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15^
I If IV - \^^su^ ^/3 ^-,^ ^^
HARVARD LAW LIBRARY
Received OCT 7 1935
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NATIONAL TEXT BOOK SERIES
Accotmtmg in Law Practice— By Willard J. Graham, Professor of Accounting, and
Wilber G. Katz, Professor of Law, University of Chicago.
Agency, 3rd Ed.— By Floyd R Mechem* Late Professor of Law, Chicago University.
Bailments and Carriers, 2nd Ed.— By Edwin C. Goddard, Professor of Law, Uni-
versity of Michigan, Revised by Charles E. Cullen, Professor of Law,
Washhigton University.
Bills and Notes, 3rd Ed.— By James M. Ogden, Professor of Law, Indiana Law School
Blackstone, 4th Ed.— By Thomas M. Cooley, Revised by James DeWitt Andrews.
Commercial Law, 4 Vols., 2nd Ed.— By Alfred W. Bays, Professor, Northwestern Uni-
versity, School of Commerce. Single volumes.
Contracts— By Anson, Revised by Charles J. Turck, President, Centre College, Dan-
viUe, Ky.
Corporations (Municipal) 3rd Ed.— By Hon. Charles Elliott, Revised by Stewart
Chaplin, Professor of Law, New York Law SchooL
Corporations (Private)— By Henry W. Ballantine, Professor of Law, University of
California, School of Jurisprudence.
Corporations (Stupes in the Law of Corporation Finance)— By Adolf A. Berle, Jr.,
Lecturer in Corporation Finance, Columbia University.
Criminal Law, 3rd Ed.— By William L. Clark and William L. Marshall, Revised by
Judson A. C!rane, Professor of Law, University of Pittsburgh.
Damages— By Ralph S. Bauer, Professor of Law, DePaul University.
Dictionary, 2nd Ed.— By Walter A. Shimiaker and Greorge F. Longsdorf, Revised by
James C. Cahill, of Callaghan and Company.
Domestic Relations, 3rd Ed.— By E. Peck, formerly Professor of Law, Yale Uni-
versity.
Equity- By William F. Walsh, Professor of Law, New York University.
Ethics, 2nd Ed.— By Greorge W. Warvelle, Professor of Law, DePaul University.
Evidence— By Prof. Henry W. Humble, Author of Humble's Cases Conflict of Laws.
Introduction to the Study of Law— By Edmund M. Morgan, Professor of Law, Har-
vard University.
Monopolies and Federal Anti-Trust Laws— By Louis J. Euler, Professor of Law,
Loyola University, Los Angeles, California.
Mortgages— By William F. Walsh, Professor of Law, New York University.
Partnership, 2nd Ed.— By Floyd R. Mechem, Late Professor of Law, Cliicago Uni-
versity.
Personal Property— By Frank Hall Childs, Chicago Kent College of Law.
Pleading (Code) 2nd Ed.^By Hon. Greorge L. Phillips, of Ohio Bar. Revised by
P. W. Viesselman, Professor of Law, University of North Dakota.
Pleading (Common Law) 2nd Ed.— By Henry John Stephens, Revised by James De-
Witt Andrews.
Real Covenants and Other Interests Running with Land— By CSiarles R dark, Dean
of Yale University Law SchooL
Real Property— By Herbert T. Tiffany, of Maryland Bar.
Sales— By John B. Waite, Professor of Law, University of Michigan.
Suretyship— By Earl C. Arnold, Professor of Law, Greorge Washington University.
Torts, 2nd Ed.— By Thomas M. Cooley, Revised by A. H Tlirockmorton, Professor of
Law, Western Reserve University.
Wills, 2nd Ed.— By John R. Rood, of Michigan Bar.
CALLAGHAN AND COMPANY
401 East Ohio Street Chicago^ nBnob
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â– >"^-
PRE^dPLES
Of THE LAW OP
PERSONAL PROPERTY
CHATTELS AND CHOSES
INCLUDING SALES OF GOODS, SALES ON EXECUTION,
CHATTEL MORTGAGES, GIFTS, LOST PROPERTY,
INSURANCE, PATENTS, COPYRIGHTS, TRADE-
MARKS, LDOTATIONS OF ACTIONS, ETC
B7 FRANK HALL CHILDS, LLB.
•MOmci PBOFESSOB OP THE LAW OP PIKSONAL PBOPIITI,
CaDCACO^KENT ODIXBGI or L4W
' CHICAGO
CALLAGHAN Sl COMPANY
19U
1 -J . •<
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7
Copyrifht 1914
by
CaLLAGHAH ft COMFANT
OCT? 1935
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PREFACE
Tbis work is written primarily for American law stu-
dents ; bat, owing to the ma^itnde of the subject, general
principles only can be given. While real property may be
treated as one subject in one volume, personal property
has assumed so many different forms in this commercial
age, as not to be susceptible of detailed treatment in one
volume; and as students' works have been published
dealing with particular branches of personal proi)erty,
Btich as Bailments, Negotiable Instruments, Partnership,
Corporations, and many other subjects, this work dis-
nuBses them with brief mention, the space being devoted
to other branches which though impoirtant do not justify
separate treatises.
The leading principles of Sales of Gk)ods are set forth
concisely yet so completely that this volume could be used
as a texi-book for that branch alone ; but in colleges where
a separate text-book on that subject is used, that part of
this work can be omitted entirely or used in the nature of
a review, and enough other subjects will remain to occupy
the attention of students to advantage. The same can be
said of some of the other subjects.
P, H. 0.
OhicagOi July, 1914
(v)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER L
DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF PROPERTY.
Sbction Paob
1. Signification* of Proper^ 1
2. Classification of Property — ^Real — ^Penonal — ^Definition* 2
3. Distinctions between Realty and Personalty 4
4. Relative Importance of Personalty and Realty 6
6. Classifications of Personalty 7
6. Change from One Class to the Other 8
7. Goods— Wa ro e M erchandise — ^EfTeots — Commoditiet —
Crediti. 8
CHAPTER II.
CHATTELS REAL.
5. Nature and Qnds 12
0. Leaseholds 12
10. Fixtures— Definition— Nature 14
11. Fixtures— Classification 15
12. Fixtures— Tests— Intention 16
13. Fixtures — ^Teets — ^Annexation 17
14. Fixtures — ^Tests — Injury from Removal 19
16. Fixtures— Tests— Adaptation 20
16. Fixtures — ^Teets— Duration of Interest in Land 20
17. Fixtures — ^Tests — Relative Value of Articles 21
18. Fixtures — ^Landlord and Tenant 21
19. Fixtures— When Tenant Has No Right of Removal 23
20. Fixtures— When Tenancy Uncertain 25
21. Fixtures — ^Landlord Cannot Remove — Distress 25
22. Fixtures — ^Licensor and Licensee 26
23. Fixtures — ^Transfers of Land — Seizure on Execution 26
24. Fixtures — Co-Tenants — ^Taxation — Insurance — Lienor and
lienee— Life Tenants 26
25. Fixtures— Trespassers 27
26. Fixtures in Criminal Cases 29
27. Fixtures— Natural 30
28. Fixtures— Emblements— What Are 30
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29. Fixtiiret'Emblements— Who Entitled To 81
30. Fixtures— Mineral Aooessions 33
31. Fixtures — ^Accetaion from Animal Prodnott 33
82. Heirlooms 88
CHAPTER m.
CHOSES IN POSSESSION.
33. Clasrifloation — Animate and Inanimate 85
34. Animals — Classification 85
35. Maritime Law 37
36. Ships— Definition 38
37. Mariners 38
38. Charter Parties — ^Wharfage — ^Demurrafi:e — General Averace
— Jettisons 39
39. Home and Foreifi:n Ports 40
40. Registry of American Vessels 41
41. Admiralty Courts — Jurisdiction 41
42. Admiralty Courts — ^Actions — Kinds 41
43. Admiralty Courts — ^Actions — ^Parties — ^Attorneys 42
44. Admiralty Courts— Pleadings— Decree 42
45. Maritime Liens— Nature 43
46. Maritime liens— Priority— Salvage— Wages 48
47. Bottomry and Respondentia Loans 44
48. Money —Definition 46
49. Money— Elinds 48
60. Money— Tender 49
51. Money— Title 52
CHAPTER IV.
CHOSES IN ACTION.
52. Meaning of Term 54
58. Classification 54
54. Changes in Form 58
CHAPTER V.
INSURANCE.
55. Definition— Nature 60
56. The Contract^Parties — Re-insurance 60
57. The Contract — Oral Agreements— Benefit Associations 61
68. The Contract— Policies— Classification 63
59. The Contract— Consideration — Construction 64
60. Conditions, Warranties and Representations tS
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61. Inanranoe on Property 71
02. Fire Insuranoe — ^Policies — Insurable Interest 73
63. Fire Insurance — Double Insuranoe 75
64. Fire Insurance — ^Assignability 75
65. Fire Insurance — ^Reooyery for Losses 76
66. Fire Insuranoe — Contribution 79
67 . Marine Insuranoe 80
68. Life Insuranoe— Policies 81
69. Life Insurance — ^Parties — ^Amount — Insurable Interest ^ 82
70. Life Insurance — Assignment — Change of Beneficiary 84
71. Life Insurance — Representations and Warranties 85
72. Life Insuranoe — ^Premiums — ^Forfeitures 86
73. Accident Insuranoe 89
74. Liability, Fidelity, Credit, and Title Insurance 90
CHAPTER VL
PATENTS, COPYRIGHTS, GOOD WILL, TRADEMARKS,
TRADENAMES, AND TRADE SECRETS,
75. PatenU— Definition 93
76. Source of Patent Law 94
77. Essentials to Patentability-Originality 94
78. PatentabiKty—Novelty 95
79. Patentability— Utility 95
80. Abandonment of Invention 96
81. Application for Patent 97
82. Rii^U of Patentees 98
83. Transf en of Patent RighU 98
84. Infringement of Patents 99
85. Copyright— Definitions— Kinds 100
86. Common Law Copyright 101
87. Letters 102
88. WorksofArt 108
89. Statutory Copyright— Origin 108
90. Statutory Copyright— Requisites 104
91. Statut(»y Copyright— Formalities 105
92. Statut(»y Copyright— Rights Under 106
93. Statutory Copyright — Infringement 106
94. Unfair Competition 107
95. Goodwin 107
96. Trademarks- Definition 109
97. Tradenames 109
98. Trademarks — ^Resemblances to and Distinctions from Other
Rights 110
99. Trademarks as Property— Why Protected 110
100. Trademarks— Of What They May Consist Ill
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101. Fmudnlent Um of Marks, Names and Style 114
102. Trademarks Must Not Be Untrue 115
103. Trademarks— How Acquired 116
104. Trademarks— Registratioii 116
105. Trademarks— Rights of Owners— Transfer 117
106. Trademarks— Violation 118
107. TradeSeorets 119
CHAPTER VIL
LIMITATIONS ON AND INTERESTS IN PROPERTY.
108. Ownership— Definition 121
109. Ownership— Limitations 121
110. Potential Existence 122
111. Human Bodies 124
- 112. wad Animals 127
113. WaterandAir 129
114. Inoapaoity of Persons as to Property 130
115. Use of Property Causing Injury 131
116. PolicePower 131
117. Fraudulent Transfers 133
118. Restrictions on Alienation 136
119. Perpetuities 136
120. Classification of Interests 140
121. UfeEstates 140
122. Rule in Shelley's Case— Estates Tail 143
123. Bailments— Nature 144
124. Bailments— Kinds 146
126. Bailments— Redelivery 147
126. Quasi Bailments 147
127. Interests as to Time of Enjoyment 147
128. Remaindeis 148
129. Reversions 149
130. Interests with Respect to the Number of Owners 149
131. Severalty 149
132. Tenancy in Common , 150
133. Partnership 152
184. PartOwners 153
135. Joint Tenancies 154
136. Bntfreties 155
137. Community 156
138. Interests with Respect to the Terms and Manner of Enjoy-
mant 157
189. Legal and Equitable Estotes 159
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TaSIM (39 COITEBNTEL xi
CHAPTER VnL
HOW PROPERTY COMES INTO EXI8TENCB
SacnoH Pagb
14a Tangible Penonalty Waa, and Will Be, Realty 160
141. Sereranoe — ^Aotual and Conatrnotiya 161
142. Aeoession 162
143. Intangible Property 163
144. Ownenhip from Ooonpaney 163
14B. What Conttitatee Oooupan<7 164
CHAPTER IX.
TRANSFER OP PROPERTY BY ACT OP THE PARTIES.
146. Vohintaiy and Involuntary Transfers 166
147. Aangnmente in General 166
148. Aasignmente for the Benefit of Creditors ^ 160
1^. Negotiation 170
150. Sales— Definition 170
151. Sales— Subject Matter 170
152. Sales— Price 171
153. Sales— Essentials 172
154. Quasi Contracts of Sale 173
165. Saks— Parties 174
156. Sales— Classification 174
157. Saks— Statute of Frauds— Enactment 180
158. Saks— Statute of Frauds— Contracts Within 181
159. Saks— Statute of Frauds— "Goods, Wares and Merchan-
dises" .* 182
160. Saks— Statute of Frauds— Effect 184
161. Sales— Statute of Frauds— Oral Contracts 185
162. Sales— Statute of Frauds— Prioe. .. ^ 185
163. Sales— Statute (^ Frauds— Aeoeptanoe and Receipt 186
164. Saks— Statute of Frauds— Part Payment 188
165. Saks— Statute of Frauds— Memorandum 189
166. Saks Conditions and Warranties 194
167. Saks— Warranties— Classifioation 197
168. Saks— Express Warranties 197
109. Saks— Im^ed Condition of Title. 202
170. Saks — ^Implied Warranty against Incumbrances and of Quiet
Possession 205
171. Implied Condition in Sales by Sampk and Description 205
172. Saks— Caveat Emptor 207
178. Saks— Exolnsion of Implied Warranties 211
174. Saks— Transfer of Ownership— Ascertained Goods 211
176. flslss TiMsfer of Owncrship—Pnasowrtainftd Goods . 217
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170. flatoi without Title.. 220
177. Fraadulent Sales '. 228
178. Sales— Mistake as to the Person 226
179. Seller Left in Possession 226
180. Buyer in Possession under Conditional Sale 230
181. Sales— Delivery 232
182. Sales— Aooeptance by Buyer 230
183. Bamedies of Seller as to the Goods— Seller's lien 241
184. Bamediesof Seller as to the Goods— Stoppage in Transitu 242
185. Remedies of Seller as to the Goods— Resale 248
186. Remedies of Seller against Buyer Personally 248
187. Sales — ^Remedies of Buyer— Measure of Damages in General 250
188. Sales — ^Remedies of Buyer— Nominal Damages 251
189. Sales — Remedies of Buyer — Special Damage 251
100. Sales — ^Remedies of Buyer — Specific Performance 253
191. Sales— Remedies of Buyer— Trover 253
102. Sales — ^Remedies of Buyer — ^Delay in Delivery 254
193. Sales — ^Remedies of Buyer— Breach of Warranty 254
194. Bzohanges 255
196. Mortgages— Definition 267
196. Mortgages— Parties 258
197. Mortgages— Classifications 269
198. Mortgages— Resemblances and Distinctions 260
199. Mortgages— Form 263
200. Mortgages— Subjects 6t 266
201. Mortgages — Description of Subject Matter. 268
202. Mortgages — Delivery of Property 271
203. Mortgages — ^Registration 274
204. Mortgages— VaUdity 276
206. Mortgages— Priorities 277
206. Mortgages — ^Right to Possession of Property 278
207. Mortgages— Sale of Property by Mortgagor 280
208. Mortgages— Renewal 281
209. Mortgages— Breach of Conditions 281
210. Mortgages— Possession after Breach 282
211. Mortgages— Enforeing Claim. 283
212. Mortgages— Termination— Redemption 283
218. Mortgages— Termination— Payment— Tender 284
214. Mortgages— Foreclosure— Effect 286
216. Mortgages— Foreclosure by Sale 287
216. Mortgages— Foreclosure in Equity 288
217. Release 288
218. Gifts— Definition 289
219. Gifts— Distinctions 290
220. Gifts- Elements 290
221. Gifts— Parties— Capacity 290
22^ Gifts— Subject Matter 292
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228. Gifti— Aba6iKMorC«iMld«r»tion 298
224. QifiB— D«Utsc7 208
225. QifiB— Intention 801
22d. Gifte—Eauity Wm Not Aid Defect!. 802
227. GHfts — ^Fraud— IJndne Influenoe -^ Miirepresentation —
Mistake— Dmen— Illegality 808
22& Gifts— Claasifioation 804
^^^^229. Gifts Causa Mortis 805
280. Gifts Irrevocable 818
28L AdTsncements 818
282. Declaration of Trust 814
238. Wills 816
284. Inroluntsry Transfers 819
286. Exeoation Sales—Judgment— The Writ 819
280» Execution Sales— The Levy— How Made 820
237. Ezeoution Sales— Property Subject to Levy 824
288. Ezeoution Sales— The Levy— Co-ownership 829
289. Bzeeutlon Sales — ^Levy upon Public Property, or upon
Property in Custody of the Law 882
240. Ezeoution Sales— lien of Writ 834
241. Ezeoution Sales— Conduct of 835
242. Ezeoution Sales— Return of Writ 338
248. Attaohment—Object— Definition 339
244. Attaehment— When Allowed 340
245. Attaohment— Pxocedure 840
240. Garaldunent 841
2€r. Judidal Sales 342
248. .Bzemptions— Effect 843
249. Ezomptions— Against What Claims Valid 844
26a Szamptions— Who Entitled to • 844
251. Ezemptions— How Asserted 846
262. Ezemptions— Waiver 847
268. Insohreney 848
254. Bankruptoy— Definition 848
255. BanknQ)t4y Statutes 849
250. Bankruptey—Vohmtaiy and Involuntary 349
267. Bankruptcy- Procedure 850
258. Bankruptcy— Effect on Debts 850
269. Bankruptcy Laws Distinguished from Insohrenoy Laws 352
260. Involuntary Transfers to Sovereign State 852
261. Taxation— Definition— Power to Taz 858
262. Taxation- Kinds 858
268. Taxation— Subjects of 858
264. Eminent Domain 856
265. Police Power— Nature. ^ 857
266. Police Power— Fees 358
267 Pdioe Power— Fines—Qui Tarn Actions 859
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268. Polioe Poww— Foif dtmw 350
260. Gapioro SOI
CHAPTER X
TRANSFER OF PROPERTY BT OPERATION OF LAW.
270. How Tranifer by Operation of Lftw Oooun d04
271. Marriage— Effect on Vnfe't Choses in Possession. 866
272. MarriaKe—Effeot on Wife's Choses in Action. 866
273. Marriage^-Effeot on Property under Statutes 867
274. No Dower in Personal Property 867
275. Wife's Equity to a Settlement 368
276. UabiHty of Husband for Wife's Debts 368
277. Accession— Kinds 369
278. Accession by Union of Materials 370
279. Accession from Repairs 871
280. Accession from Labor of Willful Trespasser 871
281. Accession from Labor by Lmocent Person 872
282. Accession by Mistake — ^Actions for Damage 373
283« Accession — Action for Damage from Litentional Wrongdoer. . 374
284. Ck>nfusionof Goods— How Caused. 375
285. Confusion of Goods from Tort 376
286. Confusion of Goods— Accidental— Innocent — ^Authorized..... 378
287. Confusion of Goods— Mortgages 380
288. Repudiation through Sorereignty 381
289. Succession on Death..... 381
290. Administration— The Court 383
291. Administration— ^Personal Representatiyes 883
292. Administration— Who Entitled to 884
293. Administration— To Collect— Ancillary— De Bonis Non. 886
294. Letters of Administration 887
295. Distribution— Payment of Claims. 887
296. Distribution— Widow and Children 888
297. Next of Ein— Lineal— Collateral. 888
298. Next of Ein— Per Stirpes— Per Caidta 888
299. Next of Kin— Half Blood 890
300. Escheat 390
301. Succession— Trusts— Dissolution of Corporation 890
802. Actions Which do Not Survive 891
303. Delay 393
304. Statutesoflimitations-Definition—Orifl^— Object 393
305. When Statute of Limitations Begins to Run— Contracts 394
306. When Statute of Limitations begins to Run— Conditions and
Contingencies — ^Demand 807
807. When Statute of limitations Begins to Run— Aooountlng.... 898
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30a. Whvi Stototo of limitations Beeint lo Run— limited
Interesti 899
800. When Ststate of limitatioiis Begku to Run^-Implied
Contraots 400
810. When Statute of limitationB Begins to Run— Suretiei. 401
811. When Statute of limitationB Befi^ins to Run— Trusts 401
312. When Statute of Limitations Begins to Run— Torts 403
313. Running of Statute of Limitations Postponed by Fraud 404
314. Running of Statute of Limitations Postponed by Disabilities. 405
315. Running of Statute of limitations Suspended 408
316w Statute of limitations— When Bar Is Complete 409
317. Statute of limitations — Commenoement of Suit 414
318. Statute of lindtations— Revival by New Promise, Aoknow-
ledgment, or Part Payment 414
819. Statute of limitatioDa— Waiver , 422
820. Laches 423
82L BstoppeL 425
822. Failure of Defense — ^Recovery in Trover — Imprisonment. .... 428
CHAPTER XI.
HOW PROPERTY CEASES TO EXIST.
823. Destruction of Tangible ArtioleB 430
324. Destruction— PoHoe Power.. 431
325. Police Power— Distinetions 431
326. Police Power— Unreasonable Exercise 432
327. Police Power— Purpose 432
328. Destruction- Necessity 433
329. Destruction-War— Collision at Sea 435
330. Abandonment 435
831. Property Logt— Strayed— ^Mislaid — Concealed — Uih
elaimed—Wreoki— Derelicts— Definitions 437
832. Distinctions — ^Lost ft Mislaid — ^Lost & Abandoned— Found
Property A Treasure Trove — ^Mislaid A Unclaimed —
Stolen Property 440
333. Rights of Finder— Possession 443
334. Rights of Finder— Use— Expense 448
335. RighU of Under— Reward 449
336. Rights of Finder— lien 451
887. Larceny of Found Property 451
APPENDIX
Formof FbelnsnianoePoli^... 454
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PERSONAL PROPERTY
CHAPTER L
DEFiHinoiirs Aism classifications of pbopebty,
§L SigniflcatiGiis of Property. The word *' prop-
erty," in law, has two significations, meaning, first,
** something owned;'* and, second, *' ownership/* When
a person says, **This watch is my property, *' he means,
*'This watch is something owned by me;** but if he
should say, **I will sell my watch for fifty dollars," and
the offeree says, *'A11 right, I'll take it," it is said that
the property in the watch instantly passes from the seller
to the buyer. This does not mean that ** something
owned" in the watch passes to the buyer, as that would
be senseless; nor is it meant that the watch itself passes