Days, 113 #., N'ergil, Eclog. IV, 21 fj., Georg. I, 125. Ovid, Metam. I. iii /., Flumina iamlactis,
iam flumina ncclaris ibaiU, Flavaque dc i-iridi stillabant ilicc nulla.
142 JOEL
age, when Yahweh will really dwell in Zion. Then it will be im-
possible for the country toward the S. and E. of Jerusalem to be
dry and barren, and the Holy City itself without abundance of
water. It was an ancient belief that wonderful fertility marked
the dwelling-place of a deity. Our author took the special form
of this thought from Ezekiel. But he appears to have modified it
in one particular, if, as seems probable, the Wady of Shittim is cor-
rectly identified with the Wady es Sant. Then the river will not
flow toward the E. into the Dead Sea, as in Ezekiel, but toward the
W. into the Mediterranean through the Wady es Sant which is the
direct route from Jerusalem to Gath and Ashkelon. This identi-
fication, first suggested by We., is made probable not only by the
identity of the names but also by the fact that in Zc. 14^ the stream
flows both toward the E. and the W., into the Dead Sea and the
Mediterranean respectively. Zc. 14 who follows here tradition
may have combined the conception of Ezekiel with that of Jo. 4.
We had reason to believe that Zc. 14 showed the influence of Jo. 4
in the location of the final judgment. — The Wady of Shittim has
often been connected with the Meadow of Shittim, Nu. 33" (also
called simply SJiitlivi, Jos. 2^ 3' Mi. 6''), which is situated in Moab
beyond the Jordan and forms a part of the Ghdr or Jordan valley.
But not only the designation Wady is opposed to this but also
the consideration that the stream would hardly be thought of as
crossing the Jordan. In view of these diflaculties the identifica-
tion with the Wady of the Kidron, through which Ezekiel's river
flowed, seemed to commend itself. But what could be the reason
for this name which is nowhere else given to the Wady of the Kid-
ron ? It has been thought that the name signified an arid Wady be-
cause acacias, as Jerome had already noted, grow in dry soil. But
while this is doubtless true, the name Meadow of A cacias argues
against it as the usual connotation. E. H. Palmer, Sinai, p. 39,
observed that the seydl, one of the many kinds of acacias, is "less
dependent on moisture than the palm, though certainly its finest
specimens are found near springs." — 19. In sharp contrast to
Judah's wonderful fertility Egypt and Edom will be waste. The
dark fate of these countries can only be mentioned as a foil to
heighten the glory of Judah's fate. Egypt and Edom must have
4'«' '' (en-gl. 3^"- ^0 143
been included among the nations in the valley of Jehoshaphat. But
almost any postexilic Jew would find added joy in the contempla-
tion of Edom's ruin. Egypt may have been specially mentioned
because the desolation of the usually so well watered and irrigated
country brought out the full wonder of Judah's fertility. But it is
also possible that the clause concerning Egypt is not original.
The grammatical inelegance of v. ^^"â– j which must be remedied in
any case, would favour this. We might think of a reader who
added the clause, say after Ptolemy Lagi had invaded Palestine in
320 B.C. — A special reason for Edom's fate is given. That it does
not refer to the Egyptians also is indicated by the phrase on account
of the violence done to the Judeans which reminds one strongly of
Obadiah (v. ^") from whom the editor quoted also in v. ". And
just as he commented there on the Obadian phrase, so also here
by adding because they shed innocent blood in their land. This re-
fers to 586 B.C., cf. Ob. " Ez. 35\ Their land is, of course, the land
of the Judeans, others think it is Egj-pt and Edom and interpret
the clause of massacres of Jews in Egypt and Edom of which we
have no further knowledge. That the killing was not done in battle
is clear from the term they sited innocent blood, which implies
murder. Perhaps by murdering them stood in the orig. text instead
of in their land. With the last clause of v. ^^ the first of v. ^^ is
closely connected. — 21a. And I will avenge their blood (which) I
have not (yet) avenged. This reading, based on (^ ^, is superior to
iH's, And I will hold as innocent (RVm.) their blood which I have
not held as innocent. The writer did not think that the Edomites
had been sufl&ciently punished for their brutal behaviour toward
Judah and he expected therefore their punishment in the near
future. It is evident that a sentence like this has no real place
after vv. ^ *^-. It stood originally directly after v. ^'^^. It is a part
of a direct speech of Yahweh which is introduced suddenly and un-
expectedly in the editor's manner, cf. 2" 4*^ Perhaps w. ^°^- ^^
are still later additions. — 20. But Judah shall be inhabited forever,
lit. dwell, the Heb. idiom for a flourishing city or country, cf. Is.
13^° Je. 17^- ^ Zc. 9'^ 12", And Jerusalem for generations and gen-
erations. — 21b. And Yahweh {shall be) dwelling in Zion, cf. 2"
4*^. Yahweh's abiding presence is the basis and guarantee of
Judah's happiness and permanent security.
144 JOEL
16. Dij?Di (S Kal ivL(Tx'u(Tei = r;?c. Siev. om. v. '^'' as " anerkanni"
not genuine, but it cannot be spared. Bu., ZAW., 1910, pp. 37 jf.,
naaintains that Jo. 4'^ quoted from Am. i^, not vice versa. But note the
quotation from Am. 9" in v. '». — 17. ^62. m om. ]VX3. Cl«'- •^■'*- om.
from pif to ^■>;'"i|"', Siev. om. this and Do^n':'^. — 19. Now.^ om. the second
ninn in the interest of the style. Du. om. ninn 'fS onsD. Marti, Now.'^
om. from t^'n to dxin^. For DXixa read onx-ja (?). — xipj so here and
Jon. I" for ''pi which several codd. read. The Masora notes this orthogra-
phy in both places. — Vv. "• 2" are missing in (&^^- 'ss. — 2I. nS am •'^\>pi^
^nipj, and I will declare, hold as, innocent their blood {which) I have not
declared, held as, innocent, or and I will leave unpunished their blood
{which) I have not left unpunished. This is evidently wrong. ($^^
iK^T)T-fi<T(>), O^'^Q" iKSiKi^crco— ^r\i:pj) for the first ^1^■'J, and I will avenge their
blood, I will not leave it unpunished, cj. &. But the tense of the second
\i''pj does not favour this. For it would be a proph. pf., which is not
used in the context. It is best to read with Eich., We., Marti "npiiiJ also
for the second 'n^ij, 7 will avenge their blood, which I have not (yet)
avenged. The sudden change to the ist pers. would indicate the sec-
ondary character of the clause (Marti, Du.), if it were not the editor's
manner. It belongs after v. ^^*>. — Ew., GASm., Dr. take v. ^ib as an oath,
but this would be most unusual.
INDEXES TO OBADIAH AND JOEL.
I. HEBREW WORDS.
naiN, 76.
PN, 44.
;-S3, 102/.
DTJ, 76.
Snn, 44.
'jicxn, iiS/.
O'ljn, 38.
vhn, 138.
S'Dn, 76.
ni", 41,
P''', 76.
-itra-So, 123.
P3?S.piS, 43.
Sjc, 139.
rtQ-MV, 90.
mio, 120.
•WD, 40.
njjD, 41, 88.
rhov, 102.
Sb'D, 118.
N3J, 122, 126.
~nj, 139.
-lOJ, 42.
''fl:.
102.
N'pJ,
144.
T»i3D
, 45-
Bap,
102.
B-ay,
90.
nVp,
46.
pc?,
128, 130.
D^DJ,
79-
•!"'?,
92.
na-S
D, lOI.
miD
, 90.
pns,
42.
njnx
119.
T'X,
38.
miNfl yap, loi
i^sp,
139-
ixp,
79-
n-n,
139/-
nsn,
38.
••■ir,
87.
BDr,
46.
i-'ps',
103.
ji-ir
79-
-x'^cr, 34 M.
I4S
146
INDEX
II. SUBJECTS AND NAMES.
Alexander the Great, 60.
Alexander Jannjeus, 9.
Ammonites, g, 31.
Antiochus the Great, 45.
Antiochus Epiphanes, 45.
Arabians; see Nabateans.
Aristobulus I, 9.
Artaxerxes Ochus, 45, 60, 61.
Bride, bridegroom, 109.
Cult; see Sacrifices.
Day of Yahweh, interpolations of,
50/., 65, 86/., 93/., 95/., 103/.
Dispersion, 45.
Edom, iff., passim, 142/.
Egypt, 142/.
Ephraim, field of, 31.
Fasting, 85.
Gaza, 60.
Gebal, 39.
Gilead, 31, 45.
Greeks, 54/., 60, 131/.
Halah, 32, 45.
Jehoshaphat, valley of, 128.
Jerusalem, destruction of, in 586
B.C., 10, 26/., 53, 55, 130.
Joel, prophet, 67/.
Joel, book: composition, 49 ff.\
date, 56 _^.; interpretation, 62 ^.;
text, 68; metre, 6Sff.; position in
canon, 57.
John Hyrcanus, 9.
Libation, 81, 106.
Locusts, 74 jf., passim.
MEAL-OFrERING, 8l, Io6.
Mount Esau, Mount Seir, 8, 21/.,
31. 32-
Nabateans, 7, 9, 10, 11, 22, 23.
Negeb, 29, 31.
Northerner, 51, in, iiS/.
Obadiah, prophet, 13 ff.
Obadiah, book: composition, i ff.
date, 6 ff.; interpretation, 10 ff.;
place in canon, 14 «.; text, 15;
metre, 15 ff.; comparison with
Je. 49. 33 ff-
Pentecost, 123/.
Petra, 21, 22.
Phoenicians, 54/-, 60/., 130 ff.
Philistines, 31, 54/-, 60, 130 jf.
Rain, 116/.
Reseph, 45.
Sacrifices, Joel's attitude to, 81
106.
Samaritans, 9.
Saparda; see Sepharad.
Sarephath, Sarepta, 31/.
Selah, 21.
Sepharad, 32, 45/.
Shephelah, 31.
Shittim, valley of, 141/-
Sidon, 60/.
Sippar, 46.
Slave-trade, 54/.
Spirit, 122/.
Teman, 26.
Threshing-floor, 116.
Tyre, 60.
Vision, 19.
Wine-press, 116,
Wine-vat, 116.
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