed
Harper Rogers
Timothy Graves
Benjamin Waite
John Millman
Samuel Latham
John Ryan
Anthony Van Sur Dam
Garret Van Home
Isaac Lansing
Daniel Rogers
John Bo vie
Godfrey Stark
Jonathan Case
Ezekiel Hodge
Jonathan Moasby (Mosely)
William Briggs
William Mellen, Jr.
David Brown
John Johnson
Luke Frink
Overseers of the Poor
Constables
Fence-viewers
Pound-keepers
Path-masters
Old Hoosac Falls and Petersburgh 243
The first post-office of Hoosac was opened in 1783 at
"Hoosick 4 Corners Inn," and a branch office was soon estab-
lished at Falls Quequick, in Seth Parsons's machine-shop.
Andrew Parsons, his ten-year-old-son, became the first mail-
carrier. He took his oath of office by kissing the Old
English Reader, owing to the scarcity of Bibles.
After the adoption of the town-meeting government, better
roads, bridges, and district schoolhouses were built. Among
the historic covered bridges may be mentioned the State
Line Bridge of the Hoosac Pass; the Little Hoosac Bridge at
Petersburgh Four Corners ; the White House Bridge on the
the Nepimore Post Road, west of Hoosac Four Corners;
Old Rainbow Bridge, a mile above Falls Quequick — later re-
placed by the Hoosac Falls Bridge, built by J. Russell Parsons
in 1 79 1 ; the St. Croix Bridge over the Little White Creek on
Old Cambridge Turnpike; the Eagle Toll-Bridge; and Bus-
kirk Bridge over the Hoosac near the junction of the Owl Kill.
Dr. Thomas Hartwell from New London, Ct., in 1778
was the first doctor to settle at Falls Quequick. He built
his homestead, known as the Melina Wells Place, and later
founded the first Federal Lodge, No. 33, of the Order of Free
Masons, â– in 1793. Twelve years later he moved to the Ohio
Valley. Dr. Salmon Moses of Norfolk, Ct., meanwhile settled
at Rensselaer Mills, now Petersburgh ; and Dr. Aaron Drake
Pat chin from New Lebanon, N. Y., arrived at Falls Quequick
in 1799. Dr. Salmon Moses entered Dr. Patching office in
1 818 and succeeded to his practice, while his brother assumed
charge of his Rensselaer Mills office in Little Hoosac Valley.
During the same time Dr. Hugh Richey located at St. Croix
1 As early as December 20, 1767, Henry Andrew Francken, deputy grand
inspector-general of masonry in North America, constituted Col. Francis J.
Van Pfister of Hoosac, and Thomas Swords, Thomas Lynatt, and Richard
Cartwright of Albany, into a Regular Lodge of Perfection known as the
"Ineffable."
244 The Hoosac Valley
and leased a farm from Cornelius Van Ness. The bond, with
the signatures of both Dr. Richey and Patroon Van Ness, is
now owned by Edgar P. Ladd of Salem, N. Y.
After the Revolution public inns stood about a mile apart
on the Post Road throughout Hoosac Valley. Among the
licensed landlords of Dutch Hoosac between March 4,
1789, and 1800 may be named, William Roberts, Jr., God-
frey Stock, Jacob Van Ness, Daniel Kimball, Henry
Brown, Benona Burton, Daniel Van Rensselaer, Thomas
Sickles, Jonathan Twiss, John Bovie, Caleb Hill, Thomas
Ford, Henry Van Broock, Freelove Aylesworth, Dan Lyon,
John Potter, Reuben Baldwin, besides Esquires Jacob Van
Valkenburgh, Daniel Bratt, John Mattison, Norris Pearce,
Joseph Ellsworth, William McCoy, Samuel Crary, and
Philip Haynes.
Noble's Tavern of Falls Quequick was built in 1794 by
Daniel and Sylvester Noble from West Stockbridge, Mass.
It burned later and Cornelius Van Vechten built the Phoenix
Hotel on its site in 1805, run by Landlord Ezra Sackett.
The inn burned again and the site is now occupied by Wood's
Block. The Nobles and their kinsman, Reuben Baldwin,
later purchased Isaac Turner's store and Joel Abbott's
blacksmith shop and ashery. Daniel Noble was a justice
of the peace and once fined a hunter three shillings for break-
ing the Sabbath. He also sentenced a man for swearing to
an hour in the Pillory or Stock, located on the corner of
Main and Water streets, opposite the site of Noble's Tavern.
The ancient whipping-post was the venerable tree located
on the late Walter Abbott Wood's lawn, opposite Parsons's
resicfence. Here the constable, Godfrey Eddy, of Pittstown,
on January 27, 1794, bared the back of a thief and adminis-
tered twelve stripes with the " Twigs of the Wilderness."
Slavery in Dutch Hoosac had in 1802 reached its lowest
depth of degradation. In that year the Albany Legislature
Old Hoosac Falls and Petersburgh 245
passed an act requiring all slave owners to record the births
of illegitimate children of their slaves. John Palmer on
March 30, 1802, recorded before the justice that: "He had
the 3d day of May last a male child, born of his black ser-
vant girl, named Dick." Jacob Ford on February 24, 1803,
acknowledged the birth of a female colored child, born May
25, 1802, named Lucretia Benjamin; Henry Van Ness on
March 22, 1802, certified that: "Gin, his black or African
slave, had a female child born in his house on the 30th day
of June, 1801, named Betty/' Gin deserted her master and
settled in North Adams on the upper Hoosac. The Over-
seers of the Poor recorded several births among their slaves
before New York abolished slavery in 1827.
After the victorious campaign of 1777, several churches
were organized and built in Dutch Hoosac, including the
Baptist Church of the "Warren Society" at Mapleton, two
miles west of "Hoosick 4 Corners Inn," March 16, 1785.
The Tory Elder, Benjamin Hough, first minister of the
Shaftsbury Baptist Church of Vermont, preached frequently
in Hoosac until 1797, in which year Elder Samuel Rogers
was regularly installed. Deacons John Ryan, Benjamin
Walworth, Samuel Burrell, Joseph Dorr, and Sylvester
Noble later organized the Baptist Church of Falls Quequick.
It was built among the pines, in the south end of the village,
in 1804 and is still doing duty, although much enlarged.
Elder David Rathburn was installed as regular pastor in
1805. The Up-River Methodist Church, on the right bank
of the Walloomsac, near Battle-field Park, was founded April
16, 181 1, by Elder William Lake, Thomas Skeel, John
Matthews, Benjamin Barnet, Isaac Mosher, Thomas Mill-
man, Simeon Sweet, and John Comstock.
In the Little Hoosac Valley of Rensselaerwyck Manor,
William Coon welcomed John Burdict and other brethren of
the "Hopkinton Society" from Framingham, Ct., at Joseph
246 The Hoosac Valley
Carpenter's home, and on September 24, 1780, founded the
Seventh Day Baptist or Adventist Church, of which Elder
Coon was installed pastor. The Baptist Church of the
"Warren Society" was organized at Little Hoosac, now
Berlin, in 1784, and Justus Hull was installed pastor. At an
equally early day several Germans built a Lutheran Church
in South Berlin and Dominie Voedder was installed pastor.
The present Baptist and Methodist churches of Petersburgh
were organized after the close of the War of 1812.
At Little Hoosac, Caleb Bentley built the first grist-mill
and Amos Sweet the first saw-mill and blacksmith shop;
and Manus Griswold, John Reeve, Joel Mallery, and Joseph
Hastings opened the first stores. The first taverns included
those of Daniel Hull, James Main, Simeon Odell, Dr. Burton
Hammond, Nathaniel Niles, John Rhodes, and Nelson
Henderson. Among the doctors may be mentioned Job
Tripp, Peter Olds, Henry Brown, Emerson Hull, Ebenezer
Robinson, and Joseph Thompson Skinner.
During the "Anti-Rent War," the Rensselaerwyck ten-
antry of Little Hoosac agreed to announce the advance of the
sheriff of the manor by blowing a dinner-horn, as a signal
to the "Indian Boys' " militia of the Committee of Public
Safety. In instances of false alarm, it is reported that the
fictitious "Indians" ate up the farmers' dinner in true
savage style.
After the Revolution Maj. -Gen. Aaron Worthington built
the tavern of Rensselaer Mills, still standing in South
Petersburgh, north of the Baptist Church. Although he
had served during the War of 18 12, he won his military title
during general training days of the State militia, after the
close of hostilities. He became first postmaster of Peters-
burgh in 1822 and the post-office was located at his inn.
The first town-meeting of Rensselaer Mills was held in
March, 1791, at Hezekiah Coon's Inn, built by Cornelius
1
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248 The Hoosac Valley
Letcher in the North Village about 1766. Rensselaer Mills
was organized as the Town of Petersburgh, and christened
in honor of Peter Simons, chief farm-master and the largest
land-holder of Rensselaerwyck in Little Hoosac Valley.
The upper Little Hoosac neighborhood was organized as
Berlin in 18 12, although official town records were not kept
until about 1850.
West of Petersburgh lies the hilly town of Grafton, in the
Hoosacs' Lake District, known as the "Fisherman's Para-
dise," containing Lake Taconac, Lake Babcock, and Long
Pond. The region was first settled by Abel Owens from
Rhode Island about 1786. He was presented with a farm of
two hundred acres by Patroon Van Rensselaer, and was joined
by "Honest" John Babcock and other Baptists about Lake
Babcock, including Elkanah Smith, Joshua Banker, William
Scrivens, the Coon, Demmon, Wells, Wilcox, West, Burdick,
Lewis, and Rogers families. Justus Hull organized the First
Baptist Church of Grafton and the present tavern and grist-
mill of Grafton Centre were built by Gen. Stephen Van
Rensselaer in 1838, at a cost of $80,000, and the centre of
the town is known as Patroons' Mills to-day.
At the opening of 1780, George Tibbits, a son of John
Tibbits of Warwick, R. I., who first settled on a farm in
Cheshire on the upper Hoosac, moved down the Hoosac
to Lansingburgh, where at the age of seventeen, through
the financial aid of the importer, Francis Atkinson, he
became a dry-goods merchant. In 1800 George Tibbits pur-
chased Col. Francis J. Van Pfister's "White House Manor " of
Nepimore, in Dutch Hoosac, and was elected a member ol
the Albany Assembly and Senator of the Eastern District
of New York during Gov. De Witt Clinton's term of office,
between 1815 and 1820.
The "White House Manor" descended to George Morti-
mer Tibbits, eldest son of George Tibbits. He built a brick
Old Hoosac Falls and Petersburgh 249
mansion, remodelled in i860 into the present, brown, free-
stone Gothic castle, now owned by his son, Le Grand Tibbits.
The quaint architecture of Tibbits Gothic castle and the
park-enfolded slopes of Nepimore Vale distinguish it as
the finest manor in the Hoosacs' Valley of Mingling Waters.
Here, George Mortimer Tibbits (if one excepts the time he
spent in travel in England, France, Germany, and Italy)
passed his entire life, collecting treasures of art and a val-
uable French library, until his death in 1878. He imported
a large herd of Teeswater Durham cattle and at one time
owned the largest flock of Saxony sheep in America. The
German, H. De Grove, first imported Saxony sheep to
Hoosac during 1820. Bucks at that time sold as high as
$500. In 1845 there were 56,000 Saxony sheep grazing
on the Hoosac hillsides. Hoosac and North Adams became
a wool-growing centre in 1829 and the finest cheviots,
merinos, and cashmeres were manufactured by Briggs
Brothers until 1884 at the historic "Linwood Mills" at
North Adams.
After the opening of the Stone Post Road between Albany
and Bennington in 1791, Hezekiah Munsell, Sr., became the
first postmaster, followed by Dr. Asher Armstrong from
Taunton, Mass. The latter was postmaster until his death
in 1832. Hezekiah Munsell, Jr., and Dr. Prosper Armstrong
founded the first public library in Hoosac in 1825. Dr. Asher
Armstrong in 1796 built his homestead on South Main Street,
known to-day as Betsey Hawks's house, owned by Edward
Hawks of North Adams, a lineal descendant of Sergt. John
Hawks of Fort Massachusetts fame. The famous doctors
of Hoosac included the names of Simeon Curtiss, Murray
Hall, and John Warren; and the leading lawyers included the
names of Reuben Walworth, George Rex Davis, Hezekiah
Munsell, Jr., Lorenze Sherwood, James W. Nye, John Fitch,
and Judge Levi Chandler Ball.
250 The Hoosac Valley
During the War of 1812 the first volunteers of Hoosac to
join Brig.-Gen. Gilbert Eddy's " Expedition" against the
British at Plattsburgh in 18 14 included:
John Haynes Talman Chase
Capt. Lemuel Sherwood Benjamin Sweet
Benjamin Baker Ensign John Hallenbeck
Stephen Chapman Solomon Wilson
Garret Hallenbeck Clark Baker
Job Case Jacob Height
Jacob Van Denburgh Sergeant Watkins
Mr. Onderkirk
William Coon, Justus Hull, and Aaron Worthington were
among the military leaders of Little Hoosac Valley. Capt.
Sylvanus Danforth lead the Pownal company, while the
Berkshire and Bennington companies were not behind in
rallying at the Old Finney Tavern Stand in Pittstown,
previous to Eddy's march to Plattsburgh.
During those days the "hoosick 4 corners tavern"
became headquarters for central Hoosac Boys' militia.
The town in 1812 contained three companies, including
Capt. Thomas Osborne's Artillery, Capt. Abram Reach's
Infantry, Capt. Nathaniel Bosworth's Cavalry, and a vol-
unteer company of Minute Men, headed by Capt. George
Rex Davis, a son of the patriotic Welshman who deserted
Burgoyne's British home-ranks on their march through
Hoosac Pass to Boston in October, 1777.
CHAPTER XII
OLD SCHAGHTICOKE AND OLD CAMBRIDGE DISTRICTS
I759-I8I5
Our Indian rivulets,
Wind mindful still of sannup and of squaw,
Whose pipe and arrow oft the plough unburies,
Here, in pine houses, built of new-fallen trees,
Supplanters of the tribe, the farmers dwell.
Emerson.
Protestant Dutch Church — Knickerbacker Mansion — Pittstown and Cam-
bridge Patents — Military Districts — Burgoyne's Invasion, 1777 — Tory
Out-Posts — Massacre of Maj. Derrick Van Vechten — Methodist, Baptist,
Quaker, Dutch Reformed, and Presbyterian Churches — Town-Meetings,
1789 — Inns — Slaves — Burial-Fields — Academies — Festivities at Knicker-
backer " Hostead. "
THE Knickerbacker tenantry of Old Schaghticoke Manor
avoided the English settlers, and it is said that a line
of neutrality ran north and south through Hart's Falls,
separating their social domains. The aggressive spirit of
the Friesland aristocracy against the English Pilgrims was
partly dissipated through intermarriage and constant migra-
tion before the close of the Revolution. The Connecticut
and Green Mountain Boys managed to marry the Dutch
patroons' daughters, and their grandsons have inherited
their Hoosac Manors, where their descendants still reside.
The " Great Lots" 28, 39, 40, 41, and 42 of Hoosac Patent,
were located in the limits of Schaghticoke township. The
village lies in the "Eastermost half of Lot 41," drawn chiefly
by Philip Van Ness, an heir of Jan Van Ness; and lots 28
251
252 The Hoosac Valley
and 39 were drawn by John B. Van Rensselaer, heir of
Kiliaen Van Rensselaer. In 1765, he sold lot 39 and half of
the mill-lot 28 to Simon Toll of Fort Schenectady. Ten
years later Toll disposed of his interest in the mill-lot to his
son, Charles Toll, and during 1793 he sub-divided the lot
into farms and sold them to the English and Scotch-Irish.
The Tioshoke Manor of Philip Van Ness, on the north bank
of Hoosac River, contained 4000 acres and was two miles
in width. It extended from Hart's Falls up the Hoosac to
the junction of the Owl Kill. Chief farm-master, Thomas
Whittebeck, built a saw-mill and grist-mill near the junction
of Gordon's Brook with the Hoosac at Tioshoke Village.
These were the first mills in the Cambridge District.
The Dutch meeting-house of Old Schaghticoke was torn
down in 1760 and replaced by a frame edifice, the first in
Hoosac Valley. It was modelled after the Dutch Church of
Albany, and was 40 x 60 feet, with a low side wall surmoun-
ted by a high-pitched, mansard roof and bulbous turret,
topped by a brass weather-cock. The pulpit stood on a
high pedestal beneath a huge sounding board, and the hour-
glass on a side bracket pointed out the length of the sermon
to the nodding burghers. The sacred desk was graced by
the family Bible of Col. Johannes Knickerbacker, 2d, which
was printed in Holland during 1 741 . Below the pulpit stood
the voor-lieser' s (clerk's desk) and in front of that stood
the quaint communion table. The Bible and hand Kerk-
klockje (church-bell) descended to the late Col. William
Knickerbacker of the colonial mansion east of the "Ho-
stead."
The dominie's parsonage was built about 1770 east of the
Tomhannac Creek Bridge. An "Indenture," dated July
4, 1767, records that "Yocob Viele conveyed the premises
to the 'Ministers, Elders, and Deacons of the Protestant
Dutch Church of the City of Albany' . . . ' for Divers Good
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254
The Hoosac Valley-
causes and Consideration ' . . .. 'but more especially for
and in consideration of Five Shillings current money of
New York.'"
Dominie Eilardus Westerlo preached quarterly at Old
Schaghticoke Church between 1759 and the installation of
The Family Bible of Col. Johannes Knickerbacker, 2d, printed in Holland
in 1 7 41. The Hand-bell was used to call the burghers of the Vale of Peace to
service at the Old Dutch Church. It is undoubtedly the first church-bell used at
the first frame church built in Hoosac Valley during Colonial Days.
the venerable Elias Van Bunschooten in 1 773. After the open-
ing of the Revolution in New York City, the Dutch Reformed
missionaries, Dominie Lambertus De Ronde and his wife,
Margareta Catharine De Sandra- De Ronde, purchased the
Johannes De Wandlaer homestead, a mile north of the Knick-
erbacker Mansion, and aided Dominie Van Bunschooten.
Colonel Knickerbacker, 2d, owned a large staff of Negro
slaves, including Tom Mandolin, who received his surname
because of his ability to play the mandolin. Uncle Tom
Old Schaghticoke and Cambridge Districts 255
was never able to master addition and subtraction. He
was stationed at the gateway of the sheepfold by his master
to count the sheep as they were turned out to the pasture.
He began: "One, two, three," but could not go farther, and
continued to exclaim : " Massa, there goes a'nudder, a'nudder,
and a'nudder," until it was discovered that the whole flock
had departed.
Uncle Tom delighted to sit in the chimney corner with his
mandolin during the long winter evenings and entertain
the Knickerbacker boys and their friend, Washington
Irving. He recounted the Mahican legends of St. Croix,
u Weeping Rocks," and the witch stories of Kreigger Rocks
and the massacres of Schaghticoke Plains and Spook
Hollow. He was familiar with the mysterious pilgrimages
of Queen Esther and her maidens from St. Regis to the Hoo-
sacs' burial-field, and the adventures of Col. Ethan Allen
and his "Minute Men," including Ignace Kipp and John
J. Bleecker of Tomhannac.
Pittstown Patent comprised the valley of Tomhannac
Creek, south to Rensselaerwyck. It was granted on July,
23, 1 761, to six proprietors including Shepherd, Clark,
Sawyer, Schuyler, De Peyster, and Van Cortlandt. The
north line of Pittstown to-day follows the centre of Hoosac
River. Among the proprietors of Pittstown, after the first
town-meeting took place in 1789, may be named:
Augustus Van Cortlandt William Prendergast
Alexander Thompson Stephen Hunt
Benjamin Aiken Christian Fischer
Edmund Aiken Joseph Tanny
Isaac Van Hoosen Samuel Livingston
Teunis Van Derwerker Thomas Hicks
Sybrant Quackenbosch Pennel Bacon
Joshua Babcock Cornelius Wiley
Samuel Rowland Michael Van Dercook
256 The Hoosac Valley
Michael Van Dercook built the Cooksboro Mills, James
Mallery taught the Buskirk District School, James Purdy
ran a blacksmith shop, and Samuel Osborne a shoe-shop.
Cambridge Patent at first comprised 30,000 acres in the
Owl Kill and White Creek intervales, granted on July 21,
1 76 1, to Isaac Sawyer, Edmund Wells, Jacob Abraham
Lansing, Alexander Colden, William Smith, and Goldsboro
Bangor. After the first town-meeting in 1789, Philip Van
Ness's Tioshoke Manor on the north bank of Hoosac, con-
taining 4000 acres, was placed under the jurisdiction of the
town of Cambridge and later inherited by the patroon's
four daughters.
The first settlers of Cambridge included thirty Scotch-
Irish families from Coleraine in Old Berkshire, including
Col. Absalom Blair, Jeremiah Clarke, George Duncan, Capt.
George Gilmore, Maj. James Cowden, Ephraim Cowan,
David Harrow, William Clarke, John Scott, Thomas Morri-
son, and others. Each received a farm of one hundred
acres, located on the banks of the Owl Kill, if he settled upon
it within three years after the patent was granted. Maj.
James Cowden built the first log-tavern, on the site of his
" Checkered House," which still stands.
Col. Johannes Knickerbacker, 2d, in 1770, completed his
brick mansion in Old Schaghticoke and invited the Albany
mayor and council to a feast. He bargained with the merry
councillors for Schaghticoke Manor, containing six miles
square, and secured it for less than $1000. He agreed,
however, to entertain the successive " Gentlemen of Albany"
with "Meat, Drink, and lodging once a Year" at his "Ho-
stead" in Old Schaghticoke. Two years later, on March
24, 1772, Albany County was sub-divided into Schaghticoke
and Cambridge military districts. The former comprised
Colonel Knickerbacker' s Schaghticoke Manor and the Pitts-
town patent, and the latter, the Philip Van Ness Tioshoke
257
258 The Hoosac Valley-
Manor; and Cambridge Patent now comprised in Cambridge,
White Creek, and Jackson townships.
The Cambridge Council of Safety sent John Younglove,
Samuel Ashton, Simeon Carel, Jeremiah Clarke, and John
Millington as delegates to the Albany council of war on
May 10, 1775, the same day that Col. Ethan Allen captured
Fort Ticonderoga.
Upon the advance of Burgoyne's British army down the
Hudson in August, 1777, the mixed tenantry of the Schaghti-
coke and Hoosac manors removed to Albany, Williamstown,