of salt water on thickness of leaves,
influence of salt water on starch pro-
duction, 212
Leucochroa candidissima, 74
Lime salts produced by animals, 202
Links, missing, not always required
nor really missing, 152
LINNAEUS, on evolution, 20; on the
influence of environment on the
hairy covering of plants, 91
Lion, formerly tamed, 157
Living world, problem of, three
hypotheses concerning, i
LOCARD(A.), on dimensional variation
among molluscs, &c., 74; on form-
variation among molluscs, 93 ;
L. turgida and elophila as 'varieties
of L. stagnates, 94 ; on variations of
Unto in form and colour, 94
LUCAS, tendency towards production
of new forms, 150
Lycaonpictus domesticated in ancient
Egypt, 157
Lychnis githago unequally toxic for
different species of animals, 141
Lychnis, sexuality, 108
LYKLL (C.), on variability among
molluscs, 169
Lyuintea stagnalis larger in ponds
than in rivers, 74 ; stagnalis and
auricularia artificially dwarfed, 79
seq. \frigida and the) malts varieties
of L. peregra, 93 ; auricularia hav-
ing only four whorls in mountain
waters, 93 ; turgida and elophila
varieties ^stagnalis^i, ; differences
between individuals of the same
brood, 136 ', living in salt water, 185 ;
external influences, 197 ; growth,
200; dwarfing produces unisexuality,
201 ; abnormal in ponds containing
many Hydras, 204 ; deformation by
motion of water, 207
MAGNIN, on parasitism and sexuality,
108
MAILLET (DE), on the origin of man
and animals, 15
Malformations, congenital, their value,
36
MANTEGAZZA, on variation in teeth, 10
MARCACCI, on experimental terato-
geny, 196, 197
Marsh-fever, comparative death-rate
of Europeans and Negroes, 123
MARTINS (Cn.), on variation in
Jnssi&a, 98 ; on sex-variability in
Chamcerops, no
MASTERS (MAXWELL), on teratology,
100
Mauchamp breed of sheep, origin, 154,
239
MAUPAS, on nutrition and fertility, 221
Melia azedarach, 142
MER (E.), on variation in Isoetes
INDEX
267
lacustris, ic6 ; on the influence of
currents on aquatic plants, 207
MII.LAKDET, on hybrids between
grape-vines, 246
MILNE-EDWARDS, on chemical differ-
ences between the bones of man and
woman, 121
MILTON, special creation theory ex-
pounded in Paradise Lost, 7
MIVART, SAINT GEORGE, 103
Moina, see Daphnia
MOLESCHOTT, on the influence of
oxygen on pigments, 220
MONNIER, on the influence of brucin
on green and brown frog, 130
MOQUIN TANDON, on changes in the
colour of plants due to environment,
53 ; on dimensional variations, 74
Morphological argument for evolution,
38
MORTON (LORD), on mating a mare
with a quagga, 248
MOYNIER DE VILLEPOISE, on the pro-
duction of lime by marine organisms,
202
MCLLER, on sexuality, 108
Muscular system, variability, 105
Mutilations and sexuality, 220 ; here-
dity of, 255
MUNTZ and GIRARD, on chemical
differences of the wool of different
breeds of sheep, 117
Myosotis sylvatica, 55
Myriophyllnm, variation, 98
My til us transferred to fresh water, 186
NAEGELI, internal forces tending to
develop new forms, 150
Narcissus, sudden variation, 153
NATHUSIUS, on length of gestation in
different breeeds of sheep, 167
Natural selection (anticipated by
Naudin), 20
NAUDIN, his paper on selection (1852),
20, 21 ; on climate, 55 ; on varia-
tion in fruits, 62 ; on physiological
differences between Echhun of differ-
ent climate, 115 ; internal forces tend-
ing to develop new forms, 150
Nautilus has hardly varied since very
remote epochs, 169
Neotenia in Amphibians, no
Neritina thermophila, 205
Nervous system, argument for evolu-
tion, 35
Niata breed of cattle, 153
Nicotin, influence on green and brown
frog, 132
NIEBNER (TH.), on hybrids between
roses, 246
Noctna, 120
O.
Onopordon acanthiuin, 91
Ontogeny, 30, 35
ORBIGNY (D'), on dimensional varia-
tion, 70, 71
Osteology, variations in, 103
Ostrea transferred to fresh water, 186
Ovibos moschatus, 159
Oxalis strzcta, variations, 72
Oxytropis man tana, 54
P.
Pagiirus Prideauxii transferred to
fresh water, 188
Palajontological argument for evolu-
tion, 25
PALLAS, 159
Paludina living in salt water, 185
Pansy has varied slowly, 149
PASTEUR, 5
Pecten transferred to fresh water, 186
P debates, 112
PENZIG (O ), on teratology, 100
Persicaria, 91
PETERMANN, on the influence of soil
on roots, 203
PFLUGER, on segmentation, 197
Phaseolus vnlgaris, varieties, 177
Phasnta, colour-variation, 51
Phylogeny, 30, 35
Physa contorta, 74 ; acuta, 205
Physiological differences between
plants of same species, but different
climate, 115 ; between different spe-
cies, 119 ; between different species
of insects towards the same external
conditions, 120; between man and
woman, 122 ; between different hu-
man races, 123 ; between European
and Algerian sheep, 124; between
normal and attenuated Bacillus an-
thracis, 127 ; between Rana escu-
lenta and temporaria, 130 seq. ; be-
tween the different individuals of the
same brood, 136 ; between seeds,
137 ; may be experimentally in-
duced, 145 ; between bacteria thriv-
ing only in different media, 183 ',
between plants watered with fresh
and sea water, 211
Physiological transmutation, 127
Physiological variation. 114
Picrotoxine, influence on common crab,
1 20
PIERLOT, on variation of toxicity of
valerian, 136
Pigeons in Florence congregating in
flocks according to their colour, and
breeding together, 243
Pilocarpin, influence on green and
brown frog, 132
268
INDEX
PIKE, on deformation of Planorbis
by life in a pond containing a super-
abundance of plants, 207
Pisidium pulchellum and cinerenm
varieties of same species, 94
Planorbis of Steinheim, 27, 149 ;
living in sea-water, 185 ; deformed
by superabundance of plants, 207
Plants, wild and cultivated, types of,
173 ; De Candolle's investigations
on, 173 ; list of cultivated species of,
174
PLATEAU, on adaptation to salinity,
190
PLINY, 158 ; on varieties of Brassica
oleracea,) 177 ; on mutilation of
grape-vine, 220
Poisons, physiological variability as
concerns their effects, 139
POLO (MARCO), 159
POLYBIUS, 73
Polygonum amphibium, morphologi-
cal variations, 98, 209
Polygonum fagopyrum, 142
Pompiliis UHifasciatus, 120
Portunns puber transferred to fresh
water, 188
POUCHET (G.), on osteological varia-
bility, 104
POUCHET and BEAUREGARD, on osteo-
logical variability, 104
POUCHET and CHABRY, on the influ-
ence of decalcification of sea-water
on the development of larvae of sea-
urchins, 195
POULIN (M.), on sudden variation,
i53
POULTON (E B ), on the influence of
the colour of environment, 58 ; on
heredity, 225 ; on heredity of ab-
normalities, 255
PRANTL, on food and sexuality, 108
Pressure, its influence on life, 191
PREVOST (J. L.), on the influence of
veratrin on green and brown frog,
131
Prismatocarpus speculum, 91
PRJEVALSKY, 159
Proteus anguineus, neotenia, 112
Py ralis zntis, colour-variation, 51
Pyridin, influence on green and brown
frog, 132
Q.
Quagga, mated with a mare, 248
QUATREFAGES (DE), on dimensional
variations, 72
Quercus tosa toxic for Southdowns, not
injurious for Pyrenean sheep, 141
Quercy phosphorites, fauna of, 150
QUETELET, on thechemical differences
of the blood of man and woman, 122
K
Rabbits, dwarfed, 74
Rana esculenta, and tcmporaria,
principal physiological differences,
130
Ranunculus, different forms according
to environment, 95 ; forms of leaves,
97 ; R aquatilisa.n& hederaceus, 97 ;
differences according to aerial and
aquatic mode of life, 208 ; R. sylva-
ticus, 55 ; R.Jicarla, 142
RAULIN ( JULES), on the influence of
very slight chemical changes on the
life of Aspergillus niger, 182
REGELSPERGER (G.), on deformation
in molluscs by living in warm waters,
205
RFGNARD (P.), on the influence of
pressure on life, 191
Reptiles, evolution of circulatory appa-
ratus, 33
Rhododendron ferriigineum, form of
R. hirsutuin, 219
Rhns corlaria, 142
Ribs, variation of number, 103
RITZEMA Bos, on peculiar characters
of Tylenchi having fed only on one
species of plants, 206
ROBINET(B. J.), on evolution, 16
ROMANES (G. J.)>
ments, 250, 259
on propose exper-
,
d e
Roots, influence of the soil on their
growth, 204
Rosa alpina, 55
Rose carrying white and pink flowers,
60
ROSSLIN, 158
ROUJON (A.), on dwarfed plants, 75
ROUSSEAU (J. J.), on meditation, 4
Rubus, variation, 97
Rumex, sexuality, 108
S.
Saccnlina, development shows its real
systematic position, 30
Sagartia parasitica transferred to
fresh water, 187
Sagittaria, leaf- variation, 97
SAINT GEORGE MIVART, on variability
in the number of ribs, 103
SAINT HILAIRE, GEOFFROY, 19, 43
SAINT HILAIRE, ISIDORE GEOFFROY,
SAINT LAGER, on special forms of some
plants due to the chemical nature of
the soil, 219
SAINTE CLAIRE DEVILLE, on chemical
variability, 116
Salainandra atra, neotenia, 112
Salinity, adaptation to, 189
Salmon, chemical analyses of, 117
INDEX
269
SAUERMANN, on food in its relations to
colour, 57
SAUNTER (GASPARD DE), 159
Scent of flowers, variation, 102
SCHMANKEWITSCH, on differences in-
duced in Daphnia rectirostris by
mode of life, 213 ; on Branchipus
ferox, 216 ; on Artei/tia and Bran-
chipus, 217
SCHMIEDEBERG, . on the action of
caffein on green and brown frog,
JSi-iSS
SCHUBELER, on seeds of same species
obtained under different climates,
218
Scilla maritiina, 142
Sea-shore, influence on plants, 211
Sea-urchins, development of their
larvae in decalcified sea-water, 195
Sea-water fatal to most but not all
fresh-water organisms, 186 ; influence
on plants, 211
Seeds, physiological variability, 137-
139 ; influenced by environment, 218
Selection, natural, a factor in evolu-
tion, 230 ; sexual, 230 ; physio-
logical, 230; Weismann on, 231;
experiments on, 236 ; proposed ex-
periments, 240
Selection, Naudin on, 21 ; produces
most new forms when not subservient
to man's utilitarian demands, 168 ;
of carrots, 203 ; proposed experi-
ments, 241
SEMPER (K.), on dimensional varia-
tions, 79, 200; on environment, 179,
221
Serratula tinctoria, 95
Sexuality, variation, 107 ; influence of
food, 107 ; variation in plants, 107 ;
variation in human species and ani-
mals, 107 ; proportion of males to
females among domestic animals,
108 ; and parasitism, 108 ; and muti-
lations, 108 ; and food, 109 ; and
climate, 109 ; and external factors,
109, no ; sexes, proportion of males
and females in different animals,
108 ; and dwarfing, 200
Sheep, Mauchamp breed, 239 ; colour
and flesh, 68 ; colour and climate,
69 ; from Senegal acquiring wool
under northern climates, 89 ; chemi-
cal differences in skeleton of differ-
ent breeds, 116; Mauchamp breed
suddenly produced, 154; variability
in length of gestation of different
breeds, 167
Shell, left-handed, due to electrical in-
fluences, 204
Skull-capacity of wild and domestic
forms, 165
Stnerinthus, colour-variation, 51
Soil, influence on taste of wine, 219
Solanum stoloniferum, 236
SPALLANZANI on sexuality, 108
Special creation theory, 7, 22
Species, different, react differently to-
wards same poisons, 141 ; what are,
144, 254 ; all variable, 148 ; selec-
tion, 203
Specific characters not merely external
and morphological, but chemical and
physiological, 143
SPENCER (HERBERT), on evolutionists'
and anti-evolutionists' demands, 24 ;
on dimensional variations, 79, 200
Sphinx elpenor, colour- variation, 51
Spinacia oleracea, proportions of
sexes, 107 ; sexuality, 108
Starving, experiments on, 77
STELLA (ERASMUS), 158
Sterility of dwarfecl plants, 75
Stilbe americana and A bramis versi-
color identical, 90
Stomach, variability, 105
Stomata in aquatic and aerial indi-
viduals of same species, 208, 209
STRABO, 73, 158
Stratiotes aloides, influence of mode
of life on leaves, 209
Strychnine, influence on common crab,
120
STUDER, on molluscs living in warm
water, 205
STURTEVANT, on the origin of culti-
vated plants, 179
Sus vittatus, 158
SWAMMERDAM, on experimental tera-
togeny, 194
Syphilis, 124
T.
Tadpoles, influence of food on sexua-
lity, 107 ; experiments on the influ-
ence of salt, 189 ; influence of food,
199 ; embryology, 33
Taraxacum dens-leonis and palustre,
95
TARCHANOFF (JEAN DE), on the brain
of young animals, 145
Teeth of whales, 35 ; variation in num-
ber, 103
Tellina transferred to fresh water,
1 86
Temperature and life, 205
"Tendency to betterment," Delbceuf's,
i5 2
Teratogeny, experimental, 193
TERQUEM, on Foraminifera, 27
TESTUT, on muscular anomalies in
man and their interpretation, 37 105
Tetragonia, 236
Thalassema mellita, 197
THEOPHRASTUS, on varieties of Bras-
sica oleracea, 177
270
INDEX
THOMSON (J. A.), on the influence of
environment, 179 ; on heredity, 225
Thuja occidentalis^ influence of ex-
ternal conditions, 222 ; dwarfed, 71
Thnjopsis dolabrata variegata, 59
Thytnus serpyllum, 55, 91
TICHOMIROFF, on artificially induced
parthenogenesis, 197
TILLET, on investigations with artifi-
cial soils, 198
TOURNEFORT, 95 ; on varieties of
Brassica oleracea, 177
Toxicity of plants varies according to
their different parts, 142
Tradescantia virginica, variation of
an individual plant in respect of
flower-ir.orphology, 101
Transmutation of one micro-organism
into another, 126
Trifoliuin molineri, form of T. incar-
natum, 219
Triton, 112
TROCHU, on the non-spiny form of
Ulex europceus, 92
Tropceolum , influence of external con-
ditions, 222
Tuberculosis, comparative immunity
of Mongolians, 124
Turbo thermalis, 205
TURREL, on the non-spiny form of
Capparis spinosa, 92
Tylenchus devastatrix acquiring pecu-
liar characters from living on one
species of plant only, 206
U.
Ulex europceus devoid of spines,
92 ; Ulex nanus, 92 ; U. major,
form of U. paiviflorus, 219 ; U.
europceus, 245
Unio's variations in form and colour,
94 ; living in sea-water, 185
Urodela, 112
Use and disuse, a factor in evolution,
230 ; proposed experiments, 239
Ustilago antherarum, influence on
sexuality, 108
dimensions, 70 ; integuments, 89 ;
form, 93 ; leaf, 97 ; fruit, 99 ; flower,
101 ; personal, 125 ; universal, 147 ;
sudden, 152
Variations, osteological, 103 ; visceral,
105 ; sexual, 107
Variegation and environment, 54 ;
Carriere on, 58 ; some localities un-
favourable to variegation, 58, 59 ; are
variegated plants weaker than
others, 59 ; sudden variegation, 59
VARIGNY (DE), on history of evolution-
ary notions, 17 ; on the loss of
weight in Coelenterates during
inanition, 77 ; on dimensional varia-
tions (experiments on Lymncea), 79 ;
on abnormal prolongation of tadpole
condition, in ; influence of brucin,
strychnine, and picrotoxine on com-
mon crab, 120 ; observations on
normal variation among individuals
of the same brood of Lymncea, 137 ;
on the influence of heat on seeds,
137 ; on the influence of sulphate
of copper and of strychnine on
seeds, 138 ; experiments on accus-
toming marine animals to live in
fresh water, 187 ; experiments on the
adaptation of fresh-water forms to
life in saline media, 189
VARRO, 158
Venus, transferred to fresh water, 186
Veratrin, influence on green and brown
frogs, 131
Verbascum lychnis, 54
Vigour and colour, 69
VILMORIN (L. DE), on changes of colour
due to culture, 53 ; on variegation,
59 ; on Ulex nanus and europceus,
93; experiments in selection, 236, 237 ;
experiments on beet-root, 238 ; on
selection generally, 241
Visceral variations, 105
Vitis rupestris, predominant heredity,
245.
Vorticellce subjected to high pres-
sures, 192
Vulpes alopex, 50
VULPIAN, on the influence of poisons
on green and brown frogs, 131 ; on
the influence of brucine, 132
Valerian, less toxic when grown on dry
soil, 136
VALLEMONT (DE), on growth in thick-
ness partly determined by external
influences, 199
Variability present at all epochs, in all
organisms, 147 ; is itself variable,
149 ; causes unknown, 150
Variation among pathogenetic organ-
isms under different modes of culture,
126 ; in structure, 47 ; colour, 48 ;
WALLACE (A. R.), on seasonal colour-
variation, 52 ; on colour-variation,
67 ; on variability of the length of
the digestive system, 106
WEISMANN (A.), on variability in com-
mon pansy, 149 ; on acquired
characters, 221 ;on selection, 231
Whales, rudimentary teeth, 39 ; osteo-
logical variability, 103
INDEX
271
Wheat, chemical differences according
to soil, 118
WHITFIELD (R. P.)> on dwarfing in-
ducing unisexuality in Lynin&a,
200
WILLOUGHBY (F.), on hellebore and
water-dropwort not being toxic for
the common quail, 139
WINTZENRIED (L.), on the action of
brucin, 132
WOODHEAD, see IRVINE
Wool of sheep, relation to food, 90 ;
chemical differences according to
breeds, 117
Y.
YuNG(E.), on the influence of the
nature of food on the development
of tadpoles, 199
Zea Mays, sexuality and nutrition,
108 ; dwarfed, 75
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PROFESSOR RAY LANKESTER in NA TURE :" Professor Jeflfery Parker is to be
congratulated on having produced an extremely well-written, well-considered, and
original class-book. The teachipg of so-called ' elementary biology ' has, in conse-
quence of the coercion of examination schedules and the multiplication of little cram-
books dealing with the selected and protected ' types,' become in this country a very
poor thing. The practical work in the laboratory with frog, fern, rabbit, and worm,
which was, when first introduced, a step in advance, has become, like so many other
things which were good in their or.gin, a tyranny and an impediment to knowledge.
. . . Professor Parker's book should help to remedy this state of things. ... In
this little book the student will find many of the most important conceptions of
biological science "set forth and illustrated, not by reference merely to the types
which he dissects or examines with greatest ease in the elementary course in a
laboratory but by the use of a larger area of well-chosen examples, both of plants
and animals. Original woodcuts, often of exceptional merit, are fully introduced in
the text. . . . Their merit, however, consists not merely in the general plan, but in