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REYNOLDS HISTORICAL
GENEALOGY COLLECTION



Gc



ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY



3 1833 02289 9410



Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2010 with funding from

Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center



http://www.archive.org/details/texastexansoradv01foot



TEXAS



THE TEXANS;



w.(



OB, -

ADVANCE OF THE ANGLO-AMERICANS
TO THE SOUTH-WEST;^.

' INTLrriT.VG; a HIST0K.Y Oi'

LEADIX'i EVENTS I\ MEXiCO. FKOM THE CONTir.-F.ST BY

FERNANDO CORTES TO THE TERMINATION

OP THE TEXAN KEVOLUTJON.

-MAGNA EST Vi^KTTA.^, ET PREVALEBIT."



IT'^avcii ii free
Froi-' r.loii.ls. I'Ht (>\ all cjljun >.jt'iij3 IG be
M.'lteJ til I'lM! v;i-t Iris <.t' tliy West.
W'lvre t!i..- //ai/j.iir.-; thi' ciiHt Etrrnitij ;
Wliili', oil tli>- oilier iiiinil, meek Dian's cre.-t
Flciti liu(ui2htiie aziir*.- air, a n-jioii of Uif bli.-st !
j9 ■.•!«:.'/<; ■•.-ar is a; her c-idc. ami r.-ijns
W itl, li.;r ciVr hall" tii.' li.V' \y 1, aviu.



BY HENUY STUART. FOQTE.



VOLUMES.
)L. I.



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1811.






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''"SSET""



ADVERTISEMENT.



To the Reader of these unworthy volumcr,
the Author feels himself bound to address a
word or two, by ^vay of apology, for the many
imperfections which the eye of criticism v^ill
not fail to detect. I am at least no intruder
upon the attention of the literary world.
Eiiilitoeri mo.iths since, I chanced to visit the
Republic of Texas, upon a jaunt of recreation I
and curiosity ; and was invited, whilst there, to
undertake a History of the War of Texan In-
dependence, by more than twenty of the most
conspicuous actors in that v.ar. The connnu-
iiication which I received on the occasion, to-
getlier with my reply, has been long before the
public, in leading newspapers on cither side ot
the Sabine. However unfit I may have con-
sidered myself for the task proposed, I did not
feel at liberty to decline it : and now it is for
others to determine whether I deserve censure
or ai)probation for the manner in which that
task has been executed.

(3)



IV ADVERTISEx^IENT, •

Perhaps I might justly lay claim to some
sliglit allowance on the ground of having, as
many know, been almost constantly occu}jied
in professional labours during the preparation
of this work for the press.

Those who choose to attribute a portion
of the deficiencies discernible in " Texas and
the Texans," to the necessary enlistment of
the Author in the fierce political strife of the
past summer, and his luning had repeatedly
to encounter such sturdy opponents as S. S.
Prentiss, Baylie PcyloHj and George S. Yerger,
Esquires, besides an uncountable host of small-
fry agitators, may be certain of doing nothing
more than strict justice in the premises.

A third volume of •* Texas and tlicTexans"
will be issued some time durino- the comin^r
autumn, in Avhich the hi-tory of the country will
be contimicd up to tiic])resent period ; accom-
panied with a large mass of valuable statistical
information, now in a course of accumulation.
To these vrill be added a correct Map of Texas,
compiled from tliclatest oflicial surveys.

il. STUAPvT rOOTE.

Raymond, MLss., January o, ISll.



VM'



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7



CONTENTS.



CHArTER I.

Page

Introductory remarks. Condition of Europe, and of ypn.in in
particular, ac the period of the Mexican conquest ., 1^

ciupTE R n. â–  '

View of the I\[.xicau Empire at the period of its invasion by the
Spaniards, \vith sonic ob-crvationi upon tlic moral condi'.ion of
the Mexicans as a people •••• 2d

; . â–  ' ciLvrTEii HI.

View of the Conquest of Mexico by Fernando Cortes, with some
notice of the loading liistoric facts connected therowith ^0

CHAPTER IV.

Conv,'arativc view of various instances of National Conquest ;
vvuii special ob.=er.-ati>.>;;s on the fToncral Moral Etlect of the
Conquest of IMcxico upon the Aboriginal or Native population . 71

CllAPTlOIi V.

Examination of the Spanish Colonial Policy, and its effects, in a
moral point of view, upon the rrcneral colonial population, lla-
pid citation of lotsdin-;? historical particulars connected with the
K evolution in INIrxico, resulting m the establishment of the
Federal Constitution of IS-M ^^



ji\: •■-y;; -'i.



') ;.;.]"» '. f.j



vi ,. CONTENTS. ;

CIUPTER VI.

Page
View of the Reformation in England, from its original introduc-
tion to the Revolution m 1G38. Its influence upon the character
and history cf the British colonists in America, both before the
year last-named and alter. Causes which concurred to give as-
cendancy to the principles of the Reformation in that part of
North America settled from Great Britain, and which must
yet give them a still wider diffusion 103

' , CHAPTER VII.

View of the relation.- between Spain anil the United Stntrs at the
close of the Azr.erican Rcvolutio.n. fntriiiidly feehr:i between
the two countries. Progress of that unfriendly foelins-, with
some 'explanation of the causes of the same. The 31iranda
expedition. Burr's project ; IVhat u-a.t it? 122

. . ClIAITEPv vin, ... .

View of Aaron Burr's project for opening all Spanish America to
the Anglo-American? find tiieir in-'itii:ioii.s ; with some ren:ark3
upon his conduct and character, no: elsewhere to be found HO

CHAPTER IX. '

f

Return of CoI.):;cl Burr to the United States in 1SI2. E.xpedi- •
tion of 3Ia::(-e i;i:o Texas during tiiat year. Magoe takes
Nacogdoches and Goliad. His small force is beiieged in Go'iad
for a M-hole winter. Tiiey turn out in the Fprin^: and defeat
. General Salcrdo. Death of MagtM-. Capture of the town of
San Antonio by the J\'i;riot forces. l)reudi"ul massacre there.
Defeat of Toledo. Jsirnipf r, Ro.-s, Ferry, and other valiant
Anglo-Americans inrroJjced to tlio r^MUer. La Fitte, tue I'i-
ra'e of the C«u!f ISI

CTIAl'TEi: X. â–  *

Long's early hi. - ;ory. Appoiared by t!ie citizens of Natchez to
head an exiM.dliioii l-.ttu Te.xas. Arrives at Nacogdoches and
takes po.«e?sion of thf> place. Hstabli-^iies civil goverurnent.
Declares the coun'ry an Iiidi pendent RejmbUc. OlTers Head-



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CONTENTS. . vii

rights and Bounty lands. Disposition of his miUtnry forces.
Journey of Mrs. Long to Xaco^doches. Long leuvea for Gal -
vestou Tslai:d. Advance of the enemy. Flight of the people
from the country. Long and his lady at Natchitoches. She â– 
goes to Alexandria. He returns to Texas. Meets his follow-
ers ar Bolivar Point. Learns the disasters of his expedition.
Leaves for New Orleans. Returns to Texas.- Captures Gohod.
Is assassinated in Mexico 197

CHAPTER XI.

' >^' . y â–  â–  * '

History OF.TnK Feedo>-ia^- War.

3Iajor Benjamin ^'V: Edwards. Grant of lands by the IMesican
government to rNfo-es Austin.: his death: confirmation of the
grant to his son, Gen. Stephen F. Austin, who established his
Colony-on tho Brassus and Colorado rivers in Te.xas. Frotrress
of Austin's Colony. Grant of lands about Nacogdoches to lla-
den Edwards. Texas vi.-;tod I.y IMnjor Donjamin W. Edwards
ia 1-0'. His interview \v;rh (ieneral Austin at San Felipe de

., Austin, He calLs on his brother at Nacogd>iches: finds him in-
volved in serious diiyiculties. Proceedings of various kinds, re-
sulting in the ndop;ion of preliminary arrang'.-ments for the prose -
cution of a ^\ ar against ihe ^Icxican Government; of which
, arrangements a moie parti. -ular account is reserved for a succeed-
ing chapter .- .. ; 21S



CHAPTER XI r.

Attempt of Fields tho Cherokee Chief to obtain a grant of lands
from the ?»[exican government. Dishonest conduct of that
government toward? hi.m. .'^ntne account of John Dunn Hun-
ter. League oliensivc and defensive formed between the Fre-
donians and twenty-throe Indian tribes. Fredooian Declaration
of Independence. A'arious exertions to maintain the war about
to be commenced against the^Iexican government. Fredonians
Sci/.o upon Nacogdoches ; di-lMit an attack made upon them by
Norris the Alcalde. Circular addressed to the settlers in Aus-
tin's Colony, to tlie neighbourhood of Pccon Point, and to the
citizens of the United States. Conduct of Col. Austin at this
period : motives for it. The Frcdonians threatened with an im-
mediate attack by the Mexican government, which is postponed
by cau.=cs not known CS"?



viii CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XIII.

rase
Major Edwardri declared Commander-m- Chief. of the Frcdonlans.
Pursuit of Norri5, the Alcalde. Approach of the IVIcxican anuy.
Alarm and coutiision of the Culoni.-ts. Death of Hunter.
Abandonment of Nacogdoches by the l"'rcdoriians, and termi-
nation of the war. Correspondence between .Major Edwards
aud the Mexican commander. Character of Major Edwards •- 216



CHAPTER XIV.

Projpcrous condition of Austin's Colony after the suppression of
the Freduniun insurrection. Conduct of Ci.>!oncl Austin as Em-
pressario. His diflicuities and trials. Letter to ^Vlajor Edwards.
View of 3Icxico in ISOt, and for some year5 afterward.^. Po-
litical coadicts there : Presidency of Victoria ; that of Gucrero;
downfall of Guerero and elevation of Bustamcnlc ; prostration
of Br.stamcnio in consoqui;ncc of his attempt to cru.-h the
State autiioriiies and to estabhsh a consolidated system of gov-
ernment. Elevation of Santa Anna, who proves unfaitliful to
â–  his declared principles: his conCict wi;Ii, and trhmiph over
•- Congress and most of the State governments. I\Iasr"acre of
Zacatccus 292



TEXAS AND THE TEXANS.



CHAPTER I.

Introductory remarks. Condition of Elurope, and of Spain in particu-"
lar, at the period of the Mexican conquest.

The attention of the civilir.eJ world has been attracted
in an extraordinary maimer, tor several years past, to the
contest which was understood to bo in progress between
Tcj-as and Mexico. It is quite manifest tliat this contest
has awakened a livelier and m-iro diniis<-^d sympathy, and
has called mlo exercise a greater and more earnest curios-
ity in regard to its probable result, than would sccin, at first
view, to be Avarrantod either by the magnitude of tlie int* -
rests invoKcd in it, or the ainoimt of physical energy which
it was likely to bring into action. It is only by taking a
more deliberate and scrutinizing survey of this imposing
struggle of arm-, that we are alilo clearh' to descry the
grand moral bearings which appi^rtain to it ; from which
alone it has derived that peculiar dignity which enrobes it,
and that remrirkable capability it has displayed of enkind-
ling a dx'p, and fervid, and sustained interest, in the bosoms
of enlightened men everywhere, however distant from the
actual scene of commotion. It is certainly not the suc-
cesstul battles whi.-h have br-en tought in Texas for Na-
tional Independem-o ; — it i. not the effusion of heroic blood
which, strfaming along her virgin plains, has cndutd tliein
with a deathless immortality ; — it is not the tide of indis-
eriminafo havoc which lately breaking over her confmes,
Vol. I. L> 13 t>-'



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1^ TEXAS AND THE TEXANS.

like a volcanic flood, was seen to mark its dreadful course
with the dispeoplemcnt of her infant towns and villages,
and the spoliation of her fair plantations and pasture-
grounds ; it is not these, separately or collectively — nor vet
the barbaric gold so profusely lavished by the hands of a
murderous and unprincipled despot, in maintaining the
grisly ranks of his mercennry arniios ; — but it is that
suhllmc collision of mora! infurnrcs, for the first time,
now met in dread encounter, Mhieh has gathered, as it were,
the generous-minded of all nations, around the outspread
arena of conilict, as anxious spectators of the solemn exhi-
bition going on within it, and which has, to some extent,
bound up the fate of countless generations yet unborn, oC
all people, and tongues, and countries, in the grand catas-
trophe. It is with these views, that an attempt is made in.
tlie pre<init work, to go soniv-'what lx.-}oni.l the accustomed
limits of historic narrative; anil, ii<<t content with delineat-
ing the current of j/hijsical evr>uts along its whole visihle
course, to ascend that curfi^nt li!ce\\isi\ and trace it out, as
far as practicable, up even to tluxe remote fountains now
overshrtdo\ved by the mnbrage of ag^s, in which its i.rime-
val flowiniTs originated.

The Diiirorcnj rj America, by Christoplior Columbus,
marks the yi-ar l-llJ'J as one (•!' the most strikinfr eras in
the history of the world m Jiich has yet arisen. It has been
alreaily jirodiii-tive of (xnHoipu nci;s betokening a modifica-
tion almost radical in the moral condition of mankind; and
the causes, under the inlluence of which tjijs modification be-
gan its progre-s, have not yet Inst any portion of their po-
tency, but are continua'ly operating with a steadily accele-
r-tted n.)rce, promising, in coming time, to eventuate in a
thoT'jii'^Ji n rolution :u socu >ij .nid inautu rs. Circumstances,
chicdy of an accid.eiUal cliaracter, having little, if any con-
nexion with intrinsic nurit of any kind, placed whhin reach






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TEXAS AXD THE TEXAX.S. lo

of the Spanish Government and people a disproportionate
share of those advantages, whether solid and permanent, or
superficial and transitory, â– which seemed likely to emerge
from the successful enlerprise of the illustrious Genoese
Navigator. Whether those advantages ^\c^â– c judiciously
husbanded, and generously ditllised, and by being subject-
ed to the principles of an enlightened and lil)cral policy,
were made promotive of tlic true happiness and abiding ho-
nour of the Spanish people, as well as nobly auxiliary to
the general improvement of the world, is, unfurtunntelv, a
question no longer subject to dis{)Ufe.

It ib proper here, briefly to look into the condition of Eu- \
rapt' at tlie ]i<:'riud of tiiis moiiientous discovery of a now j
continent in the ^Vestcrn hemisphere, — witli a view of as- i
certaining, as far as may be practicable, how it hns hap- !
pcned, that in one purtiou of the vast territurv opened by !
tlu: genius of Coiumbus to tlie enteqirise of civilized colo- j
nists of tlie Old A\'or'd, a secure abode has been jn-oviJed I
for Science and the Jr/.s\ where, beneath the maji.-stic ban-
ner of civil and reh'gious fi-cedom, the mind of man, disbar- j
dened of the sh.nckles of prejudice, and redeemed from t!ie
paralyzinu sway of bigotry, dares to assert its own abso- \
lutu ipfjejttudeiicc, acknowledging no authority save that I
o[ cukivatcil reason, and yielding no obedience save; to
the lessons of truth; whilst, in another portion of the
same continent, more ample in extent of territorial sur-
f:\ce, and ureatly more fivoured +)}' the bount)- of Pro-
vidence, the dignity of man, as a moral agent, has been
utterly prostrated, and the true ends of human exertion
almo.st wholly disregarded-; whilst ignorance and vice, and
anarchical despotism have been permitted to wield the scep-
tre of a vii.>i and d.el;a>ing douiinion over the most sacred
righis and most precious privileges of humanity. The
causes which have co-operated in the development of this



'- i > ll\ 'â– 'â–  .1'



■•>r, ',,,.t .f, -• ■



vi' ,. "ii; I .



16 ' TEXAS AND Tin; TEXANS.

remarkable contrast arc a little difficult of dcscrial, by rea-
son of their remote location both in point of time aiul phy-
sical space; and the intrinsic complexity of the subject has
been not a little cnhanred by the mystifying sophistry of
several writers of note, wlio have chanced to be directhj
interested in the dissemination of error.

When the huge and cumbrous lubric of Roman greatness
had b-cen effectually overilirown by the co-operating ener-
gies of a host of enemies, who, wiijiout concert or conspi-
racy of any kind, Imd ruthlessly embattled for its destruc-
tion, — when

"The Coth, flic Christian, time, war, flood, and fire,
Had dcak upon the seven-hillod city's pride ;" —

when the time-lionoured mistress of the \\-orld — the inline-
rial C'omroandress of nations, had been iritcd,

" To ?pc hor glories ?tnr by star tvipire,
And up the steep biirbarian monarchs ride,
Where her car chm'ucd the Capitol,"

and She stood forth, chid in the liubiliments of mournincr
and desolatidn, as "the Xiobc of nations, — a ruined urn
within her wit J iL- red htuids, s[)C'echloss and cro\Mi!ess in her
voiceless woe,'' it cannot be deined, that then the most gloomv
and portentous season Avas seen to open upon the moral hopes
of nian, of which authentic historv litis preserved the me-
morial. It was not tht; tubvcrsion of that colossal domhi-
ion which Rome had wielded in the days of her meridian
glory ; nor the sim[i!o cessation of an ill-halanced svstcm
of civil government into which th'; m^i-t incongruous and
antagonizing elements had li)und entrance, and maintained
unceasing discord ; it was not tlio lin)it:ition and uUimate
destruction of an authority once lield to bo of boundless
extent and of irn-sistible majt^sfy, nor tl;«; a[)portiunmi'nt of
her wide-spread territories amongst the numerous rival jio-
lentutes whose rude thrones were established upon her mel-



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TEXAS AND THE TEXANS. 17 ;

ancholy ruins ; it was not all these, nor indeed any of these,
which have furnisht'd occasion for the permanent resjrct of
sncceediiin; generations, or of which mankind in the present
age have substantial reason to complain, fjut it was li.o
obscuration of that high moral grandcvr which appertained
to R(jrne as the freninl mother ond bounteous conservatress
of Science and the Arts, which in her fall suffered an
eclipse that it is to be feared u ill not even yet pass away
for centuries; it was the subsequent erection of artificial
harriers to the resu?;citation of intellcclual li^i^ht, whicli yet
possr-ss in a large portion of the civilized world a solidity
and halclnl vigour absolutely apj.'alling to the eve of philos-
Ojhy ; it was the establishment of a system of worse than
barbarous efhics, under th'^ inlluence of which, Knowledge
j«l)ou!d be recogni'/.ed ns crime, the mind of man sliould not
dare to seek, or audibly to hope, its ov/n enlargement, and
his soul be dix>ined to an ema<-cu1atfon wiiich should rob it
of ai! its divincst energies : — it v.as these, and it is still
these, v/iiich seem almost to justify the apprehension that
Karlh will ne'er tigain beh.old

" 1 hat brigluuess in her eye-
She saw when Rome was free."

Te.at the Christian Priesthood lield in their custody all
the learning which survived the flf>od of barbaric violence,
is a fact so universally acknowledged as to render all dis-
cussion of the point unnecessary in this place. How it
hajipeui d that Leariiing thus survived, and what manner
of existence was allowed to it by its sacred custodiants, may
reward a moment's examination, A French author,'^ of
h;,di r;uik in tb.e literary world, has recently explored this
sul-j - ci with an ahili'y ^eld.an e(iualled, and I gratefully
avail myself of the liLdits furnished by him, iji elucidation

* Guizot.



:,v' i-



V'.r.r^



1^ TEXAS AND THE TEXANS.

of the topic under revicv/. At the close of the fourlli cen-
tury aiid beg-inuing of the fifth, Cliristianity was not, as in
the days of tlie Apostles, a simple belief: its teachers were
no longer possessed of a power exclusively spiritual:
. Christianity had become an institution, whose frame-work
was of most solid construction, and bore, in every part of
it, tokens of contrivance and skill. It gradually Ibrmed
itself into a solid body : it had its gorcrnment—tx body of
priests ; a settled ecclesiastical polity for the regulation of
their ditlbrent functions ; revenues; indepcndenf means of
irifi/cncc. Jt had t!ie rallying points suited to a rrreat so-
ciety, in the provincial, national, and general councils, in
which were M\-nt to be discussed, in conunon, the aiTiurs
of the society. In a word, the Christian religion, at this
epoch, was no longer a religion ; it was a church, and as
such, was able to fortify ir^olf against exterior violence.
I\'or w;;s this all: for it is eviii-ni thai the ecclesiastics of
tlie Christian Church, by means of the corporate authority
with which they stood in^•^•^t(■d, had it in their power, like-
wise, to altord a shield to that portion of the learning of
the ancients which happ<n';d to k- in possession of its
functioiuirios. ^^'hatever liostility may ha\e been cherish-
ed for classic entdition, among th:- earlier ecclesiastics, on
account of its Pagan origin, and its inseparable connexion
with a religious system, v. hich they lelt it to be a sacred
duty to abhor ; yet fatuity itself could l.v hardly expected
to prove entirely in^f^nsible to the olivious trmp.tral advan-
tages resulting Irom its possf-sion, at a time wlicn negotia-
tions aflecting the most vital interests of the church, as a
society, were necessary to be continually carried on, \\ith
vuhttT'cl chlfftaihs, to v. hose usuq-)ing violence all phvs-
ical ubstacics liad priu-ed inellectual, anil from whom no
favour could be gained exrept by superittr subtletv and
address.



U'.'i'f . â– - It









TEXAS AND THE TEXANS. 19

It is quite remarkable, that the early policy of the Chris-
tian establishment was, in one material respect, entirely op-
posed to that which it has in general striven to enforce. It
was indispensable to its own safety, amidst a multitude of
armed barbarians altogether hostile to its interests, that
the hne of separation between Church and State, between
spiritual and temporal doniiiiion, should be distinctlv
drawn, and sacredly observed ; at least until the pi 02/ s arts
of conciliation so well known to tlcclesiastics of all a-^cs,
should be effectually tried, and the diffusive leaven of Chris-
tianity should be poured into the hearts of the new rulers.
Accordingly, we find the Christian Ecclesiastics r-^ those
days to have b'X-n strenuous champions of an exclusive and
independent spiritual dominion. But when the Church
found herself no longer in danger — when barbarian mon-
arcjis, cither persurjdcd byreosons of state, or influenced by
genuine con^ iciion, had become thoroughly enlisted in her
cause, and the wielders of Ecclesiastical power had become
ambitious of a more extended temporal sway, we fmd tlje
utmost zeal and ingenuity put in exercise, in order to bring
al>out a thorough consolidation of Church and State :
thus rearing up a fabric of authority, which, though deriv-
ing its el'Mncnts in part from r'ar'di, yet cemented bv intlu-
encos deduced from heaven itseif, would be able to bid ab-
solute defiance to all power that could not lay claim to an
origin equrdlv exalted. ^ •

The doniini'in of t'le Church, if is true, was a vwral do-
minion, and yet was it most evident that this moral domin-
ion miffht secure to itself great additional cfilciency by the
Ti'joroiis and skilful cmploymcjit (A' phjjsical means. The
Chnrc!!^ therefore, leooued its>:lf vith temporal ruh'rs, in
order to establish its onn supremacy over the human mind.

This Union of Church and State which has been noticed,
continued to exist in Europe for several centuries; nor can



iy<<ii<:U:<.':)



20 TEXAS AND THE TEXAN'S.

it be cloubteil, thrit whiUt tlie Church lost much dignify by
the association, and sullored serious moral depravation, yet
that its reftning influence was sensibly felt in the adminis-