Real central termination, terminal nuclei 364
Gray matter of the cord 364-365
Nuclei of medulla oblongata 365
Physiological groups of posterior root-fibers 365
Lesions of posterior roots 365
CHAPTER VII.
TRACING OF IMPULSES.
I. Efferent, or Motor Paths: 366-374
Cerebro-spinal or pyramidal paths 366-369
Through spinal nerves 366
Through cerebral nerves 369
Cerebro-pontal paths 369-37
Fronto-pontal 37
XXIV TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
Temporo-pontal 370
Intermediate 370
Spinal and cerebral 370
Paths through red nucleus 37~373
Rubro-spinal path, direct 37~373
Indirect via brachium conjunctivum 373
Ponto-spinal paths (Collieri) 373
Medial ponto-spinal tract 373
Lateral ponto-spinal tract 373
Short fiber paths in formatio-reticularis 373~374
II. Afferent, or Sensory Paths, General Sensations: 377-3&3
Tactile, muscular, pain, and temperature sense 377
(I). Muscular and tactile impulses from muscles, skin,
etc 377-38i
Through fasciculi gracilis et cuneati 377~37^
Direct route 378
Indirect route 378
Through cerebral nerves and medial fillet 378-381
(II). Muscular and tactile impulses from viscera 381
Through posterior cerebello-spinal tract 381
(III). Paths for pain, temperature and tactile impulses . . 381-382
Through spino-thalamic tract 381-382
Through ascending anterior cerebello-spinal tract 381-382
Through cerebral nerves and spino-thalamic tract 382
Short fiber paths 382-383
Afferent Paths Special Sensations: 383-390
Olfactory path 383-384
Optic path 384-385
Auditory path 385-389
Cochlear (hearing proper) 386
Vestibular (equilibrium) 386-389
Reflex connections 389
Gustatory path 389
Lesions of special sense paths 389-390
III. Reflex Paths : 390-394
Reflex arcs 390
(1) Spinal reflexes 390-392
Coordinating reflexes 390
Defecation reflexes 39 J -39 2
(2) Cerebral reflexes 39 2 ~393
TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXV
PAGE
(3) Spino-cerebral reflexes 393
(4) Cerebro-spinal reflexes .-. . 393-394
Respiratory reflexes 393
Equilibrium reflexes 393
Pupillary reflexes 394
CHAPTER VIII.
EMBRYOLOGY OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD.
Medullary plate and ridges 395
Neural Tube: 395-400
Brain vesicles 395 and 402
Ependymal cells 397
Indifferent cells 397~39&
Neuroblasts, neurones 398
Spongioblasts, neuroglia 398-399
Zones, roof -plate and floor-plate 399-400
Neural Crest: 400-401
Cephalic portion 400
Cerebral nerve ganglia 400
Unipolar and bipolar neurones 400-401
Spinal portion of crest 401
THE BRAIN: 401-426
Flexures 402
Table IV. Brain Vesicles and Derivatives 403
Table V. Secondary Brain Vesicles 403-404
Telencephalon (end-brain) 404-415
Table VI. Derivatives of 404-405
Optic vesicle, cup and retina 405
Hemisphere of cerebrum 405-415
Rhinencephalon 406-409
Primary fissures 409-410
Secondary sulci and fissure 410-411
Transverse fissure of cerebrum 411
Cerebral cortex and medulla 411-412
Fornix 412
Stria terminalis 412
Internal capsule 412-413
Anterior commissure : - - . 413-414
Corpus callosum 414
XXVI TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
Septum pellucidum 415
Bars optica hypothalami 415
Diencephalon (inter-brain) 415-417
Table VII. Derivatives of 415
Roof-plate 416
Dorsal lamina 417
Ventral lamina and floor-plate 417
Mesencephalon (mid-brain) 417-418
Table VIII. Derivatives of 417-418
Metencephalon (hind-brain) 418-424
Table IX. Derivatives of 419
Cerebellum 418-42 1
Vermis and hemispheria 419-420
Sulci 420-421
Cortex and ganglia 421
Corpus restiforme and brachia 42 1
Pons (Varolii) 42 1-422
Myelencephalon (medulla oblongata) 422-426
Internal surface 423
External surface 423-424
Table X. Derivatives of Myelencephalon 424
Ependymal layer 424-425
Mantle layer 425
Neuroglia layer, marginal velum 425-426
THE SPINAL CORD: 426-430
Ventriculus terminalis 426
Filum terminale 426
Cauda equina 426
Meninges 426
Zones, ventral and dorsal 426-427
Histologic layers 427-428
Marginal velum, neuroglia layer 428
Mantle layer 428-429
Ependymal layer 429
Longitudinal tracts 429-430
Order of medullation 429-430
Fissures of cord 430
Posterior median fissure 430
Posterior lateral sulcus 430
Anterior median fissure 430
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
FIG. PAGE
1. Sagittal section of skull, showing falx cerebri, falx cerebelli,
a part of the tentorium cerebelli and the sinuses of the
dura mater. (After Morris's Anatomy) 3
2. Upper surface of tentorium cerebelli, tentorial notch and cer-
tain sinuses of the dura. (After Morris's Anatomy) . . 4
3. Sinuses of the dura mater in the base of cranium, etc. (After
Morris's Anatomy) 5
4. Coronal section of meninges showing falx cerebri, superior
sagittal sinus and the arachnoid granulations. (Gor-
dinier after Key and Retzius) 6
5. Middle meningeal artery inside the cranium. (After Mor-
ris's Anatomy) 7
6. Diagram of pia mater and arachnoid, showing subarachnoid
spaces. (After Morris's Anatomy) 9
7. Horizontal section of the cerebrum. Fornix turned back to
show the chorioid tela of third ventricle. (Original) . 1 1
8. Roof and lateral walls of fourth yentricle and its chorioid
plexus. (After Morris's Anatomy) 13
9. Arterial circle of Willis and its branches. The base of the
brain. (After Morris's Anatomy) 15
10. Arterial circle (Willisi) and base of the cerebrum. (After
Gordinier from Quain) 19
11. Middle cerebral artery, and its branches. (After Gordinier
from Quain) 22
12 Anterior and posterior cerebral arteries. (After Spalteholz) . . 25
13. Arteries of the medulla oblongata. (Gordinier after Duret) ... 27
14. Median section of embryonic brain of third month. (After
McMurrich from His) 28
15. Divisions of the brain, diagrammatic. (After Morris's Anat-
omy) 3 1
16. Neural tube and brain vesicles. (After Morris's Anatomy). . 35
17. Diagrammatic horizontal section of vertebrate brain, showing
vesicles and ventricles. (After Morris from Huxley) 36
xxvii
XXviii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
FIG. PAGE
1 8. Diagrammatic median section of vertebrate brain showing
vesicles, ventricles and olfactory diverticulum. (After
Morris from Huxley) 37
19. Antero-superior surface of the brain. (Original) 39
20. The posterior aspect of the brain. (Original) 43
21. The base of brain. (Original) 47
22. Latero-superior aspect of the brain, showing great fissures,
lobes, poles and borders. (Original) 53
23. The convex surface of the cerebrum, showing the fissures and
sulci. (Original) 57
24. Gyri of the convex surface of the cerebrum. (Original) 61
25. Lateral aspect of the brain. Part of frontal and parietal lobes
are cut away to show the island (Reili) and the superior
surface of the temporal lobe, arachnoid granulations,
etc. (Original) 65
26. Base of the fore-brain and cut surface of mid-brain. Right
temporal pole is cut away. (Original) 75
27. The median section of the brain. (Original) 87
28. Medial surface of left cerebral hemisphere, showing lobes and
sulci. (Original) 91
29. Gyri on medial surface of hemisphere. (Original) 95
30. Transverse section of the brain, directed from the pons ob-
liquely upward and forward, showing internal capsule,
corpus callosum, ganglia and ventricles of the fore-
brain. (Original) 101
3 1 . Horizontal section of right cerebral hemisphere cutting corpus
callosum, internal capsule, corpus striatum, thalamus,
and the island. (Original) 105
32. Sagittal section of basal part of right cerebral hemisphere
showing inferior lamina of internal capsule, hippocam-
pus, inferior horn of lateral ventricle. (Original) 113
33. Diagram of internal capsule in colors. (Original) 115
34. Dorsal surface of corpus callosum, cerebral hemisphere cut
away to expose it. (Original) 117
35. Horizontal section of cerebrum, cutting splenium and genu of
corpus callosum, showing lateral ventricles, septum pel-
lucidum, fornix and transverse temporal gyri. (Orig-
inal) 121
36. Horizontal section of cerebrum just below splenium of corpus
callosum, showing commissura hippocampi, fornix, sep-
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Xxix
PIG. PAGE
turn pellucidum, the island and lateral ventricles. (Or-
iginal) 125
37. Horizontal section of cerebrum. Fornix turned back, showing
chorioid tael of third ventricle, and internal cerebral
veins. (Original) 129
38. Transverse section of left cerebral hemisphere cutting the
splenium and showing the posterior horn and the floor
of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle. (Original) 131
39. The inferior and posterior horns of the lateral ventricle, shown
by removal of their lateral walls. (Original) 133
40. Horizontal section of cerebrum through genu and below sple-
nium of corpus callosum, fornix and chorioid tela turned
back, to show inter-brain and third ventricle. (Or-
iginal) 137
41. Lateral and dorsal view of the ventricles. Diagrammatic.
(Original) 141
42. Transverse section of brain, cutting corpora mammillaria.
(After Told. Morris's Anatomy) 145
43. The region of the mid-brain showing pulvinar of the thalamus,
the geniculate bodies, the corpora quadrigemina and
brachia, the pineal body, the optic tract and the fourth
nerve. (Original) 147
44. The dorsal or posterior aspect of the inter-brain, the mid-brain,
the pons and the medulla. (Original) 149
45. Anterior aspect of the mid-brain, pons, and medulla. (Orig-
inal) 153
46. Transverse section through the corpora mammillaria and the
superior colliculi of the corpora quadrigemina. (Orig-
inal) 157
47. Section of the mid-brain through superior colliculi and the ap-
parent origin of the oculo-motor nerve. (Original) . . 159
48. Section of the mid-brain cutting the inferior colliculi of the cor-
pora quadrigemina. (Original) 161
49. Varieties of neurones in the human nervous system. (After
Morris's Anatomy) 165
50. Motor neurone. (After Barker's Nervous System) 169
51. An efferent neurone and an afferent neurone. (After Bru-
baker's Physiology) 171
52. Diagram showing development of neurones in the spinal cord.
(McMurrich after Schaffer) 172
XXX LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
FIG. PAGE
53. Neuroglia cells and ependyma cells of the spinal cord. (After
Lenhossek, Gordinier's Nervous System) 173
54. Cortical areas on convex surface of cerebral hemisphere. (Or-
iginal} 175
55. Cortical areas on the medial and tentorial surface of the cere-
bral hemisphere. (Original] 179
56. Cortical areas after C. K. Mills. Convex surface of cerebral
hemisphere. (Brubaker's Physiology} 182
57. Cortical areas after C. K. Mills. Medial and tentorial surface
of cerebral hemisphere. (Brubaker's Physiology) 183
58. Cell and fiber lamination in the posterior half of the anterior
central gyrus. The motor area. (After A. W. Camp-
bell) 185
59. Cell and fiber lamination in the anterior half of the posterior
central gyrus. The common sensory area. (After
A. W. Campbell) 189
60. Cell and fiber lamination in the calcarine region. Receptive
visual area. (After A. W. Campbell) 193
61. Cell and fiber lamination in the uncus hippocampi (lobus pyra-
formis). The area of smell. (After A. W. Campbell) 197
62. Transverse section of the hippocampal region. (After Edinger) 201
63. Chief elements of the olfactory bulb. (Gordinier after Van
Gehuchten) 203
64. Horizontal section of the cerebrum through genu and below
splenium of corpus callosum, fornix and chorioid tela
turned back to show inter-brain and third ventricle.
(Original) 205
65. Dissection of brain to show geniculate bodies, optic tract,
nucleus amygdalae, etc. (After Morris's Anatomy) 207
66. Transverse section of the brain in the line of the pyramidal
tracts, showing basal ganglia, internal capsules, corpus
callosum, lateral and third ventricles, etc. Viewed
from front. (Morris's Anatomy after Toldt) 209
67. The optic path. (Original) 213
68. Section of mid-brain through superior colliculi and the appa-
rent origin of the oculomotor nerve. (Original) 215
69. Section of the mid-brain cutting the inferior colliculi of the cor-
pora quadrigemina. (Original) 216
70. Horizontal and sagittal section through internal capsule, much
enlarged. (Original) 226
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Xxxi
FIG. PAGE
71. Diagram of internal capsule in colors. (Original) 227
72. A diagram showing motor and sensory paths, motor red,
sensory blue. (After Gordinier' s Central Nervous
System) 229
73. Transverse section of cerebrum, cutting corpus callosum,
anterior commissure and optic chiasma. Viewed from
front. Commissural fibers. (Morris's Anatomy after
Toldt) 235
74. Diagram of association fibers in the cerebral hemisphere.
(Gordinier and Quain after Meynert) 237
75. Fasciculus occipito-frontalis. Stria terminalis and fasiculus
uncinatus. (Gordinier after Dejerine) 239
76. Dorsal view of inter-brain, mid-brain and cerebellum. Su-
perior surface of cerebellum. (Original) 243
77. Anterior aspect of cerebellum. (Original) 245
78. Dissection of rhombencephalon to show brachium conjuncti-
vum, brachium pontis and corpus restiforme. (Gor-
dinier, Sappey after Hirschjeld and Leveille) 246
79. Median section of cerebellum, pons and medulla. (Original) 247
80. Inferior surface of cerebellum. (Original) 252
81. Sagittal section of cerebellum, cutting nucleus dentatus. (Or-
iginal) 255
82. Section of cerebellar gyrus made parallel with its free border.
Diagrammatic. (Cunningham after Kolliker) 258
83. Section across a cerebellar gyrus at a right angle to the free
border. Diagrammatic. (Gordinier after Van Gehuch-
ten) 259
84. Horizontal section of cerebellum cutting nuclei and brachia
conjunctiva. (Morris's Anatomy after Toldt) 261
85. Anterior aspect of mid-brain, pons and medulla. (After
Morris's Anatomy) 267
86. Dorsal surface of pons and medulla. (Morris's Anatomy
modified from Spalteholz) 270
87. Superior transverse section of the pons. (Original) 275
88. Inferior transverse section of the pons together with the cere-
bellum. (Original) 277
89. Diagram of the auditory paths in the pons. (After Morris's
Anatomy) - 280
90. Section of embyronic medulla, embryo measuring 9.1 mm. in
length. (Gordinier and Minot after His) 285
XXXil LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
FIG; PAGE
91. Roof and lateral walls of fourth ventricle, and its chorioid
plexuses. (After Morris's Anatomy) 289
92. Section of medulla oblongata near the pons. (Original) . . . 295
93. Section of the medulla oblongata at the middle of olive. (Or-
iginal) 297
94. Section of the medulla oblongata at the fillet decussation. (Or-
iginal) 305
95. Section of the medulla oblongata at the pyramidal decussation.
(Original) 311
96. Nuclei of the cerebral nerves in the medulla, pons, mid-brain,
inter-brain, and olfactory bulb. Motor (or genetic)
nuclei red, terminal (or sensory) nuclei blue. (After
Morris's Anatomy) 315
97. Meninges of the spinal cord. A. Transverse section. (After
Key and Retzius.) B. Anterior view. (After Ellis.)
(Morris's Anatomy) 327
98. Diagrammatic section of the spinal meninges and spinal cord.
(After Morris's Anatomy) 329
99. The arteries and veins in the spinal cord. Diagrammatic.
(After Morris's Anatomy) 331
100. Posterior view of the spinal cord, the dura mater and the arach-
noid being laid open and turned aside. (Bnibaker
after Sappey) 334
1 01. Sections of the spinal cord: A. The cervical. B. The thora-
cic. C. The lumbar, and D. The lower sacral. (Or-
iginal) 335
1 02. Tracts of fibers and columns of cells, in the cervical and thora-
cic regions of the cord. Diagrammatic. (In part after
Bruce and Cunningham} 341
103. Tracts of fibers and columns of cells in the lumbar and sacral
regions of the cord. Diagrammatic. (In part after
Bruce and Cunningham) 345
104. The roots of the spinal nerves. Diagrammatic. (Original) . 349
105. Direct motor paths from cerebral cortex, to cerebral and spi-
nal nerve. Diagrammatic. (Original) 367
106. Indirect motor paths to the spinal nerves. Diagrammatic.
(Original) 371
107. Common sensory paths, muscular and tactile, by way of the
posterior column and (posterior) cerebello-spinal tract.
Diagrammatic. (Original) 375
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XXxiii
FIG. PAGE
108. Common sensory paths, pain, temperature and touch, by way
of ascending anterior cerebello-spinal and spino-thala-
mic tracts. Diagrammatic. (Original} 379
109. Chief elements of the olfactory bulb. (Gordinier after Van
Gehuchteri} 384
no. The chief retinal elements. (After Brubaker' s Physiology).. 385
in. The optic path. (Original) 387
112. A simple spinal reflex arc. (Brubaker after Morat and
Dayon) 391
113. A more complicated spinal reflex arc, involving the fasciculi
proprii. (Brubaker after Kb'lliker) 392
114. Medullary groove, neural tube, etc. (Gordinier after E. A.
Schajer) 396
115. Two histologic layers in the embryonic spinal cord, embryo
4.25 mm. long. (McMurrich after His) 397
116. Diagram showing development of neurones in the spinal cord.
(McMurrich after Schajer) 398
117. Ventral and dorsal zones of the spinal cord. (Gordinier and
Quain after Kb'lliker) 399
118. Median section of embryonic brain of the third month. (Mc-
Murrich after His) 406
119. Transverse section through the fore-brain of a four and one
half weeks' embryo. (Gordinier and Quain after His) 407
120. Diagrammatic sagittal section of vertebrate brain. (Morris's
Anatomy after Huxley) 409
121. Medial sagittal section through the brain of an embryo of
three months showing the primitive fissures on the
medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere. (McMur-
rich after Mihalkovicz) 4 1 1
122. The fossa cerebri lateralis, in embryonic brain of fourth
month. (After McMurrich' s Development oj the Human
Body) 413
123. Permanent fissures and sulci on the convex surface of the
cerebrum as seen in a seven months' embryo. (Mc-
Murrich after Cunningham) - 4 J 4
124. Dorsal view of an embroynic brain, the roof of the lateral ven-
tricles having been cut away. Embryo of 12.6 mm.
(McMurrich after His) 416
125. Transverse section of medulla from an embryo of 9.1 mm.
(McMurrich after His) ; 422
XXxiv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
FIG. PAGE
126. Transverse section of 'the medulla from an embryo of eight
weeks. (McMurrich after His) 423
127. Transverse section of the spinal cord, from an embryo of (A)
four and one-half weeks, and (B) of three months.
(McMurrich after His) 427
128. Mode of origin of anterior and posterior roots of spinal
nerves. Diagrammatic. (Brubaker and Edinger after
His) 428
ERRATA.
Page 30. Paragraph two, last line, last word should be brain-
vesicles.
Page 57. Fig. 23. "Intraparietal sulcus," and wherever found
should be written Interparietal sulcus.
Page 1 08. Paragraph four, fourth line, second word is sulcus,
instead of "fissure."
Page 184. Paragraph one, last line and first word is Alfred,
instead of "Arthur."
Page 264. Fourth line, the phrase "anterior ascending cerebello-
spinal tract," and wherever it occurs, should read Ascending an-
terior cerebello-spinal tract.
Page 265. Paragraph two, third line, the phrase "anterior de-
scending cerebello-spinal tract," should stand Descending anterior
cerebello-spinal tract : likewise, wherever the quoted phrase is
found.
Page 277. Third line, last word is (Horsley).
Page 286. Paragraph three, last sentence, the phrase "fasciculus
cerebello-spinalis," and wherever else it occurs should stand thus
fasciculus cerebello-spinalis (posterior).
Page 288. Paragraph three, fifth line, the substantive " cerebello-
spinal fasciculus" should have "posterior" prefixed so as to read
posterior cerebello-spinal fasciculus. This is a necessary varia-
tion from the BNA and applies wherever the phrase is found.
Page 291. Last line, there should be added a fifth item, viz., (e)
the medullarv striae.
ERRATA. XXXV
Page 319. Fifth line, common sensory should be added under
intermediate nerve.
Page 35 ! Paragraph three, third item, (3) should be omitted,
as no posterior root-fibers decussate. Intrinsic fibers only cross
through the gray commissure (Mott and Russell).
Page 358. To the last sentence should be added: and according
to Sir Victor Horsley has to do with locomotion (Brain, 1906).
Page 410. Fourth line, "callosal fissure" should be callosal
sulcus.
BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD.
CHAPTER I.
THE MENINGES OF THE BRAIN.
(Meninges Encephali.)
Three membranes invest the brain and spinal cord. They
are, from without inward, the dura mater, the arachnoid, and
the pia mater. Each membrane forms a protecting sheath for
the cerebral or spinal nerves piercing it.
THE DURA MATER OF THE BRAIN.
(Dura Mater Encephali.)
Structure and Relations. It is a very dense and inelastic
membrane composed of white fibrous and yellow elastic tissue
lined with flat endothelial cells, which constitute its internal
surface. In children it is closely adherent to the cranial bones of
which it forms the real periosteum; but it is attached chiefly at
the foramina and along the sutures in adults. The dura of the
brain is made up of two layers which are separable up to the
eighth or tenth year. The external layer constitutes the endos-
teum of the cranial bones. It is their nutrient membrane.
Through the cranial foramina and sutures it is continuous with
the external periosteum. In the adult the internal layer of the
dura separates from the outer layer only over the apex of the
petrous bone, to form Meckel's space for the semilunar ganglion
(Gasseri); at the foramina, to form sheaths for the nerves; and,
along the sinuses, to form their internal boundary and to produce
the great incomplete partitions, called process.es, which project
centrally into the great fissures of the brain.
Processes. (Processus dura malris). From the inner surface
of the dura the great processes are given off. The falx cerebri
2 THE MENINGES OF THE BRAIN.
and falx cerebelli hang vertically in the longitudinal fissure of
the cerebrum and the posterior notch of the cerebellum; and,
into the transverse fissure of the cerebrum, extends horizontally the
tentorium cerebelli. The falx cerebri (Figs, i, and 4) is attached
in front to the crista galli -and behind to the internal occipital pro-
tuberance and superior surface of the tentorium; the falx cere-
belli (Fig. i) continues from the inferior surface of the tentorium,
along the occipital crest, to the posterior border of the foramen
magnum. The bony attachment of the tentorium cerebelli
(Fig. 2) is to the internal protuberance and the lateral arms of
the crucial ridge forward to the petrous bone; and, then, it is
along the superior border of the petrous bone to the clinoid proc-
esses of the sphenoid. Between its clinoid attachments there is
a deep bay, the incisura tentorii, which transmits the midbrain.
The diaphragma sellae is a small centrally perforated sheet of
dura which covers the hypophyseal fossa.
Sinuses. (Sinus durce matris). Large venous passages lined
with endothelial cells, and called sinuses, are situated between
the layers of the dura (Figs, i, 2, 3 and 4). In the convex and in
the free border of the falx cerebri are, respectively, the superior
sagittal sinus (s. sagittalis superior) and the inferior sagittal
sinus (s. sagittalis inferior). The superior (Fig. i) extends
from the foramen caecum back to the confluens sinuum (torcular
Herophili,) located at the internal occipital protuberance. Having
run through the posterior two-thirds of the concave border of
the falx cerebri, the inferior sagittal sinus joins the great cerebral
vein at the margin of the tentorium and forms the straight sinus
(s. rectus). The latter runs through the middle of the tentorium
to the confluens (Fig. 2). The occipital sinus (s. occi pit alls)
traverses the falx cerebelli from the foramen magnum upward
to the same point. In the confluens sinuum the transverse
sinuses (s. transversi) rise (Fig. 2). Grooving the horizontal
arms of the crucial ridge, each runs outward in the tentorium to
the base of the petrous bone, where it receives the superior petrosal
sinus; it then turns downward through the sigmoid fossa, com-
municates with the occipital sinus and unites with the inferior
petrosal sinus in the jugular foramen. Situated on either side
THE DURA MATER OF THE BRAIN. 3
of the sella Turcica is a continuation of the ophthalmic vein,
the large cavernous sinus (s. cavernosus) (Fig. 3), which receives
at the sphenoidal fissure the spheno-parietal sinus (s. ala> parva),
the course of which is along the posterior border of the lesser