19. Clay shale 13 "
20. Sandstone and sandy shale 15 " 3 "
21. Clay shale 15 " 9
22. Sandstone and sandy shale 12 "
23. Clay shale. 15 "
24. Sandy shale 3 "
25. White sandstone, coarse, siliceous 63 " 6 "
26. Hard limestone 198 " 6 "
27. Limy sandstone 18 "
28. Limestone 28 "
29. Sandy limestone 12 "
30. Limestone 64 "
Total depth 580 feet
Expressed in geological terms, the preceding section
reads :
NOB.
1. Quaternary 8 feu
2. Chester Group Limestone No. 4 14 " 6 inches.
3-7. Sandstone and shale.. 47 feet.
8-17. " Limestone No. 5 55 " 9 "
18-25. " Sandstone (Aux Vases). 134 ' 3 "
26. St. Louis limestone 198 " 6 "
27-30. St. Louis (Warsaw Division) 122 "
Total thickness.. . 580 feet.
183
SECTION XXXI.
Outcrop of Chester Group strata on the Okaw or Kas-
kaskia river, on the northwest quarter of section 16,
township 4 south, range 7 west. Top of section about
380 feet above sea level.
1. Limestone in ledges measuring 9, 8, 15 and
10 inches 3 feet 6 inches.
2. Marly shale, with abundance of characteris-
tic fossils 1 foot.
3. Limestone, exposed 1 " 8 "
Total thickness 6 feet 2 inches.
Natural Gas at Sparta.
1. BRIEF HISTORY.
A period of depression had fallen upon Sparta and
the adjacent country. Something must be done to pull
out from the slough of despondency into which all
things had fallen. To Mr. W. B. Taylor was due the
suggestion which led to the formation of a stock
company, in December, 1887, to bore into the earth.
The drill was started January 28, 1888, in the west end
of the city of Sparta. Various delays and ill luck at-
tended the drillers, but at length on the eighth of June,
at a depth from the surface of 845 feet, most unex-
pectedly, gas with strong pressure and in large volumes
burst forth. The discovery was as grateful as it was
unexpected. For a time, in the absence of any means
of holding it in or utilizing it, the gas was suffered to
flow out unchecked, and many millions of feet went to
waste. Meantime the large burning flame, twenty feet
in height, aroused the surrounding country to a wonder-
ful degree. But soon mains were laid, and the citizens
were industriously piping their houses and putting gas
burners into their stoves, and proceeded to enjoy nature's
most impressive gift to man. Exploitation continued
with the degree of success* usually attending the drilL
184
A second well, one-half mile west of the first, gave no
gas. A third well, one-half mile distant, in a south-
easterly direction, gave an abundant supply. And now
the usual cupidity came into play with the attendant
wastefulness. An adjoining landowner put down a well
as near No. 3 as he could get. Of course it was success-
ful, but as it was draining the same territory it simply
decreased the life of its predecessor. The following table
shows the continuation of the exploitation, and the
accompanying chart the location of the wells.
2. TABLE SHOWING EXPLOITATION.
Number
of Well.
When Bored.
Kesult.
Present Condition
1
Jan.-June, 1888
Strong flow of gas
Produced but lit-
2
Aug.-Sept., 1888
No gas
tle after 1890;
abandoned in
1893.
3
4
Sept.-Oct., 1888
Oct.-N.ov., 1888
Very strong flow of gas
Strong flow of gas ....
Quit suddenly,
June, 1894.
Still yielding
5
6
Dec.-Jan., 1889
Feb.-Mar. 1889
Scarcely any gas
Small flow of gas ; rock close
textured.
slightly.
Never used.
Never used.
7
April, 1889
Scarcelv any gas. ....
Never used.
8
June, 1889
A little gas; rock close
textured
Never used.
9
Sept.-Oct., 1889
Strong flow of gas . ....
Has ceased to
10
Sept.-Dec., 1890
Abandoned before reaching
gas rock with loss of tools.
yield.
11
Oct.-Nov., 1891
Strong flow of gas
Still producing.
12
November, 1891
Strong flow of gas
Ceased producing
12a
Nov.-April, 1892
Abandoned at 480 feet with
loss of tools
suddenly.
13
December, 1891
Strong flow of gas
Producing.
14
December, 1891
Strong flow of gas
Producing.
15
Jan.-April, 1892
Medium flow of gas
Producing.
16
April-May, 1892
Strong flow of gas
Producing.
17
January, 1893
Strong flow of gas
Producing.
18
Mar.-April, 1893
No gas ; rock close textured.
19
20
May-June, 1 893
Dec.-Jan., 1894
A moderate flow of gas
Medium flow of gas .
Producing a little.
Producing.
21
April.-May, 1894
No gas ; rock close textured.
22
June-Aug., 1894
185
Diagram Showing Location of Wells.
Sketch showing location of wells at Sparta.
Productive gas wells \
N n-producing wells *
Scale : 2 inches = 1 mile.
\
and
(7h es fer
ff Wesr
3 West:
186
3. RKCORDS OF BORINGS.
Logs of the wells, showing the thickness of the strata
passed through and kind of material, were kept of wells
Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5 and 8, which will be given hereafter.
None are very reliable, though No. 8 seems most worthy
of confidence. No records have been preserved of later
wells. In the earlier wells, the gas sand was penetrated
from four to seven feet, but in the later wells, Nos. 12
to 20, the rock has been penetrated deeper, from ten to
forty feet. Sometimes the flow has been increased by
going deeper, other times not.
Had records of all the wells been preserved, an interest-
ing chapter might have been written upon the topography
prior to the glacial period. The depth of drift deposits
varies from 34 feet, in No. 1 and 57 feet in No. 2, to
99 feet in No. 3, 116 feet in No. 5, 65 feet in No. 7, 70
feet in No. 8, 104 feet in No. 11, 109 feet in No. 13, 107
feet in No. 14, 120 feet in No. 16, 315 feet in No. 17,
94 feet in No. 15. These figures, even if not all accu-
rate, indicate a very uneven surface under the drift, pos-
sibly the bed and banks of an ancient water-course.
4. ROCK PRESSURE AND FLOW.
The confined pressure of the wells had never been ac-
curately determined. No. 1 exceeded 200 pounds, but
how much was never known. No. 3 reached 350 pounds
on a steam gauge, the limit of the gauge. The later
wells, Nos. 12, 13 and 14, had an initial pressure of
from 180 to 200 pounds. This accords with experience
in other fields, that the pressure lessens as the field is
opened up.
But one measurement had been made of the open or
flow pressure on No. 4, at an early date, by Mr. D.
McConathy, of Louisville, Ky. This showed between four
and five pounds through a two-inch pipe, which would
187
represent a production of something over a million feet
per day. This is, however, a maximum under the best
conditions.
5. LIFE OF WELLS.
No. 1 was greatly weakened by No. 3, which has
probably produced a larger amount of gas than any
other well. Nos. 3, 4 and 9, all within a few feet of each
other, supplied the town for considerably more than two
years ; after which they still continued to yield, but had
to be helped by additional wells. No. 3 has lasted about
five and a half years; No. 4 is still yielding slightly, but
shows signs of exhaustion. Seven years will represent
the extreme life of a well in this area, under the best
conditions. As the field is drained, the later wells cannot
be expected to last as long or be nearly as productive
as the early ones. During the winter of 1890-1, during
the cold spells, the wells were allowed to flow freely, i. e. t
without any back pressure. The next winter showed them
greatly weakened.
6. PRODUCTION AND COST.
The following data, for which, with many others, I am
indebted to Mr. D. P. Barker, the obliging secretary of
the Sparta Natural Gas and Oil Co., were furnished to
the agent of the Census Bureau. They cover the year
1889:
Total production of gas 80 ,-830, 000 cubic feet.
Waste from leakage and other causes 4 , 000 , 000 "
Consumed for domestic fuel (400 fires) 54,000,000 "
Consumed in steam establishments (3) 22 , 830 , 000 "
Gas sold for $3,842.30
Tons of coal required for equivalent work. 3,340
Value of coal displaced, at $1 . 50 per ton . . $5 , 010 . 00
The Gas Company furnished about two-thirds of the
gas consumed, hence the total production of the field,
for the year, would aggregate in the neighborhood of
188
120,000,000 cubic feet. As this was the year of maxi-
mum production, the total output of the field since its
opening has fallen not far short of 500,000,000 cubic
feet. This from a territory less than one mile square.
The amount of money expended by the Gas Company
and private parties in developing the gas, has amounted,
in round numbers, to |60,000, composed of the follow-
ing items:
Drilling, casing and equipping wells $30,000
Pipe lines 15,000
Labor, repairs and miscellaneous items 15,000
In addition, the piping of some 200 houses, paid for
by the owners, at an average cost of $25, amounts to
$5,000. To offset this amount of $65,000 which has
gone after the gas, there is an income of $40,000 from
the sale of gas. This corroborates experience in some
other fields, that the gas involves an actual money loss.
However, the convenience, comfort and cleanliness of
gaseous fuel, fully compensate for its increased cost.
When at its best, the gas supplied some 600 domestic
fires, five steam establishments, and one brick-burning
plant.
7. WELLS.
The wells have all been put down with a cable rig.
Two attempts were made with a pole rig, but were fail-
ures. The time required to drill to gas rock has varied,
but after some experience in handling the strata was
acquired, it was no uncommon thing to go the 845 or
865 feet in two weeks. Most of the wells have been cased
as follows : Eight inch drive-pipe to work, varying from
30 to 116 feet; next, five and five-eighths inch pipe to
about 500 feet, to shut out water from the shales and
sandstones resting upon Limestone No. 2; lastly, four
and one-quarter inch pipe, with packer nearly to the gas'
189
rock. In the earlier wells, the gas sands could seldom be
drilled deeper than three or four feet. Later, some of
these wells were deepened. In the later wells, the drill
has usually been sent down from 14 to 40 feet after the
gas was encountered.
8. EXTENT OF THE FIELD.
The area exploited at Sparta, covers less than two
square miles. Although drilling in other parts of south-
ern Illinois was stimulated by the discovery at Sparta,
at no other place has gas been found in commercial
quantities. Hence not enough is known to determine
the extent or capacity of the field. That all the wells
but one drilled without a small, w T ell defined area, have
proved failures, seems rather inexplicable. The records
of the borings are not accurate enough to determine, in
so small an area, what is the structure of the gas sand
and adjoining strata, whether we have to deal with a
quaquaversal or dome, or with an anticline. The sand-
stone, which serves as the holder for the gas, varies in
porosit}', being most porous in the strongest wells, and
quite dense in those which have yielded little or no gas.
Further exploitation may prove differently, but it looks
as though we had here a small but once bountifully filled
pocket, which is now (August, 1894,) rapidly nearing
exhaustion.
SECTION XXXII.
Borings at Sparta, 111. Surface from 520 to 545 feet
above sea level.
I have attempted, in the following table, to correlate
the record of such of the gas wells as were kept by the
drillers. The borings were made with a churn drill, the
results of which are always inaccurate, and are made
up with less or more of guess-work usually more. In
190
this case the records are further corroded by the fact
that the drillers were drillers, and not geologists or min-
eralogists. The men had no interest except to reach the
gas sand as quickly as possible, and so, besides, being
unable to always discriminate the strata, they were un-
interested and careless. The record of well No. 3 is espec-
ially inaccurate. The drillers gave a depth of 886 feet
to the gas sand, while 864 feet of casing were put into
the gas sand. Of the logs given, that of No. 8 seems
the most accurate.
The drilling was stopped whenever gas was found in
quantity. If gas failed to come, the drilling was con-
tinued, as in wells Nos. 2, 5 and 8, until the water
became salty. Below salt water, the drillers stoutly
maintained, gas could not be found; they had all learned
their lesson in the Ohio and Indiana field. That the con-
ditions in this field might be different, was to them mani-
festly impossible. However, it is very improbable that
more gas can be found by going deeper.
191
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In the following table are given some figures compiled
from the preceding logs, showing thickness of forma-
tion, etc.:
Well
No. 1.
Well
No. 8.
Well
No. 2.
Well
No. 3.
Well
No. 5.
Elevation of top of well above
sea level.
545
545
535
525
520
Depth of well
850
948
1025
891
981
Depth from surface to gas
sand
845
845
822
886
894
Depth to gas sand from top
of first limestone beneath
surface
781
775
765
787
778
Thickness of strata between
the top of the first limest'one
and the top of Coal No. 6. .
54
49
44
50
50
Thickness of Coal Measures
(including conglomerate)
from top of first limestone
beneath sui face
334
340
331
394
340
Thickness of Chester to base
of Limestone No. 4
332
307
287
191
266
Thickness of Chester to top
of gas sand
447
435
434
393
438
Thickness of Chester Lime-
stone No. 5 to gas sand
80
100
109
103
142
Total of Limestone No. 5
penetrated
80
203
312
103
229
198
It seems probable that well No. 2 penetrated into the
basal sandstone of the Chester Group, but from the re-
cord it is impossible to exactly mark the beginning. In
the record of No. 3, I am unable to locate the base of
the Coal Measures. As I have placed it, the thickness is
too great. To regard the "limestone 11 feet," which I
have placed in the Conglomerate as Limestone No. 1 of
the Chester, does not give nearly enough thickness.
SECTION XXXIII.
From a comparison of the records of the wells and
Prof. Worthen's sections, I have constructed the follow-
ing ideal section, as it may be termed, to show what a
fairly accurate record of drilling would disclose:
1. Soil and drift, about 40 feet.
2. Sandstone, at top more or less decomposed 30 "
3. Limestone 10 "
4. Coal (No. 7) 2 "
5. Fire clay and shale 15 "
6. Limestone, with shale pai tings 22 "
7. Shale 0-3 "
8. Coal (No. 6) 6 "
9. Fire clay and shale 6 "
10. Limestone 8 "
11. Shale 4 "
12. Coal (No. 5) 4 "
13. Shale 8 "
14. Limestone, with shale partings 16 "