how the texture of these soils determines the kind of
crop which it is best suited to grow. The mechanical
analysis of representative samples from a number of
these soil formations is given in the accompanying
table, with the crops best adapted to them, for a basis
of comparison with the Illinois soils.
Mechanical Analysis of Maryland Soils.
Diameter.
mm.
Conventional
Names.
472.
Earlv
Truck.
467.
Truck
& fruit.
258.
Tobac-
co.
180.
Wheat.
480.
Grass.
173.
Lime-
stone.
2-1
1-.5
.5-.25
.25-.!
.1-.05
.05-.01
.01-.005
.005 .0001
Total rait
Organic
loss
Fine gravel..
Coarse sand. .
Medium sand
Fine sand
Very fine sand
Silt
0.49
4.96
40.19
27.59
12.10
7.74
2.23
4.40
0.76
8.55
35.04
19.26
8.42
11.38
4.13
10.59
1.53
5.67
13.25
8.39
14.95
28.86
7.84
14.55
0.00
0.00
0.48
3.06
50.32
14.19
6.78
20.28
0.00
0.38
1.07
0.78
3.41
43.08
13.81
30.21
0.54
0.32
0.72
0.62
4.03
36.02
14.99
41.24
Fine silt
Clay . .
icral matter.,
matter, water
99.70
0.30
98.13
1.87
95.04
4.96
95.11
4.89
92.80
7.20
98.48
1.52
No.
Orop.
Geological
formation.
Clay.
Per cent
Surface
area
sq. cm.
Approximate
number of
grains per gram.
472
467
258
180
4su
173
Early truck
Columbia
Columbia
Chesapeake.. .
Chesapeake...
Cabbro
4.40
10.59
14.55
20.28
30.21
41.24
615
1,244
1,902
2,380
3,479
4,575
1,950,000,000
4,767,000,000
6,786,000,000
9,357,000,000
14,457,000,000
19,638,000,000
Truck and fruit.
Export tobacco. .
Wheat
Grass
Strong grass and
wheat
Trenton lime-
stone
99
It must be remembered that these are very old soils,
that is, they have been under cultivation for probably
200 years, and that the original store of organic mat-
ter has been used up long ago. We find that the first
two samples are so light and sandy that they will not
produce, even under the best system of cultivation, over
five bushels of wheat per acre, so that practically wheat
cannot be produced on them economically. These used
to be considered very poor and barren soils and were
almost worthless for agricultural soils, but since the in-
troduction of truck farming these soils are the most
productive in the State for early vegetables, as crops
mature on them much earlier than on any other soil.
Fifteen years ago these lands were worth not over
$4.00 or $5.00 per acre, but now they are worth from
$50 to $200 per acre, depending upon the location and
the transportation facilities. The third sample (258)
represents the finest type of tobacco land, producing a
a mild, bright colored pipe tobacco, which has been cele-
brated since the earliest colonial days. If the tobacco is
grown on either of the other soils just mentioned, it has a
finer texture and a brighter color, but it has not suffi-
cient body. If, on the other hand, tobacco is grown on
any of the heavier soils, the plants are large, coarse
and sappy, they have too much body and do not take
on color. The fourth sample (180) with about 20 per
cent of clay, represents about the lightest textured land
on which wheat can be economically produced with us.
The remaining two samples are still heavier in texture
and are well suited to both grass and wheat. The grains
of sand and clay in these soils seem to have about the
same arrangement, for the fertility of the lands is meas-
ured by the percentage of clay which they contain.
The mechanical analyses of the Illinois soils are given
in the accompanying table, arranged in the order of Mr.
100
Leverett's classification of the geological formations
from which they are derived. The texture of the boulder
clay lands, as shown by the mechanical analysis, corres-
ponds very closely with the wheat and grass lands of
Maryland, although none of the samples are as rich in
clay as the limestone soils of that State. There is this
to be considered, however, that there is a larger amount
of volatile matter in the Illinois soils, showing that they
probably contain twice as much organic matter as the
Maryland soils. This would tend to make them more
productive than soils otherwise similar in texture. The
terrace formations, with the exception of the rich bot-
tom lands (1340), are almost identical in texture with
the early truck and fruit lands of Maryland. They appear
to be too light in texture for profitable wheat produc-
tion, as they have not enough body to maintain a
sufficient water supply for the crop. There is this con-
sideration, however, in regard to the samples, if the
lands lie low, so that it is but a short distance from
the surface down to the water level, the land may be
able to maintain a sufficient water supply, and they
may thus be very fertile wheat lands. Or, if there is a
hardpan or a layer of compact and impervious clay
underlying the lands to prevent the rain water from
passing down too readily, they may then become suffi-
ciently retentive of moisture to make good wheat lands.
There might also be sufficient organic matter in these
lands to make up for the low percentage of clay, but
this is not apparent from the analyses, and, if it were
so, the lands would gradually deteriorate as the organic
matter was oxidized and used up by continued cultiva-
tion. It is likewise possible that the grains of sand
and clay are so arranged as to make these soils more
retentive of moisture than the Maryland soils having a
similar texture. In this case, also, they might be suffi-
ciently retentive of moisture to make fertile wheat lands.
101
This arrangement of the grains could only be determined
by experiments in the field, but it does not seem prob-
able from our laboratory experiments that the arrange- '
ment of the grains differ materially from the arrangement
in the Maryland soil. If there is no hardpan or imper-
vious clay underlying these lands, and there is no more
organic matter than appears from these analyses, and
the grains of sand and clay are arranged in about the
same way as with the Maryland soils, these lands should
make very fine truck lands, as they would force the vege-
tables to an early maturity, which could command a high
market price. The question of the ease and cost of trans-
portation would, of course, have to be considered.
The above remarks apply also to the samples of the
river loess. They are lighter in texture than our best
wheat lands, although they have rather more organic
matter to balance the low percentage of clay. They are
more like our fruit and tobacco lands, although the
higher percentage of volatile matters indicates that they
are rather more retentive of moisture. To determine
this would require some special investigations in the field-
Of the upland loess there are two types, those which
are pervious to water and which are valuable agricultural
lands; those which are compact and almost impervious
to water, locally known as white clays, which are so
very retentive of moisture as to be always wet, are of
less agricultural value. The mechanical analysis shows
that these two types of land are almost identical in
texture, and that the white clays (1,321, 1,842, 1,343,
and 1,34:5) have no more clay than the other samples
of upland loess, which are considered very fertile lands.
The wetness of these white clay lands, therefore, is not due
to the fact that they contain more clay, but it must be
ascribed to some other cause. They contain no more
organic matter, so that it cannot be due to an excessive
amount of this material. It must be due, therefore, to
102
one of two causes; either that there is a hardpan or a
layer of impervious clay underlying these lands which
retards the descent of the water and prevents the excess
of rainfall being carried down, or it may be due to a
difference in the arrangement in the grains. Our labora-
tory experiments do not seem to indicate that there is
any material difference in the arrangement of the grains
in these two classes of soils, but this can only be de-
termined with certainty by investigation of the soils in
their natural position in the field. If the pervious char-
acter of the white clays is due to a difference in the
arrangement of the grains, the lands ought to be under-
drained, so that the excess of water may be artificially
removed, or the trouble may be greatly alleviated by
liming the land, which will tend to make it more loamy
and less retentive of moisture. The effect of kainit and
of some of the phosphates would probably have a similar
effect on the land if applied regularly for a number of
years. If the soils are impervious because of a hardpan
or a layer of impervious clay three or four feet below
the surface, then fertilizers will do very little to correct
the evil, unless the lands are systematically underdrained.
Of the three miscellaneous or unclassified samples,
1,306 was sent on as representing a sandy type of loess.
The mechanical analysis, however, shows that this has
no more sand than the other samples of loess, and that
it contains, indeed, rather more clay than the average.
If this really appears as a sandy type of loess it must
undoubtedly be due to the arrangement of the grains
of sand and clay in the soil, and this can readily be
corrected by the use of fertilizers and manures. Sample
1,325 appears, from the mechanical analysis and a con-
sideration of the locality from which it was derived, to
be a true loess. Sample 1,339 is undoubtedly a modified
drift, if not a lacustrine deposit.
103
The samples represented in this series cannot be con-
sidered soils and subsoils in an agricultural sense, but
so far as they be classed as such and as far as the data
goes, it appears that the subsoils of the glacial drift
contain more clay than the corresponding soils. Thus,
we have in three samples of soils, 24.31 and 21.70 and
23.37 per cent of clay, respectively, while the one sample
of subsoil, said to be very characteristic of the region
around Champaign, has 30.90 per cent of clay. This is
the rule of the agricultural lands, that the subsoils are
richer in clay than the corresponding soils, but this ap-
psars to be just the reverse of the conditions in the
loess, as the following table shows:
No.
LOCALITY.
SOIL.
SUBSOIL.
1,315-6
Virginia City
15.34
6 15
1,317-8
Virginia City
15 15
7 10
1,307-8
Carrollton
23 65
12 52
1,368
Rock Island
12 08
1,370
Gladstone
8 31
Mechanical Analysis of Illinois Soils.
Glacial. (Boulder clay).
Diameter,
mm.
Conventional Names.
1334.
Charles-
ton.
1-18.
1369.
Sheldon
6-12.
1333.
Mar-
shall Co.
1-15.
1327.
San
Jose.
1-18.
302.
Cham-
paign.
30-42.
2-1
1-.5
.5-. 25
.25-.!
.1-.05
.05-. 01
.01-. 005
.005-.0001
Total min
Organic m
Loss by di
Fine gravel
0.13
0.36
1.88
2.10
3.73
44.28
13.21
21.70
0.20
0.71
3.24
4.01
7.30
41.66
13.33
23 37
1.08
1.65
6.45
9.32
12.89
23.44
11.07
24.31
0.00
0.00
0.24
0.57
8.54
44.63
12.64
26.57
1.04
1.98
6.85
6.23
5.82
28.38
15.46
30.00
Coarse sand
Medium sand
Fine sand
Very fine sand
Silt
Fine silt
Clay . . .*.
eral matter
87.41
12.59
83.82
6.18
91.84
8.16
93.19
6.81
95.64
4.36
atter, water loss
rect ignition
100.00
9.65
100.00
8.24
100.00
8.16
100.00
5.77
100.00
104
Terrace Formations.
Diameter,
mm.
Conventional Names
tb.
1344.
Chris-
tian Co.
1-18.
tb.
1346.
Mason
City.
2-24.
a.
13:58.
Chilli-
cot he.
2-18.
b.
133.'.
Rock-
ford.
1-15.
c.
134ft.
Ameri-
can bot-
toms.
1-12.
2-1
1-.5
.5-.2S
.25-.!
.1-.05
.05-.01
.01-. 005
.005-.0001
Total min
Organic m
Loss by di
Fine gravel
0.00
0.00
8.69
54.87
29.06
1.45
1.27
3.66
0.00
0.01
3.30
41.44
34.76
10.93
2.74
3.87
0.16
4.70
47.51
13.55
3.01
16.82
4.89
5.61
0.26
2.62
23.52
20.44
11.66
20.74
6.32
8.29
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.13
7.99
41.28
10.33
30.42
Coarse sand
Medium sand
Fine sand
Very fine sand
Silt'
Fine silt
Clay
eral matter
99.00
1.00
97.05
2.95
96.25
3.75
93.85
6.15
90.18
9.82
atter, water loss
rect ignition
100.00
1.24
100.00
3.64
100.00
3.68
100.00
5.34
100.00
9.82
a. Terrace of glacial age.
b. Flood deposit; tb, probably wind deposits.
c. Post glacial terrace (bottom land of Mississippi.)
River Loess.
Diameter,
mm.
Conventional
Names.
1316.
Virginia
City.
48-120.
1370.
Glad-
stone.
36-9U.
1368.
Rock
Island.
1-6.
1347.
Du-
buqne.
1-15.
1315.
Virginia
City.
1-16.
1312.
Alton.
81-180.
2-1
1-.5
.5-.25
.25-.!
.1.-05
.05-.01
.01-.005
.005-.0001
Total mit
Organic
loss
Fine gravel . .
Coarse sand..
Medium sand.
Fine sand
Very flne sand
Silt
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.10
24.84
60.98
2.80
6.15
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.84
28.17
49.02
5.42
8.31
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.17
22.27
51.53
9.72
12.08
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.74
30.12
41.49
7.96
14.44
0.00
0.00
0.31
2.62
8.22
56.63
9.65
15.34
0.08
0.27
1.32
1.48
25.24
44 79
7.86
15.57
Fine silt
Clay . .
leral matter. . .
matter, water
94.88
5.12
91.82
8 18
95.79
4.21
4.79
5.21
92.77
7.23
96.61
3 39
Loss by direct ignition. .
100 00
8.11
100.00
8.18
100.00
4.21
100.00
5.66
100.00
6.03
100. 00
4 25
105
Upland Loess.
a. Soils pervious to water.
Diameter,
mm.
Conventional Names.
1318.
Virginia
City.
60-120.
1308.
Carroll-
ton.
24-44.
1317.
Virginia
City.
4-48.
1307.
Carroll-
ton.
1-15.
1328.
Wyo-
ming.
1-15.
2-1
1-.5
.5-.25
.25-.!
.1-.05
.05-.01
.01-005
.005-.0001
Total min
Organic m
Loss by d
Fine gravel
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
8.55
76.67
4.84
7.10
0.00
0.10
0.87
1.00
6.17
62.58
8.76
12.52
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
7.68
61.85
9.60
15.15
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.04
9.93
48.76
8.39
23.65
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.10
6.55
49.20
11.21
23.94
Coarse sand
Medium sand
Fine sand
Very fine sand
Silt
Fine silt
Clay
eral matter
97.26
2.74
92.00
8.00
94.29
5.71
93.78
6.22
91.02
8.98
atter, water loss
irect ignition
100.00
4.19
100.00
4.16
100.00
5.87
100.00
6.14
100.00
9.52
Upland Loess.
b. Soils compact and almost impervious to water.
Diameter,
mm.
Conventional Names.
1321.
Green-
ville.
2-15.
1342.
Cumber-
land Co.
1-12.
1345.
Jeffers'n
County.
2-15.
1343.
Moawe-
qua.
2-18.
2-1
1-.5
.5-. 25
.25-.!
.1-.05
.05-. 01
.01- 005
.005-. 0001
Total min<
Organic m
Loss by dii
Fine gravel
0.48
1.92
1.22
0.57
5.08
59.06
11.09
14.12
0.30
1.05
3.42
3.30
6.47
55.48
11.70
14.90
0.00
0.07
0.29
0.40
6.38
56.92
12.18
17.06
0.00
0.08
0.77
0.11
4.88
52.50
12.15
22.10
Coarse sand
Medium sand
Fine sand
Very fine sand
Silt
Fine Silt
Clay
jral matter
93.54
6.46
96.62
3.38
93.30
6.70
93.39
6.61
atter, water, loss
% ect ignition
100.00
5.59
100.00
3.11
100.00
4.49
100.00
5.73
106
Miscellaneous.
Diameter,
mm.
Conventional Names
a.
1306.
Gallatia.
1-18.
b.
1325.
Warren.
1-12.
c.
1339.
May wood.
1-15.
2-1
1-.5
.5-.2S
.25-. 1
.1-.05
.05-.OI
.01-.0051
.005-.0001
Total mine
Organic ma
Loss by din
Fine gravel
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.30
5.21
57.75
12.78
20.36
0.00
0.00
0.14
0.19
10.10
41.66
11.97
23.60
0.30
0.58
2.14
3.48
4.72
28.12
14.33
36.52
Coarse sand
Medium sand
Fine sand
Very fine sand. .
Silt
Fine silt
Clay . .
ral matter
96.42
3.58
87.66
12.34
90.19
9.81
tter, water loss
set ignition
100.00
6.01
100.00
13.12
100.00
10.28
a. Sandy type of loess.
b. Probably loess.
c. Modified drift.
Mr. Leverett's Classification of the Illinois Soils.
1. LACUSTRINE DEPOSITS (LITTORAL). . 1339
2. GLACIAL BOULDER CLAY
a. True glacial till 1333 1334 1369 1335 302
b. Modified drift 1327
3. TE K RACE FORMATIONS
a. Terraces of glacial afire 1338
b. Flood deposits 1344 1332 1346
c. Post-glacial terraces . 1340
107
4. LOESS
a. Riverloess 1315 1316 1368 1370 1311
1312 1347
6. Upland loess (including white clays).
1. Allowing slow passage of
water.... 1328 1318 1317 1307 1308
2. Compact and almost imper-
vious to water 1343 1342 1345 1319 1320
1321
3. Unclassified loess 1306 1309 1310 1313 1314
1336 1337 1349 1365 1366
1374 1375 1376 1377
4. Sandy deposits 1346
5. BURIED SOILS AND UNDETERMINED. 1325 1322 1372
6. UNCLASSIFIED SAMPLES 1323 1329 1331 1341 1348
1344 1324 1330 1326 1364
1371 1373
Total number of samples 58
Classified 46
Unclassified 12
NOTE The samples underscored were analyzed by Prof. J. A.
Udden.
108
List of Samples.
No.
Locality.
Depth.
Clay.
Geological Formation.
1334
Charleston
1-18
21.70
1. Glacial boulder clay,
a. True glacial till
1369
Sheldon
6-12
23.37
U ' .1 (I
1333
302
1335
Marshall Co
Champaign
Eldorado
1-15
30-42
1-12
24.31
30.90
(( it U (I
11 (( U ((
ti <i 11 ic
1327
San Jose
1-18
26.57
b. Modified drift
1338
1344
1346
Chillicothe
Christian Co
Mason City
2-18
1-18
2-24
5.61
3.66
3.87
2. Terrace formations.
a. Terraces of glacial age.
b. Flood and wind deposits
U II 11 11 U
1332
Rockford
1-15
8 29
U (1 U (( ((
1340
Miss, bottoms. . .
1-12
c. Post-glacial (bottom
1316
1370
Virginia City. . .
Gladstone
48-120
36-96
6.15
8 31
land) 3. Loess.
a. River loess.
U I
1368
1347
Rock Island
Dubuque. . .
1-6
1-15
12.08
14 44
1 1
I (
1315
1312
Virginia City...
Alton
1-16
84-180
15.34
15 57
1 1
1 (
1311
1-60
t ( 1
1318
1308
Virginia City...
Carrollton
60-120
24-48
7.10
12 52
b Upland loess.
. So Is pervious to water
ii U U U
1317
1307
Virginia City.. .
Carrollton'
4-48
1-15
15.15
23 65
it U U U
II (( 11 U
1327
Wyoming
1-15
23 94
II II II ((
1321
Greenville
2-15
14 12
1342
1345
1343
Cumberland Co..
Jefferson Co
Moweaqua
1-12
2-15
2-18
14.90
17.06
22 10
pervious to water.
2. Compact and almost im-
pervious to water.
2. Compact and almost im-
pervious to water.
1319
Madison Co
4-16
pervious to water.
2 Cornnflpt, Jinrl Jilmnct im-
1320
<i (i
24-60
pervious to water.
2. Of)mr>af*t, anrl almnct im-
pervious to water.
109
Mr. Leverett's Classification of the Illinois Soils.
No.
Locality.
Depth.
Clay.
Geological Formation.
1309
1310
1313
1314
1336
1337
1340
1365
1366
1374
1375
1376
1377
1306
1325
1339
1322
1372
1323
1329
1331
1341
1343
1344
1324
1330
1326
1364
1371
1373
Montgomery Co. ...
u u
Moweaqua
1-18
18-48
1-18
24-42
1-10
1-12
24-48
1-20
60-72
12
3
|
(
t
t
4
c
<
c
(
(
(
i
(
(
(
. Uncla
"
Uncla
ssifled Ic
<
t
i
i
t
t
i
i
& ^
ssifled ss
t
c
<
cs
i
LIU
s.
pies.
Freeport
Marion
Madison Co
Springfield
t<
Union Co
u tt
it u
6 12
u
Gallatia
1-18
1-12
1-15
60-84
96-120
4-24
1-12
1-18
36-96
24-40
1-18
1-20
1-36
1-12
1-12
4
20.36
23.60
36.52
Warren
Maywood
Greenville
Taylor vi lie
Greenville
Red Bud
Carrollton
Gladstone
Montgomery Co
Christian Co
Rohley
Vienna
San Jose
DeKalb Co
Litchfleld. . .
ii
110
H 2
M
cc S
. -
a -
92 M
fc
32
N 8 8 8 8
O
O
oo
O3 r- i f
O
oo
OO "*f
^_
o
o
1 <
OS
^
o
g'Ej
"Sjj
^
CD"
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