radium, 18.
Bragg, rate of transformation of
thorium and uranium, 209.
Brecciendecke, 147.
Bronson, effects of temperature on
radioactivity, 32.
Bumstead, active deposit of
thorium in the air, 908.
Cady and McFarland, helium in
natural gases, 218.
Cameron and Ramsay, decomposi-
tion of hydrochloric acid, 210.
Campbell and Wood, radioactivity
of potassium, 219.
Carnot, fluorine in phosphatic sub-
stances, 226.
Chalk, radioactivity of, 60.
low conductivity of, 126.
rate of deposition of, 134,
depth of water required for
deposition of, 138.
Chamberlin and Salisbury, planet -
esimal theory, 184.
Chlorine in rain, 238.
in rivers, 239 et seq.
possible sources of, 240.
Clarke, soda in igneous and sedi-
mentary rocks, 57.
soda in sediments, 129,
soda in igneous rocks, 130.
changes in phosphatic sub-
stances, 225.
percentage of chlorine in
rocks, 239.
composition of lithosphere,
243.
American river analyses, 246.
Clays, radioactive substance in
clays and soils, 35.
Conductivity (electric) of gases,
189, 190.
Continents, permanency of, 126
et seq.
Coral islands and instability of
ocean floor, 118, 119.
subsidence of, 120, 121, 137.
depth of water around, 121.
sedimentation around, 121.
Coral sea, extent of, 119.
Coral rock, radioactivity of, 60.
Crust of the earth, thickness of,
174.
thickness of radioactive layer,
175 179 et seq.
4*' temperature beneath, 174.
Cooke, penetrating radiation, 205.
Cosmic particles, radioactivity of,
53.
Curie, Mme. and M., discovery of
radium and polonium, 1.
Curie, Paul, and Laborde, heat pro-
duced by radium, 2, 10.
Dadourian, thorium emanation in
underground air, 298.
Daly, temperature of lavas, 174.
Dana, J. D., sedimentation, 97.
estimate of sediments, 128.
Danne, occlusion of radium in
pyromorphite, 223.
Darwin, instability of ocean floor,
118.
subsidence of coral islands,
137.
Darwin, Sir George, radium and
age of the sun, 36.
age of the moon, 250.
David, E., boring of Funafuti,
. 120.
/Davison, interior cooling of the
earth, 163.
Dawson, compression of Laramide
range, 100.
Deccan, radium in igneous rocks
of the Deccan, 42.
Deccan basalt, radioactive tempera-
ture of, 185.
Deep-sea deposits, formation of,
119, 120.
slow, accumulation of, 121.
Deferlement of recumbent folds,
148.
theory of, 151.
age of the earth, 233.
INDEX.
281
Denudation in mountain ranges,
115.
Deposition, rate of, from Missis-
sippi, 235.
Detrital rocks, radioactivity of, 59.
Dewar, production of helium by
radium, 214, 217.
Dolomite, radioactivity of, 60.
Dittmar, amount of chlorine in
the ocean, 244.
Dust, and the recombination of
ions, 193.
Earth, former high temperature of,
154.
rate of cooling of, 155.
age of, 156, 157, 211 et seq.
interior cooling of, 162.
interior thermal conductivity
of, 163.
interior radioactivity of, 1 65-
169.
Earthquakes and the geosynclines,
113.
Electroscope, use of, in measuring
radioactivity, 16.
discharge of, by ionization,
16, 17.
ionization in, attending radium
measurements, 19.
rate of discharge due to emana-
tion, 23.
standardization of, 22, 255.
construction of, 262 et seq.
Elster and Geitel, radioactivity of
air in soils, 35.
active deposits, from the
atmosphere, 63.
radioactive substances in the
atmosphere, 196.
Emanation of radium, use of, in
measurements, 18-22.
number of a rays from, 19.
properties of, 22, 23.
extraction of, from solutions,
25, 265 et seq.
calculation of amount col-
lected, 256, 258.
Eve and Adams, effects of pres-
sure on radioactivity, 33.
Eve, measurements of radium in
rocks, 39.
ionization of the atmosphere,
191.
weather and the radioactivity
of atmosphere, 197.
emanation in the atmosphere,
198, 201.
variation of emanation in the
atmosphere, 201.
ionization over the ocean,
48, 203.
ionization due to penetrating
radiation, 206, 207.
Fergusonite, helium in, 215.
age of, calculated by helium,
215, 216.
Finsteraar granite, high tempera-
ture of, 89, 90.
Fisher, Osmond, gradients in
mountains, 83.
Fluorine in phosphatic substances,
226.
Funafuti, boring of, 120, 127.
7 rays, nature of, 13.
Gases, ionization and density of,
191.
Geikie, Sir A., age of the earth,
156, 233.
on uniformitarianism, 248.
Geosynclines and mountain build-
ing, 112, 118.
Geothenns, rise of attending sedi-
mentary deposition, 108, 109.
Globigerina Ooze, radioactivity of,
49.
rate of accumulation of, 135.
Granites, radium in, 42.
Green Sand, radioactivity of, 49.
Green Sandstone, radioactivity of,
60.
Gypsum, radioactivity of, 60.
Heat given out by radium, 10, 11,
and Appendix B.
escaping from the earth,
calculation of, 75.
radioactive origin of , 171.
282
INDEX.
Heim, temperature in Simplon
tunnel, 82.
alpine structure, 146.
/Helium and geological time, 215
et seq.
in springs and natural gases,
63, 218.
in the atmosphere, 63, 210.
produced from radium in
common minerals, 218.
permeation of quartz by, 223.
genesis of, by thorium, 228.
Herschel and Babbage, theory of,
101.
Himalayas, sedimentation of, 99.
Hobbs, earthquakes, volcanoes,
and sedimentation, 114, 115.
Horst, theory of the, untenable,
U9, 150.
Huronian sedimentation, 96.
Huxley, rate of deposition of
chalk, 134.
homotaxial relations of strata,
231.
Igneous rocks, radium in, 42, 44.
mean radioactivity of, 44, 45.
Ionic charge, 192.
Ionium, period of transformation
of, 9.
discovery of, 9.
lonization in a gas, theory of, 14.
amount of, attending radium
measurements, 19.
in closed vessels, 19, 190, 205.
over the ocean, explanation
of, 204.
Ions, and precipitation of rain, 194,
195.
in gases, production and re-
combination of, 191, 192.
Iron, native, radium in, 166.
Jaquerod and Perrot, permeation
of quartz by helium, 223.
Jeffreys, depths of Chalk sea, 138.
Jukes -Browne and Harrison,
oceanic beds of Barbados, 132.
Kelvin, Lord, cooling of the earth,
155.
Kelvin, Lord, temperature of
earth's interior, 162.
Keweenawan sedimentation, 96.
Lapparent, A. de, tectonics of the
Prealpes, 144.
Laramide range, sedimentation of,
98.
compression of, 100.
Lavas, temperature of melted,
174.
Lead, genetic connexion with
uranium, 228.
use of, in determining age of
minerals, 228, 229.
Lees, change of conductivity with
temperature, 74.
change of conductivity attend-
ing change of state, 75.
Lewisian rocks, radinm in, 43.
Limestone, radioactivity of, 60.
Linder and Picton, precipitation
of metallic ions, 124.
Lithosphere, soluble constituents
of, 243.
Love, secular movements of earth's
surface, 138.
Lugeon, origin of the Prealpes,
145.
Magee, deposition of Mississippi
sediments, 235.
Maldive Archipelago, extent of,
119.
Makower, effects of temperature
on radioactivity, 33.
Manganese Nodules, radioactivity
of, 50.
McClelland, penetration of 7 and
rays, 205.
McCoy, relation between radium
and uranium, 4.
Mesozoic sediments of St. Gothard,
radioactivity of , 61.
Meteorites, radium in, 166.
Mica, colour of, and radioactivity,
69.
Mississippi, deposition of sedi-
ments, 235.
M'Lennan, penetrating radiation
from the earth, 205.
INDEX.
283
Mont Cenis, temperature gradient
in, 82.
Montessus de Ballore, F. de, Earth-
quakes and the geosynclines,
113,114.
Mountain - building phenomena,
95, 96.
source of the energy, 99.
rhythmic character of, 99,
112.
stresses confined to upper
crust, 100.
depression attending upheaval,
101.
influence of radium in, 103 et
seq.
association of, with the
geosynclines, 112, 113.
Mountains formed on continental
borders, 111.
Mountains and sedimentation, 96.
Moureu, helium in springs, 218.
Mud from R. Amazon, radio-
activity of, 60.
Miigge, 0., origin of pleochroie
haloes, 67.
Murray, Sir J., discovery of
cosmic particles, 52.
Theory of coral islands, 120.
total river discharge, 237.
Murray and Peake, rate of deposi-
tion of ooze, 135.
Murray andRenard, sedimentation
around coral islands, 121.
Nile, radioactivity of water of, 54.
Korth American sedimentation, 96,
97.
Ocean, quantity of radium in, 48.
ionization over the, 58, 203.
Ocean floor, vertical movements
of, 137.
Oceans, permanency of, 126 et seq.
Secular transgressions of, 136,
138.
Oceanic' sediments, radioactivity
of, 49.
extension of, 51.
radioactivity and content of
calcium carbonate, 52.
Oceanic sediments, calculation of
quantity of, 56, 57, 58.
total quantity of radium in,
59.
Parent igneons rock, mass of, 57.
Patera, analysis of pitchblende,
259.
Penetrating radiation and ioniza-
tion of atmosphere, 205 et seq.
Perry, interior conductivity of the
earth, 163.
Phosphatic substances, helium in,
219.
changes of, 224 et seq.
Pitchblende, heat given out by.
11.
Pleochroie haloes, properties of,
64 and Plate III.
radioactive origin of, 67.
Poole, heat given out by pitch-
blende, 11.
Poulton on uniformitarianism,
249.
Prealpes, origin of, 144, 145.
Prestwich, gradient in Mont Cenis,
82.
gradients of the St. Gothard,
90.
Pyromorphite, occlusion of radium
in, 223.
Quartz Grit, radioactivity of, 60.
Radioactive elements, families
of, 3.
theory, 4 et seq.
surface layer of the earth, 179
et seq.
Radioactivity not affected by con-
centration, 30.
in rocks independent of con-
centration, 31, 32.
independent of conditions of
pressure and temperature, 32, 34.
convention regarding the use
of the term, 42.
of Cambridge tap-water, 35.
of deep-seated rocks, 62.
of the atmosphere, cause of,
62, 63, 197.
284
INDEX.
Radiolarian Ooze, radioactivity of,
50.
Radium, A and B^and C, genera-
tion of, in electroscope, 22.
discovery of, 1.
half period of, 3.
genetic connexion with ura-
nium, 3, 31, 32.
amount of, in one gram of
uranium, 6.
heat given out by, 10, 11.
theory of measurement of,
13.
accuracy of measurements
of, 20.
measurement of, 25, 29, 252
et seq.
in rocks, measurements by
Hon. R. J. Strutt, 37, 38.
in rocks, measurements by
Eve, 39.
in rocks, conditions of accu-
rate measurements, 41.
in igneous rocks, 42 et seq.
in sedimentary rocks, 45, 59
suggested extra - terrestrial
origin of, 52, 53.
and solar heat, 36.
quantity supplying earth-
heat, 161.
occlusion of, in pyromorphite,
223.
emanation in spring - water
and in air, 62, 63.
Ramsay, Sir W., helium in the
atmosphere, 63, 210.
stability of radium emanation,
23.
Ramsay and T ravers, helium in
fergusonite, 215.
Rayleigh, helium in Bath springs,
218.
Rays from radioactive matter,
nature of, 13.
Reade, Mellard, estimate of sedi-
ments, 129.
Recumbent, folds, theory of, 150
et seq.
Red Clay, radioactivity of, 50.
uranium in, 55.
Rio de la Plata, radioactivity of
water of, 54.
River- water, radioactivity of, 54.
Rocks, classification of, according
to radioactivity* 40.
preparation of, for determina-
tion of radium, 261 et seq.
Russell, sediment in rivers, 234.
Rutherford, diagram of radioactive
elements, Plate II., 3.
hydrostatic analogy of radio-
active change, 6 et seq.
relation between actinium
and uranium, 9.
heat-constant of radium, 11.
stability of radium emanation,
23.
radioactivity unaffected by
dilution, 30.
radium and heat of the earth,
36.
calculation of age of fergu-
sonite, 215, 216.
Rutherford and Allen, weather
and the radioactivity of the
atmosphere, 197.
Rutherford and Barnes, heat of
radium, 10.
Rutherford and Cooke, penetrat-
ing radiation, 205.
Rutherford and Geiger, period of
radium, 3.
ionization by a rays, 15.
number of a rays from
radium, 18.
value of ionic charge, 192.
nature of the a particle,
213, 214.
Rutherford and McClung, heat of
ionization, 2.
Rutherford and Petavel, effects of
temperature and* pressure on
radioactivity, 33.
Rutherford and Soddy, radium
and solar heat, 36.
Sand of Arabian Desert, radio-
activity of, 61.
Sandstone, radioactivity of, 59, 60.
Satterly, active substances in the
air, 199, 201.
INDEX.
285
Saturation current, nature of, 17.
potential, nature of, 17.
Schardt, classification of Simplon
rocks, 86.
alpine structure, 148.
Schmidt, H. W., effects of tem-
perature on radioactivity, 33.
Schmidt, C., former reek-covering
of the Alps, 110, 142.
structure of the Alps, 146 and
Plate V.
Schuster, effects of pressure on
radioactivity, 33.
ionization of air at Man-
chester, 193.
Sea-water, examination of, for
radium, 46.
radioactivity of, 46, 47.
volume of emanation in, 47.
variation of radioactivity of,
47.
Sediment in rivers, 234.
Sedimentary rocks, origin of
radium in, 45.
mean radioactivity of, 61.
Sedimentation, depths of, 97, 99.
and convection of energy, 111.
laws of, 122 et seq.
Sediments, oceanic, estimate of,
56, 57, 58.
of the St. Gothard, radio-
activity of, 61.
of the Simplon, radioactivity
of, 61.
estimates of total, 128.
rate of accumulation of, 131,
135.
Spencer, oceanic beds of Barbados,
133.
Shales, radioactivity of, 59, 60.
Simplon, sporadic distribution of
uranium in rocks of, 44.
radium in igneous rocks of, 44.
tunnel, distribution of tem-
perature in, 81.
explanations suggested for
gradients, 83.
thermal conductivity of rocks,
85.
rocks, radium content of, 86.
temperature developed in, 110.
Simplon and St. Gotbard rocks,
downward extension of, 88.
Simpson, ionization of atmosphere,
203.
Slates, radioactivity of, 59.
Soda, in igneous and sedimentary
rocks, 57.
Sodium in rivers of N. America,
246.
in the ocean, 237.
in rivers, 238 et seq.
Soddy, helium evolved by ura-
nium, 217.
helium generated by thorium,
228.
Soils, radioactive substance in clays
and soil, 35.
Sollas, molten matter beneath the
crust, 71. .-.cu,n
boring of Funafuti, 120.
estimate of Eocene sediments,
133.
rate of accumulation of Chalk,
134.
Tertiary sedimentation, 141.
age of the earth, 157, 233.
depth of geological column,
235.
sodium in N. American rivers,
246.
Stapff, temperature gradients in
the St. Gothard, 86 et seq.
temperature in Simplon tun-
nel, 82.
Stassfurt salt deposits, helium in,
219.
St. Gothard, "radium in igneous
rocks of, 44.
temperature gradients in, 84,
geological structure of, 89 and
Plate I. . fl=&
radioactivity of, 91 and Plate
IV.
downward extension of, 93.
Stockalper, temperature in Sim-
plon tunnel, 83.
Stoney, escape of gaseous mole-
cules from the earth, 210.
Strutt, relation between radium
and uranium, 4.
286
INDEX.
Strutt, measurements o radium in
rocks, 37, 38.
radium in native iron and in
meteorites, 166.
helium in common minerals,
218.
helium and geological time,
219 et seq,
age of geological strata, 220,
229.
helium derived from thorium,
64, 227.
Studer, structure of the Alps, 146.
Suess, movements of earthquake
epicentres, 114.
alpine structure, 148.
Sun, uranium in the, 167.
Syenite, radium in, 43.
Iemperature gradient at earth's
surface, 71, 73.
due to radioactivity in rocks,
76 et seq.
Terrigenous Mud, radioactivity of,
Termier, section of the Pelvoux
Massif, 147.
Tertiary sedimentation, 141.
earth movements and vulcani-
city, 141, 142.
Tethys, the, andcrustal instability,
114.
Thermal conductivity and gradient,
72.
of rocks, 74.
change of, with temperature,
74.
and'change of state, 75.
Thomson, Sir J. J., radioactivity of
Cambridge water, 35.
electric conductivity of gases,
189.
dust and the recombination of
ions, 193.
Thorium emanationin underground
water and in the atmosphere, 63.
active deposit in the atmo-
sphere, 208.
Townsend, charge on ions, 14.
coefficient of recombination of
ions, 192.
Trias- Jura sediments of the Sim-
plon, radioactivity of, 61.
Uranium and radium, constant
proportions in ores, &c., 3, 31,
32.
Uranium in the ocean and its sedi-
ments, 54.
rejected by lime -secreting or-
ganisms, 51.
in deep-sea deposits, 55.
in Red Clay, 55.
precipitation of, in oceanic
sediments, 125.
and transgressions of the ocean,
136, 138.
quantity supplying earth-heat,
in the earth's interior, 164
et seq.
in the sun, 167.
cooling of a celestial body,
170.
effect of decay of, on earth -
heat, 176 et seq.
at earth's surface, 183 et seq.
Underground temperature gradi-
ents, 71.
and radioactivity, 76 et seq.
Uniformitarianism in geology, 248,
249.
Van Hise, bulk of the calcareous
rocks, 57.
estimate of sediments, 128.
Volcanic rocks, radium in, 43.
temperatures and radium, 79.
Volcanoes and the geosynclines,
113.
Wahsatch Mountains, 97.
Weathering and loss of radioacti-
vity, 61.
Weber, R., change of conductivity
with temperature, 74.
Weinschenk, thermal metamor-
phism, 111, 143.
Werner, E., uranium in rocks, 32.
uranium in Red Clay, 55.
INDEX.
287
Whetham, ions and coagulation of
coloids, 124.
Wilson, W. E., radium and solar
heat, 36.
Wilson, C. T. R., precipitation of
water-vapour by ions, 194, 195.
Wilson, W., thorium in the atmo-
sphere, 209.
Wright, C. S., ionization by pene-
trating radiation, 207.
Zircons of Rhenish basalt, 69.
Zirkel, observations on zircons in
basalt, 69.
Zollinger, thermal conductivity of
Simplon rocks, 85.
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