signs of shame, as the husbandmen did in v. ". And the fig tree
languishes, the pomegranate as well as the palm and the apple tree
are dried up. Frohably all the trees of the Jield is a.n addition. But
whether it is or not we need not be surprised by the omission of
the olive tree, for the passage is not prose but poetry. If it were
not for i^^"^° we should regard the drying up of the trees as due to
the locust plague, and this would be quite possible, but there we
are told of a long drought from which the land was suffering at the
same time. Yea, Joel concludes his description by the beautiful
line, joy is ashamed (and has gone) away from the children of men.
Joy is personified, she hides herself in shame not daring to let her
face be seen. The harvest joy has vanished. The land is full of
sorrow. How can gladness dwell with men who are so full of grief ?
8. i'?N only here in OT., n'^x usual in Aram. One ms. reads '':'3n,
Houb. ''?'?''n. (& 6p-fivi)(Tov irpbs ni = n^ "''^N , "32 is prob. due to dittog. of
the foil. '20. Note also vn^p vij;j.^7jv = n'^inaa (?). As subj. of iSn ®
supplies '^NTj'i, de W., Marti >>-;!>•, Hi. ^cy_ n?, Siev. substitutes SxntJ''' for
>Sn. Du. reads pi. for sg., but it is not the topers that appear to be ad-
dressed. Ehr. connects '''?n with preceding its branches have become gray
for me like a virgin, etc. More likely '•Sn was orig. Sax ace. cog. to I'^ax,
with a sorrow like that of a virgin who is girded with sackcloth for the
husband of her youth sorrow the priests. It was changed to >Sn after
V. "> had been accidentally disp'aced, it should follow directly v. *. •'2
should be inserted before mjn, cf the variant reading in v. '^b. The
punctuation 'Ss is somewhat unusual, but cf. f 147' Nu. 21" ijj;_, Ges.
\ 63 1^ — pa* mun, cstr. expressing girded with sackcloth as onan u^ia^ (Ez.
9'0. — 9. mm \-na'D (I nata ^miyo, cf. v. ". nT^" is often used of the sa-
cred services of the priests from the time of Deuteronomy on. Since the
context refers to cultic actions na;'; may seem the more proper reading,
so Me., Now., Marti, et al. But see i>»»^ and 2". — V. "^ is om. by (S'".
— -iSas, <& irevdeire imv., Siev. -iVax. M is preferable. The topers
had to be aroused to a realisation of the calamity, the priests and hus-
bandmen (v. >') know it and are in distress over it. The comparison
with the sorrow of the virgin shows that a description is intended. — &
adds a^aSa kings, feeling that they should not be omitted. — nni piaa,
Du. adds irHSx mtr. cs. — v. '» and v. "> are to be transposed, for v. ^^
belongs directly after v. '.
10. (B begins with •'3. — ma» tic , naix nSax , v^•^\>^\ e^am, word-plays.
— n'^ax, (§ Trevdeliru imv. — ni".r indefinite, in contrast to city, fields. —
ncix cultivated ground. â €” Du. inserts before jJi nT^*, "fort ist das Gn'in,"
mtr. cs. — c-'ain is used in ch. i (a) of new wine v. '", of vines v. '2, of corn
V. "; (b) of husbandmen v. •'; (c) of the joy of men v. i'. It is evident
84 JOEL
that in (b) it must be from B'n and this is the more natural and appropri-
ate meaning also of (c). One might be inclined to connect (a) rather
with z'2\ Hiph. to exhibit dryness, be dried up, as in Zc. lo", so the Vrss.,
Ew., Ges., Or., and one might then think of an interesting play on words.
But Joel uses z'2-' Qal to express to be dried, vv. 12. 20^ go that it is better
to take all forms from B'u. They are either metaplastic forms or from
a secondary form of a-n, sc. z'2\ cf. y^p and yp-'; aia and 3a>; "^m and ^n^;
cf. BDB., s. V. Z'2^. Used of men it means to be ashamed, confused, disap-
pointed; of things to fail, miscarry (to suffer shame = to be brought to
naught). — 11. \if•'2^r\ and i'7^'?in either imv., ®, Jewish interpreters, show
shame I show your disappointment 1 lament ! or pf ., & H they are disap-
pointed and show their disappointment by outward signs, they lament.
The latter is preferable, as in v. » iSaij. The absence of the art. also
favours it, though cf. v. ^ (& i^ripdv0r]ffav pf., dp-riveiTe imv. One cod.
(Kenn.) has ic'o for wain. — 0^013, Gr., Now. oiix'p harvesters, not
Now.'^. — lisp is here the barley and wheat harvest not the vintage ($,
but cf. 4'3. — a'i3N, 05 KTiq/xara, 0" Taarg.^ so also Ho. 2" Pr. 31'*, 2
KT-fiTopes. — 12. aj = 1. Marti om. nits'n ^sp Vj as an insertion from i".
The metre may also be urged as an argument against its originality.
(6 adds KOI. Siev. om. mtjni -ion OJ |im. We. says " the pomegranate,
the palm and the apple would not have been enumerated in an older age."
This may be true but po-i occurs as early as i S. 14^; iDn, Ex. 152? (J);
onnnn n^y, Ju. I'^CJ), Dt. 34' (JE)., as a proper name 2 S. 13, etc. Since
palm trees suffer especially from locusts, cf. on v. ', even an earlier writer
would probably have included them in his Ust. nion occurs only in late
books, Pr. 25" Ct. 2'- ^ 79 gs, but its non-occurrence in earlier literature
may be accidental, cf. Holzinger. — >? asseverative, yea. — 'lyiain o (g
tfrt iQffxvvav x^pav ol viol avdpuwuv, due to the omission of JD by haplo.
CALL FOR A PENITENTIAL ASSEMBLY (i^^*- ").
"• Gird yourselves (with sackcloth) and beat the breast, O priests!
wail, ye ministers of the altarl
Come, keep on your sackcloth day and night,
ye ministers of God!
[For withheld from ike house of your God
are the meal-offering and (he libalion.]
»♦• Sanctify a fast!
call a solemn assembly!
Gather all inhabitants of the land
into the house of your God,
And cry unto Yahweh!
Two strs., (i) v. 13 a hexameter + a pentameter, v. 'S' is a doublet of v. '«, (2)
a tetrameter + a hexameter, consisting of three dimeters (staccato movement).
Cf. V. '»,
jl3-lS g^
13-14. Joel proceeds to suggest the remedy. He summons
the priests not only to mourn and do penance themselves but to
proclaim a universal fast, to call all people together to the temple,
in order that they may there cry all together to Yahweh. By such
earnest national himiiliation and penitence Yahweh may be moved
to help them. — 13. Gird yourselves (with sackcloth, cf. v. *• ^^ Is.
32") and beat your breasts, O ye priests 1 Wail, ye ministers of the
altar! Come (into the temple, cf. 2 S. 12^^), keep on your sackcloth
day and night, ye ministers of God! This accentuates the serious-
ness of the mourning and penitence. Only in time of dire dis-
tress and hard penance the sackcloth was kept on day and night,
cf. 2 S. 12^^ I K. 21". The tokens of mourning are not to be
removed imtil the suffering is over. The foil, clause, for the meal-
offering and the libation are withheld from the house of your God,
appears to be a doublet of v. ^^ and not original here. In v. ^ it is
in place, but not here, because Joel has moved on to suggest the
remedy. He wants the priests to prepare for a day of public fast-
ing and prayer. — 14. Sanctify a fast, make the necessary prepara-
tions. The fast with its abstention from food and ordinary enjoy-
ments was a religious function. Its self-inflicted suffering was
intended to propitiate the deit>', who seeing the earnestness of the
suppliant was supposed to accede more readily to his requests.
The underlying idea of fasting and mourning and of putting on of
sackcloth is expressed very clearly by Da\dd, 2 S. 12", and by Jon.
3^-^ cf. also Jo. 2^^". Call a solemn assembly, cf. Am. 5^ Is. i^,
gather all the inhabitants of the country, cf 2^^, into the house of your
God and cry to Yahweh! The calling together of all adds to the
power and effectiveness of the appeal, for when all unite in peni-
tent, sorrowful supplication God will more readily answer. The
old men or elders (official title) have probably been inserted here
from 2^**. Why they should here be singled out is not clear; it is
different in i^ and 2^^. Some Vrss. bring out the intensit)^ of their
prayer by adding incessantly or with might.
13. njn sc. pr, one cod. of de R., one cod. of Kenn. and & insert pir,
— 1SD is used esp. of solemn lamentations, Je. 4' Zc. 8' 12", for the dead,
Gn. 23' I K. 14" Je. 22" Zc. 12"', cf. van H. — iS^S^n Siev. om. — in3
(S '^' om. Ace. to van H. 'wz appears to refer to a ritual usage which
86 JOEL
was to be observed in the temple. Ehr. translates in3 go home 1 — D^nl'?
with art. = in your sackclothes. — ^ri^x (g E correctly D'hSn, the error in
UJ arose from an abbreviation. Siev. reads J''n'?N â– = u^jSn. There
is no reason for a distinction between my Cod and your Cod. V. "•> is a
variant of v. '» and not orig. here. So also Du. — 14. cip is a denom-
inative verb, to consecrate with religious rites, a fast, i" 2'5, an assembly,
2i6 {cf. 2 K. lo^o), war, 4' {cf. Je. 6^ Mi. 3'). Sometimes Nnp is eqtuva-
lent to B'"i|"), e. g., Jo. i'< mxy iNip = mxj; wip, 2 K. lo^". o^jpr om.
with We., Marti, Du., else read 'i38''> S31. We. reads iodnh gather your-
selves/ M is preferable. oa^nSs' nin^ n^j (S om. nin>, metre also
favours this. At the end (S adds Sktcvus B vehementer, in order to bring
out the full force of ipyn. Jon. 38 ."ii^ma is thus translated by <S.
INSERTION CONCERNING THE DAY OF
YAHWEH (i'').
"• " Alas for the day 1 —
For at hand is the day of Yahweh,
and as destruction from the All-destroyer it comes/"
A dimeter + a hexameter.
15 does not belong to the original text of Joel but is the first
interpolation of the day of Yahweh; see p. 50. The interpolator
connects the locust plague with the day of Yahweh and explains
it as its forerunner. To him it is not the present calamity which
is to be feared, however great it may be, but the more awful day
whose harbingers the locusts seem to be. He does not think that
the day has already arrived but that it is imminent, and to him
it is the dread of this impending catastrophe that necessitates the
appeal to Yahweh, not the locust plague. This is entirely different
from Joel's own view of the situation. The idea of the day is in
line with that proclaimed by Amos (5*^"^°) as a day of punishment.
Only that with the pre-exilic prophets the presentiment of its ap-
proach was awakened as a rule by some great political movement,
while here the locust plague is interpreted as heralding its coming.
Alas for the day! For the day of Yahweh is near, and as destruc-
tion from the Almighty, lit. an overpowering from the Overpowerer
(Dr.) it comes! This cry of alarm is quoted from Is. 13^ Ez. 30^- ^;
cf. also Zp. i^" " Ob. ^^. The phrase as an overpowering from the
J 15-17 87
Overpowerer appears to be a proverbial phrase and reminds one of
like the overthrow caused by God, Am. 4". The force of as is rightly
interpreted by Dr., "the coming visitation will be what a devas-
tation proceeding from the Almighty might be expected to be, it
will realise what the term implies, it will be a veritable 'overpower-
ing from the Overpowerer,' " unless we should have to read both
here and in Is. if for, because instead of as, which would involve
a very slight change in Heb.
15. & connects v. '^ with v. '< by and say, w. '" «• contain thus ace. to
& the prayer. With v. '^a cp. Ez. 30«- ' 2^-\p^ ar an,-. ^3 dvS rin i^'S'n
nini*? or, with v. 's'' cp. Is. 13 « nu; ^T>5'd it:'? i^i^"' ar anp o iS''S>n,
<g translates nn.s by threefold otfioi perhaps due to double reading of
preceding nin'> sc. T)r\ , xn , in (Rahmer). "'I'^i'o i!i'3 with forcible as-
sonance. Though •>-f~' and ir are here derived from the same root, this
is not decisive for the true etymology of inc. See Bi., Additional Note
on Chap. 7, 15 {Shaddai), p. 81, also his excursus I in his com. on Genesis,
pp. 404-6. Probably ••ii:' is an ancient Semitic divine name (Marti).
Baethgen, Beitrdge zur semitischen Religions geschichte, pp. ig2ff., 291 jf.,
connects it with the root tib*; No., ZDMG., 1886, pp. 735/., and Hoff-
mann, Phonizische Inschriften, p. 53, connect it with ir demon; Zim.,
KA r,' p. 358, with Sadil, a divine title of the Babylonians. (S translates
ws raXaiirupla ^k ToKanrosplas = Tj-'p Tj'r, due to haplo. of â– > in n'J'D
Ni3\ In Is. 13' Kal ffvvTpi^Tj Trapa rov 6eov (= >ii;').
PRAYER VOICING THE NEED OF ALL CREATURES IN
VIEW OF THE FAMINE AND DROUGHT (i^« - ").
!'• Is not (our) food cut off
before our very eyes?
From the house of our God
gladness and joy?
«'• Waste lie the store-houses,
ruined the barns!
Since the corn has failed,
'8- what shall we put in them?
Aimlessly the herds of cattle wander about,
because they have no pasture,
And even the flocks of sheep stand aghast,
"• unto thee, O Yahweh, they cry.
88 JOEL
For fire has devoured
the pastures of the steppe,
And the flame has scorched
all the trees of the field.
Even the wild beasts
cry aloud to Thee,
For the water-courses are dried up
[And fire has devoured
the pastures of the steppe.]
Five strs., strs. i, 2, 4 consist of two tetrameters each, str. 3 of two hexameters,
str. 5 of a tetrameter + a trimeter.
16-20. These verses may be taken either as a renewed descrip-
tion of the distress of man and beast or as the substance of the
prayer which the people are to present to Yahweh. The direct
address in vv. *'• ^^ appears to decide for the latter interpretation.
It is true that vv. ^^"^^ do not sound like a prayer. Notice the
difference in 2^^! But there is something moving in the simple
recital of the desperate situation of the people and deeply appealing
in the awful distress of the animals which cry to Yahweh for relief
in their anguish. Even so it is not a complete prayer. Perhaps
the interpolated v. *^ has taken the place of an original, brief pas-
sionate appeal. — 16. A fresh description of the calamity begins
here in any case. 7^ not food cut off before our very eyes ? We must
look on without being able to prevent it. Cp. for the force of the
phrase before our eyes, Is. i' Dt. 28^^ Ps. 23^. It stands here in an
emphatic position, laying stress on the helplessness of the onlookers.
The food Joel has in mind esp. is that destined for the altar which
was eaten in conformity to the ritual, at the great harvest festivals
when gratitude and joy filled every heart. But now there are no
harvest feasts, not even the daily sacrifices; cut off /row the house of
our God are joy and gladness. The element of joy was not missing
in the temple worship in postexilic times, as some have thought.
Cp., e. g., the jubilant psalms of praise of the postexilic community.
— 17. There being no harvests the store-houses are dilapidated, the
barns are broken doivn. We do not know any particulars about the
store-houses and barns of the ancient Jews, but evidently they were
not solidly built and had to be repaired every year. This year there
J 18-20 g^
was no use for them. Since the corn has failed (lit. shows shame)
what shall we put in them? The first half of v. ", translated by
AV., The seed (marg.: grains) is rotten under their clods, by RV.,
The seeds rot (marg. : shrivel) under their clods, is in all probability
nothing more than a corrupt variant of the following sentence.
The first clause of v. ** belongs with v. ", for the reading, how the
beasts groan! is due to a wrong vocalisation of the text, d* has
preserved the right text, what shall we put in them?
18-20. The distress of the cattle, of the sheep and of the wild
animals is vividly described. — 18. Aimlessly the herds of cattle
wander about, perplexed where to find food, because they have no
pasture. And even the flocks of sheep, which prefer the dry pastures
of the steppe and which do not suffer as quickly as the cattle which
need rich, moist pastures, even they stand aghast, perishing with
hunger. — 19. Unto Thee, O Yahweh, they cry, appealing for help.
Underlying is the idea that Yahweh cannot resist this universal cry
that goes up to Him from man and beast. It is not the prophet who
cries to Yahweh (M) either because moved thereto by the distress
of the animals or in the name of the community, but the animals
themselves, as v. ^^ clearly shows, cf. also Jon. 3^' ^. They cry be-
cause the fire has devoured the pastures of the steppe, and the flame
has burnt all the trees of the field. The fire and flame are most
probably the scorching heat of the sun, cf. Am. 7^, and signify an
accompanying drought. We might regard them as figuratively
describing the devastation caused by the locusts, cf. 2^, if it were
not for V. ^'^^f where the drying up of the rivers shows that the de-
struction of all vegetation is not merely due to the visitation of the
locusts but also to a severe drought. It has often been noticed that
locusts are worst in very hot summers.* The word translated by
AV., RV., wilderness, means really the steppe where the cattle and
sheep are driven to pasture. — 20. Even the wild animals cry aloud
to Thee, for the channels of water are dried up, and they do not know
how to quench their thirst. If the last clause is not simply a doub-
* "Skcale gatuknl hcusttE," says Tertullian, De anima, ch. 32 ; "sicca vere major proventus"
observes Pliny, Hist. Nat., XI, 29. " This year was remembered for the locust swarms and great
summer heat" Doughty, .Arabia Deserta, p. 335. GASm. thinks that the clause the flame has
burnt all the trees cj the Held is best explained by forest fires, which are so often a consequence of
an absolute drought.
9© JOEL
let of V. ^^^"^j which is most likely, it is a kind of refrain, dolefully
reiterating, and the fire lias devoured the pastures of the steppe.
16. In M-<:-<y and umSk (& has sf. 2d pers. pi. Ace. to this v. '«
would be an appeal to the priests, not part of a prayer. — 17. The second
half is clear, only read nnjD for nnjDC, the D is due to dittog., cf. Hg.
2", Aq. eK 6Ti<Tavpcap, as if 'sp. It is parall. to nnxN, and thus = store-
houses, granaries. The first half is very difficult. Of the four words three
are d7r. To get at their meaning scholars have gone back to their roots
and compared them with the cognate languages. V2]i has been compared
with Ar. 'abisa, to contract (esp. the face), to frown, and the meaning
shrivel has thus been derived for our passage, so among others RVm.,
Buhl, BDB. Others have explained it from NH., Aram, coj;, to rot, "B,
AE., Ki., AV., RV. But this is suitable only if animals are referred to,
since rotting of vegetable matter is not an effect of severe and continued
heat. 13 takes it of beasts of burden that rot in their dung, compulru-
erunt jumenta in stercore suo. But this involves translations for nma
and nsiJC which are not certain. nniD is usually derived from y^ tid,
to divide, separate, and compared with Syr. ferda' , ferada' , kernel, berry,
and the Jew. Aram. Nyis pebble, berry, and then translated grains of
seed. Buhl, BDB., seeds, AV., RV. If this is correct, the transl. of AV.,
RV. the seeds rot is impossible, shrivel would be suitable. "B pointed
nnns jumenta (v. i.). oiTiflnjD comes from -j/ niJ to sweep away, so
also NH., Ar., Aram., and is translated either clods, AE., Ki., AV., RV.
or shovels, BDB., et al. The transl. clods would make sense but it is
etymologically indefensible, since both the root and the noun in Heb.,
NH., Aram., Ar, mean to sweep away, and the instrument with which
this is done, shovel, hoe or broom, besom, cf. NH. ns-^jD, Aram, ma-
grafta', Ar. migrafatun. " The Ar. gurf does not mean gleba terra (Ke.),
but (Lane, Arab. Lex., p. 411), the water-worn bank of a stream. Clod
(Heb. 2jn, Jb. XXI, ^^, XXXVIII, 38) would not be a probable gen-
eralisation even of a word signifying properly, masses of earth swept
away by a stream" (Dr.) or of a word denoting the overhanging edge
of the border of a stream or hollow road. The transl. shovels {hoes),
though etymologically correct, makes no sense: the grains of seed shrivel
under their shovels! Stei. emends, therefore, Dn\-iDijD by Di?'?n their
clods, cf. Jb. 2i3' 38'', and translates the seeds shrivel under their clods.
If the text is to be emended at all this is the best emendation, but v. i.
None of the Vrss. knew the meaning of this line. On the basis of (6bnaq
iffKlprticxav SayndXeiy iirl rah (pdrvais avrQv, Merx emended nns WS
Di5''ninK (?) nnn. But it is difficult to account for nnn and for the change
of Dn-'Ho-iJO to on\inM. Besides irs is hardly the word Me. wants, for
it does not express the distress of the animals before the (empty ?) man-
gers. Elsewhere the vb. is used of gambolling or proud prancing.
Moreover, the animals are not dealt with till v. 'S their mention here is
premature. This tells also against B. Marti tries to meet these ob-
jections by reading Dn\ni-;« Si' (nn^D) O'l^D ir>2in the mules stand dis-
appointed by their mangers] and by transposing this to the beginning of
V. »». But the diflBculty of j3 rnn remains. It is easier to believe that
<& translated rnn freely by ivl than to explain how S>- was changed to
nnn. Now.k reconstructs the text of (S snv'^pn nni? nna i(L")D3^^ and
adopts this wrth the single change of nnn? or on-^Q for rno. But
while graphically easier, this text is also improbable. Van H. reads
pniD for nn-iD and translates, les 'pessoirs' se sont encrasses sous leur
immondices. But is it true that the wine-presses rot or become mouldy—
this is the meaning of cd; which van H. compares, not simply become
soiled!— dnring a season of protracted drought ?— From this survey it is
clear that the text of v. i^" is corrupt, and meaningless as it stands. But
the matter is not hopeless because an old scribe or editor had noticed it
also and had put directly after it the correct text, perhaps from a better
ms. The old text, which in places had become illegible and which had
therefore been so badly copied, he left also, just as the scribe in Ho.
9" wrote down a text which he could not quite make out, as he himself
tells us \"^N-\ nrN3 as I see, so the scribe in Jo. i>' wrote dovm the text
as he could make it out, without, however, adding \-^>n-i nrx^. And
just as in Ho. 9'' another scribe wrote directly after the corrupt line,
mja nSira' -\\h onss the correct text vja j->n Sn N^smS d^-i2S, so here
also an\-iDnjD nnn rn-\D K'3> is followed by the correct reading rnxN ica*:
nnjD iD-inj. Cf. Bewer, JBL., 1911, p. 61/. V. ''» must therefore not
be corrected but omitted, v. i^^ contains the correction.— ni.i-: <S Xiyi-oi
(Aq., S, e, e-naavpoC) Me. regards this as original = n^n^ but rnja
is preferable.
18. M nma 7yn:i<i n^ how the beasts groan! With different vocal-
isation (S reads tI diroO-fiffonev eavroTt = npna nn^:j nr what shall we
put in them? i. e., in the store-houses, since the corn has failed. This
gives a very satisfactory conclusion to v. " and is most likely the correct
reading, so Me., We., et al. « was sometimes written, sometimes not,
here it was wrongly written by a scribe who thought it was nnjNi.. But
this never occurs elsewhere with animals, and though it cannot be re-
garded as an impossible reading, (S is more probable, ''z = since. — ^23i
Ni. from 10, cf. Ex. 14' where Israel wanders aimlessly about, here it is
the cattle that do not know where to find pasture. (^ e/cXai/croj' = -133.
Me. adopts this, but the weeping of animals is grotesque, and occurs no-
where in OT. The translator of the Dodekapropheton did not recog-
nise 113 in Mi. 7< cither, 0.7513c K\aveiJLol aiiTuiv. Ex. 14' Is. 22' Est.
3" are correctly translated by <g. Siev. om. eiS n;">3 |<n ^3 as a prosaic
gloss. — iccNj Ni. only here, vb. never elsewhere used of animals. If
orig. it would mean suffer punishment (as a consequence of guilt), Ger-
92 JOEL
man: biissen miissen. But 05 â– fj<t>avl<T6T)<Tav, S B disperierunt read icra
ere 7Ma</€ desolate or 5towc? aghast {cf. Ho. 5'* iK ica'N-i, CS lorj, also Ho.
10* 14'; cf. also nnjNj and nnn above). Though DDK' is elsewhere not
used of animals, this is evidently the correc: reading. So also Me., We.,
Marti, et al. In La. 4* it is used of men who have nothing to eat, here
of animals. Its meaning is therefore virtually = they are famished or
perish with hunger and thirst, cf. also Ez. 4'^. Siev. adds ndx?. — 19.
NipN is not correct, for it is not the prophet but the animals that cry to
Yahweh, as the parall. in v. 20 shows, cf. also Jon. 3'- «. Arm. ms.
(HP.) ^o-^ffovrai, Siev. in"<P, certainly correct. Du. nip. V. "^^ =
V. sob^^ p^ti; pi. cstr. of nij as usual, mj Zp. 2«; B wTongly speciosa
as if from niNj, ij-io without art. also 2'^, with art. i^". — 20. nicna
though the pi. is not impossible, Ges. ^"^t^ jj- jg better to read the