land. A super-Dreadnought, laid down in 1912, the Iron Duke has a displacement of 25,000 tons and a speed of
21 knots. She carries ten 13.5-inch guns, twelve 6-inch guns, and five torpedo tubes.

BOTH PARTICIPANTS FAIL TO ACCOM-
PLISH THEIR PURPOSE.



The true test of a fight, whether on
land or sea, lies in its results. The
issues of Jutland had the engage-
ment been fought to a finish would
have been enormous. It seems clear
in view of the evidence, that it was a
conflict of encounter and manoeuvre
and no deliberate forcing of a Trafal-
gar. Nevertheless, Germany when she
fought was seeking to reduce the dis-
parity between the rival fleets, and
trying to break the British blockade.
England on the other hand sought to
annihilate the German High Seas
Fleet. Scheer failed in his first aim or
he would have sought another conflict



strike its flag and intern. Neither did
Scheer's victory raise the blockade;
not a single raider found its way
through in the Mediterranean or At-
lantic Seas, only such as were at large
in the Baltic there continued.

Jellicoe did not annihilate the Ger-
man High Sea Fleet. Scheer escaped
from a situation of desperate danger,
but nevertheless the fleet that the
Kaiser described as "defeated" was
ready to resume wonted watch and
guard after a very brief interval. Un-
checked and unhindered her trans-
port of men and tons of artillery
continued, and freed from threat of Ger-
man aggression, the Russian offensive
in the Baltic went forward.

485



HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR



/CONFLICTING AND IRRECONCILABLE
V_ STORIES OF THE LOSSES.

The British losses, published by the
Admiralty, were: three battle cruisers,
three armored cruisers, and eight de-
stroyers, the total tonnage amounting
to 114,100 while the officers and men
who perished numbered 5,613. The
Germans only admitted one battle-
ship, one battle cruiser, four armored



The heavy loss in British battle
cruisers was seemingly due both to
good markmanship, on the part of the
Germans and to the superiority of the
German armor-piercing shells according
to Admiral Jellicoe. Insufficient pre-
cautions had also been taken to guard
against the ignition of the magazine
by flashes from exploding shells which
entered the turret.




THE GERMAN CRUISER POMMERN



The Germans did not admit their losses in full in the Battle of Jutland, and their reserve was deemed necessary,
it was stated, for "strategic reasons." They could not conceal the sinking of their fine cruiser Pommern, which
built in 1905 had a displacement of 13,200 tons, and carried some of the best of the Kaiser's gunners.

'-pHE BATTLE SHOWS NOTHING NEW IN
STRATEGY.



cruisers, and five destroyers, with a
total of 63,015 tons, and 3,966 officers
and men. Reports from British Com-
manders sent in after the fight raise
the figures to four battleships, one
battle cruiser, five armored cruisers,
six destroyers and one submarine, or
a total of 113,435 tons. Von Capelle
in his testimony before the War In-
vestigation Committee was asked why
only 90 U-boats were built in 1916,
and 269 and 220 in 1917 and 1918. He
replied "The Skagerack battle (as
the Germans call the battle of Jutland)
caused serious damage to our boats.
Their repair held up the construction
of other boats."
486



Considered strategically the battle
offers nothing new or startling. Con-
ventional and accepted tactics were
used with usual and expected results,
and as the engagement progressed, the
Chief of Staff remarked to Jellicoe,
"This is all going according to expecta-
tion." The principal changes in the
battle orders were the large amount
of discretionary power invested in
Flag officers commanding squadrons,
since over that wide expanse, funnel-
smoked and gun-befogged, a central
command could not 'always see or be
seen, and a freedom of initiative was



HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR



encouraged in dealing with torpedo
attacks. Scheer's torpedoes delayed
the British Fleet's attack, but little
prey fell to them, and in the long run
this fact seemed established by the
"Battle of the Giants": the big battle-
ship rules the sea. A submarine or a
destroyer is a raider that achieves
striking local successes, but every
raider must have refuge and asylum



toum had always had. It had been
arranged that Lord Kitchener 'should
go to Russia to confer with the govern-
ment upon the question of the Allied
drive that was impending, and to
arrange some details of the munition
supply. He left England June 5 in-
tending to land at Archangel, visit
Petrograd and be back by the 2Oth of
the month. The cruiser in which he




COALING A WARSHIP AT SEA

The warship in the picture was steaming at twelve knots an hour, towing a collier astern, from which sacks of coal
were hoisted to a platform at the masthead, and sent by cable to the warship. From the masthead to the deck a
net was suspended to shield the collier's men from falling fragments. In this manner sixty tons of coal were trans-
shipped within an hour.



ports and these can only lie secure
behind the might of great ships.

Before the echoes of the Battle of the
Giants had died away the world re-
ceived the news of the death of Lord
Kitchener. There is something fitting
in this setting for the last scene in the
life of the great soldier. The Norse-
men of old believed that their heroes
in order to attain Valhalla must die
upon the field of battle or upon the
"path of the whale," and the elements
of unreality and stunning surprise in
the loss of the Hampshire accorded
well with the mysterious appeal to the
imagination that the hero cf Khar-

488



sailed was the Hampshire, which had
returned only three days before from
the Jutland fight. Before he left, Lord
Kitchener saw Sir John Jellicoe and his
staff upon the deck of the Lion, and the
latter used some little persuasion to
induce him to defer his journey, as the
weather boded ill. Lord Kitchener was
accompanied by Mr. H. J. O'Beirne,
former counselor of the British Em-
bassy at Petrograd, Mr. O. A. Fitz-
gerald, his personal secretary, General
Ellershaw and Sir Frederick Donald-
son. Time was precious and Lord
Kitchener decided that he could not
afford to wait for better weather.



HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR



'~pHE DEATH OF LORD KITCHENER AT SEA.

The Hampshire was convoyed by
two destroyers, which, when the gale
increased, the captain unfortunately
ordered back to port. Between 7:30
and 7:45 P.M., as she was proceeding
along the west coast of the Orkneys,
the vessel struck a mine and began at
once to settle by the bows, keeling
over to starboard before she finally
went down about fifteen minutes later.
The seas were too rough to admit of
any of the boats getting away; in the
effort to launch them one was broken
and its occupants thrown into the
water. It was evident that the Hamp-
shire was doomed, and accordingly the
captain ordered the men to their posts
for abandoning the ship. In all some
three or four rafts got safely away
with some fifty to seventy men on
each. Yet such was the force of the
seas as it beat upon them that many
were thus battered to death, others
relinquished their hold and just slipped
into the depths, or died of cold or
exposure, and yet more were thrown
senseless on the cruel rocks that
guarded the coast. Though it was day-
light until about n o'clock only n
men and one warrant officer of all the
company were saved. Nothing more
was heard of Lord Kitchener and his
colleagues, though wild rumors that he
was in a German prison camp arose.



The Admiralty published the follow-
ing statement on June 15:

"From the report of the twelve sur-
vivors of the Hampshire the following
conclusions were reached. As the men
were going to their stations before
abandoning the ship, Lord Kitchener,
accompanied by a naval officer, ap-
peared. The latter said: 'Make way
for Lord Kitchener.' Both ascended
to the quarterdeck. Subsequently,
four military officers were seen there,
walking aft on the port side. The
Captain called Lord Kitchener to the
fore bridge near where the Captain's
boat was hoisted. The Captain also
called Lord Kitchener to enter the
boat. It is unknown if Lord Kitchener
entered it or what happened to any
boat."

To perish without seeing the results
one has wrought for is hard. Kitchener
died upon the eve of the great Allied
offensive, for which he had labored so
intensely to build up a .vast British
force. Yet in a sense his task was done,
just as was that of the heroes of Jut-
land who lay beneath the same treach-
erous waters of the North Sea. In
the early dark days of the war he had
been the one man to whom Britain
turned. And his loss was only yet
another call to the Empire to strengthen
those that stood, and establish the
weak-hearted to "carry on" the work
which he had begun.




THE FRENCH BATTLESHIP GAULOIS SERIOUSLY DAMAGED IN THE DARDANELLES




A PITIFUL EXAMPLE OF THE TOLL OF WAR

One of the innocent and defenseless victims of the far-reaching cruelty of war an old woman and her only re-
maining possession, a cow. Bombed out of her home by German shells, she has no refuge but the street, no
protection save public charity. Yet no bitterness distorts her features which are stamped rather with patience.




AMID THE DfiBRIS OF CRUEL WAR



There is no class in life upon which the horrors of war have fallen more heavily than upon the aged. Helpless
before violence and bereft of the support of the young, or homeless in the face of invasion and bombardment, they
have suffered further cruel agonies of bewilderment and nostalgia amid the strange surroundings whither f9r
safety they have wandered. Pictures, Henry Ruschin

490.




The Palace of Louis XV at Compiegne



France in War-Time

THE MARVELOUS STORY OF FRENCH DETERMINATION,
FORTITUDE AND ENDURANCE.



" T HAVE lived through unforgetable
hours, and I understand now, how
much there is of beauty and nobility
in France to fight for," wrote a lad
of twenty from the trenches. Joan of
Arc in the forests and meadows around
Domremy dreamed through unforget-
able hours and came, a girl of seven-
teen, to that same full knowledge.
Roland, in the gloomy depths of the
Pyrenees, sacrificed a life which had
flowered freely in knightly service
and died, murmuring, "Terre de
France mult estes dulz pays!" Unless
we accept the young soldier's and the
peasant girl's and the paladin's point
of view and strive to see with their
vision, we cannot really understand
the spirit which inspired the heroic
resistance of Frenchmen in this great
war.

T7RANCE ON THE DAY OF MOBILIZATION,
r AUGUST 1, 1914.

It is August i, 1914, and the general
order of mobilization has been posted in-
the streets of Paris, in the cities of the
provinces, at the seaside, throughout
the country. See the cabmen, con-
cierges, boulevardiers, fishermen, peas-
ants, diplomats, merchants reading
it. How quietly, seriously, and yet
gladly each turns away, intent upon
making the most of the short hours
before he entrains at the nearest station
and reports at his headquarters. And



the women: is there a tear, a sigh, a
groan? Not for now, nor for this cause;
there may be, hereafter, when none shall
see and none be weakened in fulfilling
the task. Quite naturally, and with a
smile, Madame L lifts up the

baby as Sergeant L , early on

Sunday morning, sets forth from the
Gare des Invalides.

From midnight on Saturday, August
2 and for fifteen successive days
mobilization proceeded. A hundred,
a thousand, a million, and more, came
to their nearest station and took the
waiting train, and reached their head-
quarters on scheduled time, where each
man found a uniform, coat, boots and
field-knapsack. Nowhere was there
confusion ; not in any place even hesita-
tion. All went according to plans
made years before, and all went
smoothly and with the utmost pre-
cision and quietness. There was no
singing, no shouting, no hysteria.
Where . was the Frenchman that 'the
Berlin press represented as fear-pressed,
or revenge-intoxicated? Quiet, dis-
ciplined conduct covering tremendous
moral determination was the keynote
of every company and regiment, every
station and barracks and square.

MEN TO THE WAR, AND WOMEN TO
WORK.

The trains roll in, mile after mile of
them, and the men are equipped and

491



HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR



counted, and then the train takes them
again and bears them this time north
and east to the fronts. "I am for the
Ardennes, where I shall see some serv-
ice." "And I for Nancy, I!" are the
exchanges flung as the long silent mon-
sters pull out from shed and siding,
once more. The country-side was bare
and deserted, for tools and implements
were flung on wayside and field as the
news came in. Soon it may be in an
hour these groups of peasant women,
gathered to watch the trains go off, will
break up and the wives and mothers
go silently and unquestioningly back
to the fields. Through that hot after-
noon they bend to the work, and
through all the long silent days to come ;
their thoughts with the men who
have gone, who with other weapons
and in other fields are reaping the har-
vest of savagery. And the fisherman's
boats are pulled up upon the shore and
his nets lie idle. In the city one reads
over the little cobbler's shop, "Absent
from the first day of mobilization."

THE HISTORIC MEETING OF THE CHAM-
BER OF DEPUTIES.

It is Paris again, and the fourth of
August in the Chamber of Deputies.
In complete silence the deputies are
seating themselves, and one notices,
yet hardly with surprise, a few hand-
shakes between those who yesterday
were enemies. The president rises
and pronounces amidst the silence, his
oration upon Jaures, killed by insen-
sate folly the day after war was de-
clared, and the words of the national
liturgy, honored in century-old use,
roll forth "la justice sociale, la frater-
nite humaine, la conscience humaine

" with the response, "Du cer-

cueil de cet homme sort une pensee
d'union, de ses lvres glacees, un cri
d'esperance! " Silence falls again, until
the President of the Council, M. Vivi-
ani, already deep-engrossed in multi-
farious cares, arrives. He who was
yesterday a partisan is now the govern-
ment of France. Amidst pregnant
silence he reads the message from the
President of the Republic and ends
"Keep we high our hearts. Vive la
France!" The causes of war are re-
viewed, France's case stated, and a

492



long series of laws relative to defense
passed; and for a brief interval the
deputies adjourn to pace the corridors
while they wait the vote of the Senate.
No long interval and Viviani is with
them again, to announce that in agree-
ment with the Chamber, the Senate
has given its consent to the war meas-
ures and grants of moneys.

One more scene: it is St. Cyr on the
last night of July, and in place of the
historic fete du Triomphe that generally
graces the occasion, word has gone
forth for general mobilization. In the
midst of a scene of intense fervor and
enthusiasm, one of the young officers,
Gaston Vorzard, springs to his feet and
makes all the officers of his class swear
that they will not go into battle except
in white gloves and with their kepi
adorned with the casoar, the red and
white plume. "Ce serment, bien fran-
$ais, est aussi elegant que temeraire," he
cries. And, with acclamation, his
comrades take the oath. They kept it
and were some of the first French offi-
cers to die in battle at the head of their
regiments. Days passed, and the re-
cruiting offices were besieged by long
queues of men, pleading to be taken.
" I have seen weeping among those who
may not go first," writes Clemenceau
of those days, but it was the only sign
of weeping that France gave.

WEARY WAITING FOR THE NEWS OF
BATTLES.

Then the soldiers have gone, and to
eager hours of preparation and days of
quick discussion, succeeds a weary
time of waiting, for the hand of the
Government is upon the Press and
little news filters through when every
communique may be read by the
enemy. "What use to speculate now,"
say the women, "do we not know
where they have gone, have we not
stated and restated our good reasons
for hoping, but we cannot tell what
victories they may have won." There
is no depression, only a sense of empti-
ness and of tortured waiting.

In the early days of August, uncer-
tain at first, but growing clearer,
came news of the barbarity with which
the German march through Belgium
was attended. With violent recoil, the




"CARRYING ON" ACROSS THE HOME FIELDS OF FRANCE

With the men filling trenches and manning guns upon the far-stretching battlefield, and the horses dev<
necessities of warfare, women found their tasks multiplied. Mouths must be filled that national vigor



fail. In France, as in other lands, women sturdily shouldered the burden.



oted to the
ational vigor might not

Central News Photo Serv.




FRENCH PEASANTS LAYING IN A STOCK OF FIREWOOD

There was great shortage of coal in war-time in France because of the tremendously increased demand for the
industrial purposes of war, and also because of the complete stoppage of supplies from the invaded coalfields of
northern and eastern France. In addition to these causes there was scarcity of labor due to mobilization, as well
as difficulties in transportation. Picture, H. Ruschin

493



HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR



French mind springs aside from such
savagery. Von der Goltz's "Nation
in Arms" may vainly advocate such
measures as shortening the war in the
interests of humanity. "It is thus,"
comments the French Press, "that so
many religions have resulted in bloody
sacrifices, glorifications of our native
cruelty, and that the Christian doc-
trine of love came to accommodate
itself to an eternal hell. . . .Well, let the
experiment in bloody philanthropy fol-
low its course. As for us, we shall not
dispatch the wounded. On the con-
trary, our women will proudly make
all efforts to save them; and when we
are on enemy territory we shall aid the
weak instead of shooting them. Only
on the field of battle do we accept the
war of extermination imposed upon
us."

VAGUE RUMORS CIRCULATE AMONG THE
WAITING THRONG.

There were some who made harvest
of rumor amid this dearth of news. The
monsieur bien-informe of boulevard
cafe, whose brother-in-law's sister was
a cleaner at the war office, dealt in cer-
tainties as to the Russian troops and
the last attack and terrorized the men
who knew nothing. But Paris and
France stood firm. It was glorious
weather, yet in the capital the great
avenues were deserted, soulless, and
at night half-lighted and void. No
interest here, it all lay upon the hori-
zon. French life ceased, it seemed, save
for the army, for in imagination, in
mind and heart, all were in Dieuze, in
the Vosges, in Belgium. What a hor-
rible simplification of life this sunshine,
this ennui, this waiting!

Meantime, what was happening with
the army at the frontier? France, re-
specting the neutrality of Belgium, had
placed her strongest armies upon the
eastern, not the north-eastern border,
and in the early days of August, the
British troops had not yet been landed.
When they came, the Belgian sacrifices
at Liege and Namur held up the Ger-
man onrush, but still did not give time
to allow efficient concentration of the
Allies. The foe, after heading his way
through Belgium, spread out in a great
circle down the left bank of the Meuse

494



and found the way clear. He met only
on his right, the British Army still very
small, and on his left, French terri-
torials but recently recruited from
counting-house and shop. These
French and British troops opposed the
German attack, but the disasters of
Charleroi and Mons and Le Cateau
demonstrated their fruitless effort, and
von Kluck's army came on irresistibly
at 30 to 35 miles a day, till it lay at the
nearest point a cannon shot from
Paris. By this time brief official com-
muniques indicated the retreat, but
no panic followed. "Although the
disappointment is great, we must not
exaggerate it," wrote M. Clemenceau.
"Though the task that rests upon us is
so manifest, so difficult, so long, so in-
comparably agonizing, who will dare
to say that we must not accept it?
And it is not enough to accept the in-
fliction; we invoke it, we run to meet
it, we offer ourselves to its blows, we
pray that they may be redoubled, in
order that the day may be hastened
when fortune, weary of scourging us,
will come to know that there is a soul
in us that nothing can force to yield."
Fortune weary of scourging did come
to know and at no long day. The
German advance, on September 5, lay
at one point near the northern forts
of Paris. On September 6, General
Joffre issued this order to the troops,
"Now that a battle begins upon which
the fate of the country depends, all
must remember this, the time is gone
for looking behind; every endeavor
must be aimed at attacking and throw-
ing back the enemy; troops unable to
continue advancing, will at all costs
keep the ground won, and must die
rather than yield. In this juncture
there can be no mercy for any short-
coming."

THE GERMAN TIDE IS TURNED BACK
FROM THE GATES OF PARIS.

The day before, September 5, von
Kluck had turned east in order that he
might better encompass Paris. On the
sixth, Joffre ordered the attack; and
suddenly the German right found an
army before it under, General Man-
oury, whose strength it had never even
suspected. General von Kluck ma-




DRILLING THE BORE OF A CANNON AT THE CREUSOT WORKS



When the enormous mass of steel has been cast and then forged by heavy hammers, it is ready to be transformed
into the barrel of a great cannon. Here we see the powerful drill slowly eating its way into the steel. The bore
of the gun must be exactly true through the whole length of the barrel.




INSPECTING SHELLS FOR "SEVENTY-FIVES" AT LE CREUSOT



The steel for the French shells came in large measure from England and the United States. The completed
shells, stamped from the steel by powerful hydraulic presses, are here being carefully inspected for any possible
defects or irregularities which might interfere with accuracy of fire or certainty of explosion. No difference greater
than one one-thousandth of an inch could be permitted.

495



HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR



nceuvred magnificently and retreated
50 miles to a good position; the Crown
Prince on the German left was in diffi-
culties and retreated less magnificently.
But the wave was rolled back and Paris
was saved. This in brief was the battle
of the Marne a supreme and a great
retrieval.

And Paris? Had she trembled with
the foe at her gate? Not for an hour.
There had been no time for adequate
defenses, earthworks, wire-entangle-
ments, intrenchments, that alone could
have helped her. On the 3Oth of Au-
gust it was deemed prudent .for the
government, the banks, and such peo-
ple whose position placed them upon
Germany's prepared list of hostages, to
repair to Bordeaux and thither they
went, in orderly retreat. Under the
notice of the government proclama-
tion announcing its departure, was
posted a small notice from General
Gallieni, the new governor of Paris,
"I have been ordered to defend Paris.
I shall obey this command to the end."
But Paris that remained, that heard
the guns, that knew not which way the
tide was flowing, remained calm until
the news of deliverance. And then
with the question "Shall we celebrate? "
and General Joffre's reply "No for
our losses have been too great," the
new key of Paris was safely struck
again; and this time with hopes firm-
founded she waited for the next news.

''pRENCH WARFARE IS THE NEXT TEST OF
1 BRAVERY.

The Germans fell back upon pre-
pared positions on the heights of the
Aisne and the French and British fol-
lowed and attacked. Paris under Gen-
eral Gallieni perfected her fortifica-
tions, and by the time the Germans
were ready to attack again, she had
become impregnable. Then the objec-
tive of the Teutonic High Command
shifted, the race for the sea began, and
was finally won by the Allies; with the
result that trench warfare between
North Sea and Vosges became the rule.
Now came the test. Could French fire
and gallantry survive a war of waiting?
Would tenacity be found side by side
with impetuous ardor? Might endur-
ance be added to enthusiasm?

496



The world has the answer. "Until
the end we cannot be vanquished,
for we shall never accept defeat." On
a line from North Sea to Vosges, night
and day the French troops burrowed