Section 2. Apportionment of Representatives
Representatives shall be apportioned among the several states
according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of
persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the
right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and
Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the
executive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the legis-
lature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such state,
being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or
1 Adopted in 1865.
= Adopted in 1868.
MM
594 Problems of American Democracy
in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other
crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the pro-
portion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole
number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such state.
Section 3. Political Disabilities
No person shall be a Senator or Represenative in Congress, or
elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or
military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having
previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of
the United States, or as a member of any state legislature, or as an
executive or judicial officer of any state, to support the Constitution of
the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion
against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof.
But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove
such disability.
Section 4. Public Debt
The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by
law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties
for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be
questioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall assume
or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or
rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or
emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and
claims shall be held illegal and void.
Section 5. Powers of Congress
The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legisla-
tion, the provisions of this article.
ARTICLE XV 1
RIGHT OF SUFFRAGE
Section 1. Right of Negro to Vote
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be
denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account
of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
1 Adopted in 1870.
Constitution of the United States 595
Section 2. Power of Congress
The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate
legislation.
ARTICLE XVI 1
INCOME TAX
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes,
from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the
several states, and without regard to any census or enumeration.
ARTICLE XVII 2
SENATE: ELECTION: VACANCIES
The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators
from each state, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each
Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each state shall have the
qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of
the state legislatures.
When vacancies happen in the representation of any state in the
Senate, the executive authority of such state shall issue writs of
election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any
state may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appoint-
ment until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature
may direct.
This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election
or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the
Constitution.
ARTICLE XVIII 3
NATIONAL PROHIBITION
Section i — After one year from the ratification of this article the
manufacture, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the
importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United
States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage
purposes is hereby prohibited.
Adopted in 1913.
2 Adopted in 1013.
3 Adopted in 1919.
596 Problems of American Democracy
Section 2 — The Congress and the several States shall have con-
current power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Section 3 — This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have
been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures
of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven
years of the date of the submission hereof to the States by Congress.
ARTICLE XIX l
WOMAN SUFFRAGE
Section i — The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall
not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on
account of sex.
Section 2 — Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.
1 Adopted in 1920.
INDEX
Accessibility, 15.
Adjustment, 4 et seq., 540, 567.
Agricultural resources, 197, 198.
Almshouse, 452 et seq.
Altruism, 566.
Amendments, 71.
American Federation of Labor, 360
seq.
American state, 57 et seq.
Appropriation bills, 93.
Asiatic immigration, 172 et seq.
Australian ballot, 101.
B
Ballot, 101.
Banking:
Federal Reserve Act, 312 et seq.
National Banking Act, 311 et seq.
state institutions, 314.
Barter, 304, 305.
Bill drafting, 91 et seq.
Bill of Rights, 71.
Bimetallism, 310 et seq.
Birth rates, 150, 151.
Blacklists, 372.
Blind, 500 et seq.
Bonds, 254.
Boycotts, 372.
British cabinet government, 79.
Budgets:
family, 421 et seq.
system, 93.
Business:
enterpriser, 248, 249.
organization, 248 et seq.
Cabinet government, 78, 79.
Capital, 224 et seq., 234 et seq., 248 el
seq.
Capital punishment, 495.
Charity, 445 et seq
Checks and balances, 77.
Child:
labor, 386 et seq.
offenders, 496 et seq.
Church, 567 et seq.
Citizenship:
duties, 85 et seq.
in territories, 105.
City:
charters, 128.
congestion, 118 et seq.
distribution, 112, 113.
early conditions, ine( seq.
franchises, 136, 137.
government, 1 2 7 et seq.
growth, 1 1 2 et seq.
health, 121 et seq.
legal character, 127.
manager, 131.
planning, 114, 115.
political corruption, 129.
state, 51.
utilities, 134.
Civil Service Reform, 101.
Clan, 50.
Clayton Act, 268, 359.
Climatic influences, 19 et seq.
Closed shop, 368.
Collective bargaining, 367 et seq.
Commercial expansion, 298 et seq.
Commission government, 130.
Commissions on industrial relations, 375
et seq.
Committees of Congress, 91.
Competition:
effects, 35.
wastes, 347.
Compulsory arbitration, 377.
Congestion, 1 1 8 et seq.
Congressional government, 78, 79.
Conservation:
human, 385 et seq
natural resources, 208 et seq.
597
598
Index
Consumers' League, 372, 390.
Constitutional:
amendments, 71.
guarantees, 71.
Cooperation, 6, 35, 37, 236 et seq., 371
ci seq., 380 e2 se^.
Cooperative movement, 380 et seq.
Corporation:
advantages, 250, 251.
character, 250.
organization, 252, 253.
promotion, 251 et seq.
securities, 253, 254.
social dangers, 255 et seq.
Country life, 1 24.
Courts, 77.
Court of Industrial Relations, 377.
Crime, 464 et seq.
Crippled, 505 et seq.
Crowd, 29 et seq.
Currency, 304 et seq.
Customs, 24 et seq.
D
Deaf, 503 et seq.
Death rates, 153 et seq.
Defectives, 499 et seq.
Delinquents, 464 et seq.
Dependents, 429 et seq.
Direct election of senators, 100.
Direct primaries, 103.
Distribution of wealth, 330 et seq.
Division of labor, 237 et seq.
Division of powers of government, 76.
Divorce, 525 et seq.
Dynamic society, 2.
E
Education, 543 et seq.
English parliament, 78, 7g.
Enterpriser, 248, 249.
Environment:
American, 194 et seq.
physical, 13 et seq
social, 24 et seq.
Epileptics, 509, 510.
Esch-Cummins Act, 281.
Excise tax, 323.
Executive, 76 et seq.
Expansion of nation, 95 et seq., 104 et seq.
Exploitation, 106.
Exports, 298 et seq.
Express companies, 283.
Factors in production, 224.
Factory system, 231, 232.
Family, 518 et seq.
Family budgets, 421 et seq.
Fatigue, 364.
Federal Reserve System, 312 et seq.
Federal Trade Commission, 268, 269.
Feeble-minded, 310 et seq.
Folkways, 25 et seq.
Forest conservation, 211 et seq.
Franchises, 136 et seq.
French settlers, 63, 64.
Frontier, 96.
Functions of government, 73, 74, 82 et
seq.
Gas and electric service, 135.
General property tax, 326, 327.
German immigrants, 159.
Government:
city, 124 et seq.
general functions, 73.
national, 82 et seq., 87 et seq.
Group:
life, 34 et seq.
mind, 24 et seq.
standards, 562 et seq.
Guarantees of constitution, 71.
Guilds, 229, 230.
Guild socialism, 351.
H
Health, 1 2 1 et seq.
Heredity, 9, 473, 512, 574.
Housing conditions, 118 et seq.
Immigration:
Asiatic, 172.
causes, 158.
distribution, 167, 168.
early groups, 159, 160.
effects, 168 et seq.
later groups, 160 et seq.
restrictions, 174 et seq.
Imperialism, 104 et seq.
Index
599
Imports, 298 et seq.
Income:
earned and unearned, 338, 339.
national, 330 et seq.
tax, 324.
Independence, 66.
Indian, 191, 192.
Industrial:
accidents, 401 et seq.
arbitration, 377.
conflict, 375 et seq.
education, 549 et seq.
management, 246, 247.
organization, 561 et seq.
revolution, 223 et seq.
society, 224 et seq.
Workers of the World, 361 et seq.
Inequality, 347, 348.
Inflation, 307, 308.
Inheritance tax, 327, 328.
Initiative, 102.
Insurance, social, 410 et seq.
Injunction, 374.
Insane, 507 et seq.
Institutions, 44, 52 et seq.
Insular possessions, 105.
Interest, 333.
International trade, 286 et seq.
Interstate Commerce Act, 277, 278.
Interstate Commerce Commission, 278-
Inventions, 40 et seq., 225.
Irish immigration, 159.
Isolation, 16.
Italian immigration, 162.
Judiciary, 77.
Jury trial, 482 et seq.
Juvenile courts, 496.
K
Knights of Labor, 360.
Laissez-faire, 84.
Labor organizations, 357 et seq.
Large scale production, 243 et seq.
Latin America, 65.
Law, 54, 466-
Law making, 91 et seq.
Local government, 73.
Lockouts, 373.
M
Machinery, inventions, 230 et seq.
Maladjustment, 4.
Malthusian theory, 144.
Mandatories, 106.
Manorial system, 229.
Manufacturing:
early American, 233.
changes in, 230 et seq~
Marriage, 521 et seq.
Medieval cities, in.
Mental defectives, 507 et seq.
Middle colonies, 62 et seq.
Military service, 86.
Minerals:
conservation, 214 et seq.
wealth, 199 et seq.
Minimum standards, 423 et seq.
Money, 304 et seq.
Monopoly, 261 et seq.
Monroe Doctrine, 105, 106.
Morality, 560 et seq.
Municipal:
functions, 132 et seq.
government, 1 29 et seq.
N
National:
banks, 311 et seq.
expansion, 95 et seq.
expenditures, 3 2 1 et seq.
government, 82 et seq.
income, 330 et seq.
problems, 74.
state, 52, 46 et seq., 64 et seq.
Natural:
resources, 194 et seq.
selection, 36.
Neanderthal man, 38.
Negro, 179 etseq.
New England colonies, 61 et seq.
O
Occupational risks, 406 et seq.
Open shop, 368.
Organized charity, 457 et seq.
Output, 366.
Overcapitalization, 256.
P
Pace setting, 366.
Parliamentary government, 78, 79, 91
et seq.
6oo
Index
Parole, 494.
Partnership, 249, 250.
Party:
caucus, 91.
platforms, 89.
Pauperism, 432.
Penology, 479 et seq.
Physical environment:
effects, 13 et seq.
of America, 194 et seq.
Police power of state, 83.
Political parties, 88 et seq.
Population:
distribution, 148 et seq.
law of, 144.
modern increase, 142 et seq.
vital statistics, 150 et seq.
Poverty, 429 et seq.
President, 76 et seq.
Prices, 306, 307.
Primaries, 103.
Primitive man, 38.
Prisons, 488 et seq.
Profits, 335.
Profit sharing, 379 et seq.
Progress, 7, 570 et seq.
Promoter, 251 el seq.
Property rights, 54.
Property tax, 326, 327.
Public:
education, 543 et seq.
health, 121 et seq.
opinion, 87.
ownership, 137 et seq.
utilities, 133 et seq., 273.
Puritan element, 61.
R
Race:
origins, 180.
problems, 179 et seq.
Railroads:
accidents, 408.
growth, 274 et seq.
labor board, 281.
rates, 282.
regulation, 277 et seq.
Rainfall, 20 et seq.
Real wages, 420.
Recall of judicial decisions, 103.
Reclamation, 215 et seq.
Referendum, 102. â–
Regulation, governmental, 84.
Relief, 454 et seq.
Rent, 333, 334-
Representative government, 91 et seq.
Rochdale Cooperative plan, 381.
Rural conditions, 124 et seq.
Russian Jewish immigration, 164.
S
Sabotage, 362.
Scandinavian immigration, 160.
Schools, 543 et seq.
Scientific management, 245, 246, 405 et
seq.
Scotch-Irish immigration, 63.
Secret ballot, 101.
Securities, 253 et seq.
Senators, direct election, 100.
Separation of powers, 76.
Sherman Law, 268, 279.
Shop committees, 378.
Short ballot, 101.
Sickness, 41 1 et seq.
Single tax, 342 et seq.
Slav immigration, 163.
Slavery, 54, 181 et seq.
Social:
control, 31, 84, S5.
environment, 24 et seq.
evolution, 35 et seq.
ideal, 557.
institutions, 44.
insurance, 410 et seq.
morality, 560 et seq.
progress, 570 et seq.
standards, 467, 470.
Socialism-, 345 et seq.
Southern colonies, 58 et seq.
Spanish war possessions, 105.
Speaker of House of Representatives, 91..
Speculation, 257.
Spoils system, 101.
Standards of living, 417 et seq..
State:
American, 58 et seq.
problems, 75.
social institution, 46 et seq.
Static society, 2.
Stocks, 253, 254.
Stock exchange, 256, 257^
Stock watering, 256.
Strikes, 373.
Index
601
Struggle for existence, 35.
Suffrage, 09.
Suggestion, 29.
Supreme Court decisions, it
Sweat shop, 395 et seq.
Syndicalism, 362.
Tariff, 290 et seq.
Taxation:
function of state, 86.
federal, 321 et seq.
increase, 31S.
kinds, 318, 319.
local, 326.
principles, 319, 320.
state, 325.
Telegraph and telephone, 283.
Temperature, 19 et seq.
Tenements, 118.
Trade unions, 358 et seq.
Tradition, 24 et seq.
Transportation:
municipal, 136.
national, 272 et seq., 201 et s
Tribe, 51.
Trusts, 264 et seq.
U
Unemployment, 402 et seq.
Union:
of colonies, 67.
of labor, 357 et seq.
Urban growth, 109 et seq.
Utopia, 2.
V
Value in exchange, 240.
Vital statistics, 150 et seq.
Vocational education, 549 et seq.
W
Wages, 335 et seq., 363, 364, 396, 420.
Walking delegates, 367.
Wants, 419.
War, 52 et seq.
Water resources, 201 et seq.
Water transportation, 283 et seq.
Water supply of cities, 134.
Weather influences, 21.
Welfare work, 397, 398.
Westward movement, 95 et seq.
Woman suffrage, 99.
Woman's movement, 536.
Women in industry, 392 et seq.
Working conditions, 364 et seq., 36S.
Workmen's compensation, 410.