.Minneapolis, it had an interesting north of the Great Lakes. The oldest of
history (hiring nearly two hundred years of these mounds may have been made not long'
the early explorations and fur trade. after the Ice age; but others were made
How long this region had been previously doubtless during all the l(jug time until the
occupied by the aboriginal Indian tribes, wdiite men came, for Catlin noted that a
living by their hunting and fishing, their burial mound was built near the Red Pipe-
rude agriculture, and the native products of stone Quarry in southwestern Minnesota
berries and wild rice, cannot be exactly as- about two years before his visit there in
certained ; but they had been here many 1836.

centuries, ajjparentl}- ever since the final The first white man whd came In the
melting of the continental ice-sheet, at the nmuth of Lake Superior and ad\anced be-
end of the Glacial period. Fragments of ytjnd Lake Michigan into central Wiscou-
artificially chipped quartz, and occasional sin, was Jean Xicolet, in the autuum and
linished quartz implements, ha\e been found winter of 1634-35, coming by the canoe
by I'n.f. \. II. W'inchell, Miss Frances E. route from the iM'ench settlements on the
llaljbitl, lion j. \^. Brower, and other col- River .St. Lawrence,
lectors, in the I-ate Glacial sand and gravel
of the Mississippi valley plain at Little
h'alls, about a hundred miles north of Min- < 'nl.v twenty years later Groseilliers and
neapolis, which are regarded .as pr. ...f 1hat Radisson, coming also liy canoes from Que-
men, prob;dily .aucestors of the Indians ot ''ef-" ^I'l'l ^lontreal, appear to have been the
today, were living there while the ice-sheet first explorers to cross the area of Wis-
was melting away fnnu the u|)per Alississ- cousin and reach that of Minnesota. The
ippi basin and northern Minnesota, l-'rom narratives of their far western expeditions,
the rate of recession of the h'alls of St. .\u- written by Radisson, who called them "voy-
thony and the length of the .M ississip])i ^'.t^c'-." came into the possession (jf the Rod-
river gorge between the inMuth of the .Min- leian Library, at Oxford University, but
nesota river and the present ixisition of remained practically unknown to historians
these falls, Pnjfessor Winchell thirty years during more than two hundred years, until
ago computed th.al about 7,000 or 8,000 '" i8,S5 they were published by the I'rince
years have been reipiired for the erosion ol Society of I'.ostdii. \\\ tli.at |)nblication
this gorge, eight miles long, which lime, these twi hrench fur traders were in;iile
thus approximately determineil. measures known to the woilij .is the first ]'".uiopeans
.'dso the Postglacial period here, since the lo reach the upper .\l ississi|)]ii river and to
boi'der of the ice-sheet was melted back jiast trax'crse |)arts of this stale, |>i-obabl_\ cross-
the site of this city. So long, therefore, the ing the are;i of this city.

red men have proliably lived here. Their In their first \vestern exi)edition, leaving

only historic menioii.ils, however, are the the lower St. Lawrence in August, 1654,

thousands of earth mounds, mostly used for ( iroseilliers and Radisson s]ient the next



l-TRST WllllE MF..V IN M I .N .\IiSOT.\.



THE EARLY EXPLORERS



IS










Hoirrcs ar Groscilliers aks RADissoff. 1655-ss. inn less so



MAr shuwim; the tuavkl.s cjr Gi;(i.si;iLLii;i:s ami

RADISSON.
From the Minnesota Historical Society Collections.

winter among the Indian triijcs in the region
of Mackinac and Green Bay. The narra-
tion relates, if I understand it rightly, that
in the early spring of 1655. accompanied by
about a hundred and fifty Indians, they
traveled with snowshoes across southern
Wisconsin to the Mississippi river near the
site of Prairie du Chien, spent three weeks
in building boats, and ascended the Missis-
sippi river to Prairie Island, between Red
Wing and Hastings, arriving there al)out
the first of May. Groseilliers stayed on the
island through the summer and autumn,
superintending the Indians in raising and
storing corn: but Radisson went with a
hunting party of the Indians, journeying
southward to the Illinois river, and spent
four months in going "from river to river."
About the middle of June in 1656. a coun-
cil of more than eight hundred Indians was



held on Prairie Island. With difficulty
Groseilliers and Radisson persuaded them
to undertake a large expedition to Montreal
and Ouebec, braving the expected attacks
of the Iroquois. They left Prairie Island
late in June, or about the first of July, and
reached Lower Canada late in August,
bringing furs of great value.

Three years afterward, in August. 1659,
< iroseilliers and Radisson, with a company
' if Ojibways and other Indians, started on
their second western expedition, in which
they probably passed by the future sites of
Minneapolis and St. Paul. They spent
twenty-two days in canoe travel, by the Ot-
tawa and ]\lattawa rivers and Lake Xipis-
sing, to (Georgian bay; stopped a few days
for rest at the Sault Ste. Marie ; and coasted
aldiig the south shore of Lake Superior to
(hequamegon bay, arriving there probably
near the end of September. Thence they
marched four days southward through the
woods to a lake about eight leagues in cir-
luit, probably Lac Court (Jreille. in north-
ern W'isconsin, where a council of the Hur-
"iis. Menominees, and other Indians, was
held, with bestowal of gifts. After the first
snowfall, late in October or nearly in Xo-
vembcr. the Indians separated to provide
food 1)\- hunting.

Early in Januar}-, 1660, the Hurons. and
Groseilliers antl Radisson, came together at
an appointed rendezvous, a small lake, prob-
ably Knife Lake or some other in its vicini-
ty, in Kanabec county, Minnesota. A ter-
rible famine ensued, caused b\- deep snow-
fall and consequent difficult\- tif hunting and
killing game.

After the famine, twenty-four Sioux came
to bring presents for Groseilliers and Radis-
son, and eight days were occupied with
feasting. The Hurons, and delegations
from eighteen tribes or bands of the Sioux,
then met at a prairie or clearing chosen near
the f(irmer rendezvous, apparently in the
neighborhood of Knife Lake. Ceremonial
feasting, athletic trials of strength and .skill,
singing, dancing, and bestowal of gifts, oc-
cupied the next three weeks : and a large
party of Crees, being specially invited,
joined in the later part of this great celebra-



16



A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS



tion of alliance witli tlu- {â– 'rciicli. Tliis took twenty-six daj'S in cnniini; ilowii fnnii i.aki.-

place in the secoml hall' nf Mairli and he- Snperior. The\' l)r(iUL;iH, as in i'15'i, a \ei-y

j,nnninj;- of Ajji-il. vahiahle freiLjht of fni>. 1 lir l;. >\a-incir of

( anaila. Arm'nMin, renrinianilcd ihrni for
ON Till-: Snii OI - M IN.VKAI'OI.IS. ,,' â–  ,,. â–  , ,

,L;ipnn; (III tlii> ^â– \|lellUll 111 wilhoui hi> au-

Dnrini^ April ami .May, CJrt).seilliers and ihnrity, and inipoM.-d \ cr\ lieax \- tines, so

Radisson visited the Prairie Sionx, prohahly that ( in ■■-(.•illitTs went t(i hfam-e to jilead

on the Minnesota river, travelin.a; thither fi ir redress, Imt in \,aiii.

proh.-ihly ai'diit li\ way of the knni river, 'I'Ik- later histor\- of these advent nn >ns




IIE.NNKI'I.N AND ArcAtLT AT THE I ALL.S OK ST. ANTHONY.
Kluiii tilt' painting t>y Dimglas \ullt in llie Minnesota State eapitol. (lly peniiissinii.)



II I I:'tlO li\ I-OLULAS \l)LK



anddiiwn the Mississippi, hut ]jassinq; south hrothers-in-law imdndes their lenntHialii m

to the Alinnesiita li\ \\a\ ol the series nf nf .ilk'oiance to i''r;mee, the transfer of iheir

lakes ill the west ])art of M innea|)olis, ;ind seiwiee tu I'.uolish nierehauls, ,and leader-

retnrniiio, with a ennipam of 1 )jihwa\' trail- shi]i in the orand enterprise of opeiiino and

ers in canoes, by the Minnesota, M ississip])i, establishing;' tin- lluiKnii I'.ay ( '1 iin]i.iny's

and .St. Croix rivers, ^riiey reached Che- fur trade,

ipiaineooii |,a\- iu the Later |iart nf .May. hi the siiniiner of I'l^.v eii^hteeu \ears

.Soon after the lirst nl |iiiii-, tlie\ crossed ;tttrr ( iinsfilliers' cnrii-raisino du I'rairie

the west eml nf 1 .ake Superim', ap|i.irenll\ Isl.-md. iIr- ilc\(iti.-il niissinuarv . .\ I ari|nette,

about twenty or twenty-five miles east nf ,-iii(l his cnniiianinii, Jnlitl. wlm was in cnm-

Diduth, visitino' the Crees near the site of maud ni the p.irty. wiili luf other hrench-

Two llarhors. men, in hireh hark c.inoes, voya.geil ilowii

With a threat escort, three hundred or the Wisconsin ii\er tn its mouth, and

more of the Indians in sixty canoes, (iroseil- thence d(.)wu the .Mississippi to the vicinitv

Hers and Radisson arrived at .Montreal on of the month of the .\rkausas riser. During

the if)th of .Aut^ust, \(><>o, h;i\int; sjjent nmre than two cent nries they were regarded



THE EARLY EXPLORERS



17



as the first, excepting De Soto, to explore
the Mississippi. They returned along the
placid Illinois river, antl across the short
portage to Lake Alichigan near the site of
Chicago; and .Marijuettc wrote in the high-
est praise of the beauty of that region.

iiennepin's travels.

The two most noteworthy explorers con-
nected with the history of .Minneapolis were
Hennepin and Xicolet, separated from each
other by a hundred and tifty-six years.

La Salle, who in 1682 voyaged fruni the
Illinois river down the ^lississippi to its
mouth, had tv^'o j'cars earlier sent a party
of three Frenchmen to explore the upper
course of this river. The party consisted of
Accault, the leader; Auguelle, who was a
nati\e of Picardy ; and Louis Hennepin, a
Franciscan missionar}-, who became the his-
torian of the expedition. Starting from La
Salle's F'ort Crevecoeur the 28th day of F'eb-
ruar}', 1680, and taking in their canoe about
a thousand pounds of goods for presents
among the tribes that they would meet, they
paddled down the Illinois river to its mouth
and thence up the Alississippi.

When Hennepin and his compani(jns had
spent nearly a month in the upward journey,
the}' were met by a war party of Dakota or
Sioux Indians in thirty-three canoes, who
made the Frenchmen captives, and, turning
back, brought them up the ri\er to the
vicinity of the present city of St. Paul.
There leaving the river, they went by land
northward to the villages of this Isanti tribe
in the region of Alille Lacs, where they ar-
rived early in May and were kept in cap-
tivity until the beginning of July.

THE FALLS XAMED.

Permission was then given to llennejjin
and the Pickard to return in a canoe down
the Mississippi to the mouth of the Wiscon-
sin river, where they lioped to find a rein-
forcement of Frenchmen, with ammunition
and other goods, which La Salle had prom-
ised to send. Meanwhile .\ccault was left
in captivity. On this return vo3'age, Hen-
nepin and his comrade, .Auguelle. passed the
Falls of St. .Anthony, to which Hennepin
gave this name in honor of his patron saint.



About a week later, Hennepin was over-
taken, before reaching the Wisconsin river,
by some of the Isanti warriors, who them-
selves went forward to the mouth of the
Wisconsin in hope to meet the F'rench and
seize their goods, but found no one there.

DL' LLTU W ITir IIENXEl'l.X AT THE FALLS.

.\fterward they hunted Iniffalo and start-
ed again up the Mississippi, when, late in
July, they met Du Luth and several F'rench
soldiers, who had come from Lake Superior
Ijy the canoe route of the Lrule and St.
Lroix rivers. They all then came back to
the Isanti villages at Mille Lacs, where Du
Luth the previous j-ear had met these sav-
ages in council and endeavored to inform
them of the benefits they must receive in
trading with the French. Du Luth sharplv
reprimanded the savages for their captivity
of Hennepin and his companions, and in
the autumn, on the pretense of bringing
goods to establish a trading post, Du Luth.
Hennepin, and other Frenchmen, were al-
lowed to depart, voyaging from Mille Lacs
down the Rum river (called the St. Francis
by Hennepin) and the Mississippi to the
Wisconsin river, and thence up that stream
and over portages to Green bay. For this
journey, which passed St. Anthotiy Falls
and the site of Alinneapolis, the chief of the
Isanti tribe traced the route on a paper and
marked its portages, this being probably the
earliest mapping of any part of Minnesota.

LATER EXPLORERS.

At some time about five to ten vears after
these journeys of Hennepin and Du Luth
]jast this cit}' area, Le Sueur, and probably
Charleville with him, made a canoe trip far
up the Mississippi river, apparentlv to
Sandy Lake. They learned from the In-
dians at the limit of their journey that the
sources of this great river were still far dis-
tant, consisting of many small streams and
lakes.

Later tlie Mississii)[)i here was a fre(|uent
route of fur traders, and exjilorers came oc-
casionally to or past the Falls of St. An-
thony. Prof. X. II. ^\'inchell. the state ge-
ologist, in his report on this county, dis-
cusses in much detail the testimonv of these



18



A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS



explorers conccrniiio- ilu' ircessinn nf the
falls, cilins^', after TIeiiiu'])iii. llie (lesciiptii m
given hy Car\er in XoxeniluT, [j(<h. I'iUe,
coniiiij;' to the upper Mississippi and ri'lm'n-
\n(X ill 11^05 and 1806, Lfintj in 1817, Sehtiol-
craft in i8jo, Ki'alins;- and I'lellranii in 18J3.
IJoutwell and Scln xilcraft attain in t8_^2,
l"eatherstonhau,t;h in 18^3. and Xienlet in

''-^'' xicolet's ckkat work.

Last and greatest of these, in his service
of geographic exploration, was Xicrijet,
who is forever to he bild in remembrance
and association wiiii I knnepin, in the
names of the two tinc-l Imsini'^s a\enne> of




JliAN N. Ml i)LI:T.

rtc-pi-diluceil froni ii pluiltiKiapli of an ivory paiiUiiig (ls:ili)

presented t't llie Minnrsolji Hislinical Society i>v

M.iJ TalialVn.i in ISfiT.

thi.s city. Ili> lin.al map ni the legiim that
niiw ciimprises Minnesula and the easleiMi
parts ijf .\(Ji-th and .Sonlli I ),ikiit,i, piih-
lisheil in 184,^, - hortly after his ileal h, is a
m;ii'\el nt accnracv. ,'dtli(>ni..;h pie|i;iied ;it
that eaiK' lime when the area uf (Hir state
had 111) \illage, exce|)ting ( ir.iiid I'urtage,
the settlement of the fur tradin.i,' e«)m])aiiies
III! the north shore of Lake Superinr, and
excepting alsn the \ illage of the ( )iili\vays
at the narrows of I'ied Lake and a few



.groups of Dakota tepees mi the Minnesota
and Mississippi rivers.

Jose])h Nicolas .\icolel was born jiil\- J4,
1780, at Clnses, in Savoy; completed his
studies in Paris, where, in 1817, he became
an ofificer of the astronomical obser\'atory ;
in i8i(> he became a citizen of France, and
in 1825, ov earlier, received the Cross of
the Legion of Honor. He was financially
ruined ])y results of the Revolution of 1830,
and came to the L'nited States in 1832, to
tra\el in unsettled ])arts of the South and
West. Here his talent fur geographic work
was soon recognized and brought to the
kiniwledge of the l'nited .States War De-
partment and r.ureau of To|)ographical En-
gineers. I'nder their :iid and direction, he
made extensive exploring trips in the North-
west, including a caiine jiiurne\- from I'ort
.Snclling up the Mississippi, ami by portages
beyond Leech Lake, to Itasca Lake, thence
returning ilnwii the whole course of the
Mississippi tu the fnrt. in iS.V'. and a trip
up the Minnesiita ri\er and |)ast Lake
Shetek In the Ked I'ipotnne (juarry in 1838.
lie died in Washington, D. C Seiitemher
I I. 1843.

In tlie L'nited States government reports
and maps of his work, his name appears
\ar\ inglv as I. N. or J. N. Nicolet; and it
is gi\en as Jean N. li\- (ien. Sible_\', Dr.
.\eill, I'rnf. .\. II. Winchell, ami otlier
writers of Minnesota histnry. Researches
b\ lloraci' \'. Winchell. linwex'er, in 1893
( publishetl in the American (ienlogist for
I'"ebrnary, 1894) show that his name was
Joseph Nicolas, as before noted.

On Jnl\ Jfilli tn the _'i)th. 1836, Nicolet
and his exploring ]iarty and ( )jibway es-
cmt were in camp al the b'alls of .St. .\n-
ilimn, whicli he alsn dniilitless examined at
main later limes (hiring his \'isits at Fort
.Snclling. Ill .March. 1830, he made exact
survevs nf tlu- falls and their \-icinity, l)e-
lieving tli;il the rate of recession of the falls
wiitild become a (piestinn nf much interest.
.\s was noted al the bi'gimiing of this chap-
ter, it is indeed fmind sn by geologists, who
therefrom, and frmii the similar recession
of Niagara Falls. ha\i.' computed approxi-
ni.ateh- the iluiatinn of the present geologic
period, since ihc end nf llie ice age.



CHAPTERt[lII



FROM SAVAGERY TO CIVILIZATION



DL'RiX(.i tlic Iwii ccnluries from the
discovery of the h'alls of St. An-
thony to the ort^aiiization of the
state of Minnesota, the lands adjacent to
the falls passed throiii^h many claims of
ownership and governmental jurisdiction.
Not counting- the original Indian occupants,
the ground on which Minneapolis stands
has belonged to four great nations and has
been a part of nine state or territorial divi-
sions. France originally claimed the entire
.Mississippi valley and supported its claim
by exploration and partial settlement. The
overwhelming preponderance of h'rench
names (or corruptions of French names) in
the earlier nomenclature of the region tes-
tifies to the diligence of the French explor-
ers. The defeat of France in Canada and
the British occupation in 1760 brought the
country east of the Mississippi river under
English control and that west nf the river
was ceded by h'rance to Spain in 17' 13.
With the success of the United States in
tile Revolution, the British territory became
the property of the new nation while twenty
\ears later the Louisiana Purchase brought
the western banks of the Mississippi unrler
the same government. .\s Minneaijolis lies
upon both sides of the river it occupies
ground that has been the property at differ-
ent times of Spain, h'rance, Great Britian
and the United States.

At the close of the Revolution the eastern
hank of the Mississippi in the nortiiwest
was claimed by \'irgiuia Ijut the land was
soon relinquished to the United States and
shortly afterwards the Northwest 'J'erritory
was formed from the United States posses-
sions west of the .Mleghanies and mirth
of the Ohio river. Subsequent divisions
l)rought the eastern bank of the Mississippi
river at St. Anthony Falls under tlie juris-
diction of Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and



Wisconsin territories. In a similar process
of ])olitical division the west bank of the
Falls followed the territorial fortunes of
Louisiana, Missouri, .Alichigan, Wisconsin
and Iowa. Had ever a city better claims
for cosmopolitan iirigin?

Till', UA\s Of Jill-: tk.\I)i:ks.
Through all this period, however, the
changes had more geographical than gov-
ernmental significance. There was, in fact,
no one to govern except the Indians who
remained in undisturl)ed possession of their
lands until the l^eginning of the last cen-
tury. Practically' no attempts at the exer-
cise of governmental aitthority were made
until the creation of the territory of Minne-
sota in 1841). In the earlier davs govern-
ment, so far as the aboriginal inhabitants
were cnncerned, was represented by the fur




JONATHAN CARVKU.
Frijiu an old portrait



20



A llAl.l' Cl-XTrRY OF MIXXR AI'ol.lS



">"-3>T3;^^>~^ift~l"




CAKVKKS SKETCH OF THE FALLS OF ST. ANTHONY.

HcpitMluceti from tlu' original plate in Carver's Travels publishetl in Dublin in 1779. This is the earliest

engraving ut tlie fails.



li^aders iiinl tlu- priiiripal iiilci'L-st nl tlic
white iiKMi was in llic (|iiantily uf fui's which
mi^ht hv l)rniiL;ht out nl llic i"CL;ion at tlic
lfa>l c.\])cii(lilurc of ])1"(i|)i.t1 \ and liuniaii
h'fc — llie lallvi" l'ir(|iu-iill\ ihc least in con-
sideration. Ill llie absence of ei\ il ailthoi-i-
ly the fur coni|)anies and llieir representa-
tives exercised a sort of ])sendo-moverninen-
tal cunliol which was, on the whole, ])i'ol)-
ably imich better than notliint;' at all. The
|)o\ver obtaineil by the fm- traders, however,
was the cause of inuch difficnlly later, the
I'ival claims of llritish ;iiid .\iiierican C(iin-
])anics lieing for a time a mallei' of as much
moment. ])roporlionall_\', as (pu-^iions of fish-
eries and sealim;- ri.tjhts in later days.

(.'.\K\'i-;k's •n<.\\i':i.s.

Ft was the li(jpe of secnrini; valuable tiade
which led to the first I'ji^lish ex|)lorations
of this region. Soon after Ihe French ces-
sion jonallian Carver of .Massachusetts
traveled thronj^h tlie upper .Mississippi \al-
ley and in 1766 visited tiie h'alls of St. An-
thony. His .sketch of the falls was the first
made and the first to ])e engraved; fads



which ,i;i\e it inlere^l iiol w ilh^tandinj; its
crutlity and manifest inaccurac\'. In 1783
the famed .Vorthwest t'om]i;iii\ was or-
i^anized and for many years was in almost
absoliile possession of the trade of the
region west of Lake Michigan, though con-
stantly coiite - ling il> ground at the north
with the I'lfilisli traders, who, lakiiig ad\'an-
lage of the uncertainly as to the bouinlaries
and llic reiiKiteness of authority, continu-
all\ iiuaded .American territor\'.

In these da\ s of accurate geographical
Icnowledge it is cpiite difficult to realize the
cnidily of mn'thwestern chorogra])hy in the
early days of the republic. .\l the close of
the Ke\oliiiion there wt're \ fry indefinite
idt'as ,'is 111 the bomid.iries of the regions
wdiich the I'liiti-d States hail acquired and
as late ;is 1703, as will be seen by the accom-
panying m.'ip ]iulilished in I'hiladelidiia, the
conce])tion of the arrangement of the phys-
ical features of the northwest was extreme-
[y \aguc.

.\llhough the (]reat L.'ikes had been fre-
i|iienled by the I'^rench for more than a cen-
liirv, the I'jiglish ami the American Colo-



FROM SAVAGERY TO CIVILIZATION



21



nials had profited little in g-cographical a ini>re westerly souree. TIu- enal mine

knowledge by the explDrations. The (lis- shuwn near the month nf the St. i'eters ( or

torted outlines of the lakes in this ma]) sng- .Minnesota) was pr(jl)al)l\- inserted in the

gest not only an ahsenee of any ri,'cent e\- map on llu- amliorii\ of some trailer or vo\ -




AN EARLY IDEA OF NURTHWKSTKRN GEOGRAPHY.

From Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America, by permission of tlie publisliers, HiuiglUnn .MifHiii ^- (^o,.
originally published in Scfitl's Gazetteer. 173.">.

lorations or surveys but also failure to agenr who wished to emliellish his stt^ry



make use of the data which must ha\e been
in the hands of the Frenchmen. .\s to
the yicinity of .Minneapolis it will he no-
ticed that the falls are indicated at the
junction of two streams — ijne the "Lake
river," flowing from Red Lake, while the



of adseiiture with a color of practical dis-
co\"er\" of mineral wealth.



M ii.i I .\m' IK ( ri'.\Tio.v.



Inlerest in the l'p]»er Mississippi l)ecaine
prononnced immediately upon the coni])le-



.Mississippi proper is shown to come from lii.m of the Louisiana I'urchase in 1803 and



22



A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS



in 1805 Capt. Zeljuliin M . Pike of the L'liiteil
States army headed the first American mili-
tary expedition which reached the I'alls o{
St. Anthony. Pils-e negotiated a treaty witli
the Sioux by wliich the United States ac-
quired a military reservation between the
Mississippi and Minnes(.)ta rivers includini;-
the sites of Fort Snelling and Minneapolis.

The exact extent of the reservation seem>'
to liave been quite indefinite and the boun-
daries were never accurately defined until
after the Indian lands east of the Mississ-
ippi had been ceded in 1837. This led to
misunderstandings and contentii in> and was
tlic cause of much bitter feeling in later
years. Had the go\-ernment followed i\\>
Pike's treaty with exact surveys nuich
trouble woidd lun'C been avoided. The
tinally established line of the reservation.
as far as it affected Minnea|)olis, was that
of the western boundary which cros.^ed Irnni
the Minnesota to the Mississippi river west
of Lakes Harriet. Calhoun and Lake of the
Isles and reached the river at a point near
Hassett's creek. This l)rought within the
reser\-ation all of what is now the central
business and residence section of the citv.

Pike also visited many of the ])oaching f\n-




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