dens, extensive and richly furnished, adorn the estate
of Castle-Huntly. The houses of the parish, and
those of many a spot far distant from it, owe much
to its quarries of peculiarly excellent freestone. Be-
sides the noted one of Kingoodie [which see], there
is one in the upland district whose stone is so white,
compact, and smooth as to compete with the best
building sandstone in Scotland. Shell-marl, very
pure and white, and occasionally embedding uncom-
monly large red deer's horns, was dug up and sold to
a vast amount after the epoch of agricultural improve-
ment. Coal was long believed to exist, but eluded
expensive and frequent search Castle-Huntly, the
most remarkable object in the parish, is borne aloft
on the summit of a towering rock, which, on its
south-west side, rises sheer up from the dead level
of the carse, and on the east subsides gradually into
the plain. The castle, though of unascertained date,
is believed to have been built by Andrew, the 2d
Lord Gray of Fowlis, and named after his lady, a
daughter of the Earl of Huiitly ; and so massive and
strong is it in its masonry that, though it has braved
the blasts of four centuries, it defies the corrosions
of time and the elements more lustily than most piles
of the present century. In 1615 it passed by pur-
chase, along with the circumjacent estate, into the
possession of the Strathmore family, then Earls of
Kinghorn ; and becoming a favourite residence of Earl
Patrick, it received the name of Castle-Lyon, and
LON
307
LON
the estate, by charter of Charles II., in 1672, was
erected into a lordship, called the Lordship ot Lyon.
In 1777 it was purchased and renovated, both in itself
and in its ground, by the son-in-law of John, Lord
Gray, whose ancestor had built it, and the father of
its present proprietor George Paterson, Esq. ; and
from him it had a restoration of its original name,
and the addition of wings, embattled walls, round
tower and corner turrets, which, while it was mo-
dernized within, eidianced in the exterior its grandly
castellated appearance. — Drimmie-house, the resi-
dence of Lord Kinnaird, whose proprietorship, and
Mr. Paterson's jointly, extend over nine-tenths of the
parish, was, a few years ago, razed to the ground.
Rossie Priory, his present seat, stands within the
limits of Inchture, but sends a large part of its fine
demesne into Longforgan. Mylnetield-house stands
I of a mile north of Kingoodie, on a rising ground
amid tastefully arranged grounds. Lochtown-house
is situated in the north-east. The village of Bal-
bunnoch, neat, modern, ami small, stands in the
south-east corner. 'J'he village of Kingoodie is
separately noticed. Lochtown, in the north, is a
mere hamlet. — The village of Longforgan, covering
about 30 acres, and straggling along the turnpike be-
tween Perth and Dundee on the crest of the line
bank which overlooks the Carse, stands 6 miles from
Dundee, 16 from Perth, and 1^ from the nearest
point of the frith of Tay. It consists of a principal
street and several lanes. The place piobably ori-
ginated in the erection of accommodation for the re-
tainers of the Baron of Huntly-castle ; but it has
long been stationary or retrogressive. In 1672 it
was erected into a free burgh-of-barony by charter of
Charles II., in favour of Patrick, Earl of Strathmore,
and endowed with a pomp and array of privilege
which, when viewed in connexion with its present
condition, look like the trappings of a court-dress
upon a ploughman. Three fairs, on the first Wed-
nesday of June, and the first Wednesday of October,
and the last Monday of April, are still held, chiefly
for the sale of cattle, and that in June also for the
hiring of servants ; but they decline in importance
and require stimulating aids. The village has a sav-
ings' bank and a library, and, jointly with the parish,
about 150 looms subordinate to the manufacture of
Dundee. Population of the village 450. — Besides
the Perth and Dundee turnpike, the parish has abun-
dant roads ; and it enjoys facilities from its own port
of Kingoodie, and from the vicinity of the rich and
varied communications of Dundee. Population, in
1801, 1,.569; in 1831, 1,638. Houses 338. As-
sessed property, in 1815, £26,315. In 1615 an
estate in the parish of Longforgan, Perthshire, was
purchased by Lord Strathmore for £2,222; in 1777
it was resold at £40,000 ; and now the present ren-
tal is more than the purchase-money in 1615.- — Long-
forgan is in the presbytery of Dundee, and synod of
Angus and Mearns. Patron, the Crown. Stipend
£268 3s. 4d. ; glebe £13. Unappropriated teinds
£207 13s. lid. The church is a handsome, modern,
and very spacious structure, erected by Mr. Paterson
of Castle-Huntly. The parish-school was attended,
in 1834, by 62 scholars ; and three other schools, by
113. Parish schoolmaster's salary £34 4s. 4d., with
about £16 fees, and £14 other emoluments In a
dell on the high grounds of Dron are the ruins of a
chapel which belonged to the monks of Cupar-
Angus, and of its attendant cemetery. Only the
gables remain, one of them perforated with a large
window, whose top is a pointed arch springing from
pilasters. On the grounds of Monorgan are vestiges
of a cemetery which also had, most probably, its
presiding chapel. On the eastern boundary, but now
in the parish of Benvie united to Litf, are vestiges of
a Roman camp ; and on the summit of the hill of
Dron are faint traces of an oval fortification two
Scottish acres in area. In the midst of a plantation
of firs, on what was anciently the moor of Forgan, is
a tumulus 15 or 18 feet high, and 84 feet in diameter,
called the Market-knowe, from having been the scene
of ancient traffic, but proved to have been originally
a barrow, by its yielding up to research collins and
human skeletons. In various parts of the parish
many ancient coins, chiefly Scottish and English,
have been found.
LONGFORMACUS, a parish consisting of two
slender oblongs transversely attached to each other,
and of a small isolated section in the Lammermoor
district of Berwickshire. The larger oblong stretches
from north to south, in extreme length 84 miles, and
in mean breadth a fraction more than 2^ ; and is
bounded on the north by Haddingtonshire ; on the
east by Abbey St. Bathans, Dunse, and Langton ;
on the south by Greenlaw ; and on the west by
Westruther, by the two parts of Cranshaws, and by
the connecting line between it and the other part of
its own parish. The smaller oblong stretches from
east to west, goes off from the former oblong about
third way from its northern boundary, tapers to a
point at its west end, measures 7^ miles in extreme
length, and 1 ^ in mean breadth ; and is bounded on
the north-west and north by Haddingtonshire and
the upper section of Cranshaws ; on the south by
the lower section of Cranshaws and by Lauder ; and
on the south-west by Lauder. The isolated section
lies 2 miles east of the nearest point of the main body,
measures L^ mile by I.j, and is bounded on the south-
east by Buncle ; on the south by Dunse ; and on all
other sides by Abbey St. Bathans. The area of the
parish is about 33 square miles. The whole district
lies among the Lammermoor hills, and partakes, for
the most part, of their dreariest properties. JNIeikle-
Cess-law, on the boundary with Haddingtonshire,
and near the western extremity, is one of the highest
of the Lammermoors. Dorrington-Great-law and
Dorrington-Little-law, the former 1,145 feet high,
are fine conical hills, visible at a great distance.
The statist in the New Account calls attention
to the fact that a farm in the parish bears the
name of Otterburn, and hints the possibility of
this, and not the famous locality in Northumber-
land, having been the scene of the noted fight
between Douglas and Hotspur. The small village
of Longformacus, provided with an inn, stands on
the Dye, where it runs across the parish, 6J miles
west of Dunse, and 7^^ north of Greenlaw. A road
between Haddington and Coldstream passes through
the parish, but is badly kept ; and other roads are of
meagre extent and in miserable plight. Population,
in 1801, 406; in 1831, 425. Houses 72. Assessed
property, in 1815, £3,039. — Longformacus is in the
presbytery of Dunse, and synod of Merse and Teviot-
dale. Patron, Home ot Longformacus. Stipend
£221 19s. Id. ; glebe £33. Unappropriated teinds
£75 6s. lOd. The church is more than a century
old, and has about 200 sittings. — The present parish
comprehends the ancient parishes of Longformacus
and EUim, which were united before the year 1750.
The barony of Longformacus belonged, in old times,
successively to the Earls of Moray, the Earls of Dun-
bar, and the Sinclairs of Roslin, and seems always to
have had attached to it the advowson of the church.
Ellim also belonged to the Earls of Dunbar ; and
after their forfeiture was given, by Robert III., to
Thomas Erskine. The ruins of the ancient church
and hamlet are traceable on the north bank of the
Whitadder, near the passage which is still called
Ellim-ford. Schoolmaster's salary £34 4s. 4d., with
I £10 fees, and a house and small piece of ground.
LON
308
LON
LONG-ISLAND, the largest group of the Western
Islands, separated from the continent by the broad
sound called the Minch, and from the Skye group by
the considerable sound called the Little Minch. This
group, owing both to its extent and the distinctness
of its position, has occasionally monopolized the whole
Hebridean name, and, by genera, consent, is called
the Outer Hebrides. Its popular and prevailing name
of Long-Island seems to have arisen from observa-
tion of the closely continuous contiguity of the num-
erous islands which compose it; or probably from
a consentaneous belief that they were all formerly
united, and have undergone disseverment by the ero-
sion of the weather and the sea. The principal
islands, reckoning from the north southward, are
Lewis, Harris, North LTist, Benbecula, South Uist,
and Barra; and the secondary and minor islands —
diminishing from considerable islets to mere rocks —
are too numerous to bear separate mention. From
the Butt of Lewis, on the north, to Barra-head, on
the south, they extend south-south-westward about
120 miles ; and they have, probably, a mean breadth
of about 8 miles. Many of them are separated only
by chaimels which are dry at low-water, or by very
narrow belts of sea which are navigable only by yawls
and wherries. Their largest marine bisection is the
sound of Harris, between the cognominal island and
North Uist, remarkable for the number of its islets,
and the great variation of its currents. The Lewis
part of the group, about 40 miles in length, belongs
to Ross-shire ; and all the remainder belongs to In-
verness-shire. Excepting a peninsula of conglomer-
ate east of Stornoway, a hard variety of gneiss, fre-
quently traversed by veins of granite and of trap,
composes the whole of the Long- Island group ; and
is so nearly uniform both in its own character and in
the surface which it produces, as to admit of little
variety in description. A dead level prevails in Ben-
becula and some islets, and allows access to the rock
only from some pool of water or accidental breach ;
mountainousness pervades the district of Harris, and
sends summits aloft to an altitude of between 2,000
and 3,000 feet ; and a moderate, generally an incon-
siderable hilliness, reigns over most part of the other
districts. South of the sound of Harris the tumu-
lated ground occurs principally along the east coast;
and gives place, along the centre, to an extensive
tract of peat-moss, and, in the west, to broad bands
of arable sandy soil, and downs of shell sand. The
general aspect of the country, owing to the total
absence of wood, and the prevalence of heath and
peat-bogs, is cheerless and desolate. Yet the popu-
lation is so great, so positively redundant, that, in
spite of the appliances of fisheries, a remedy against
an altogether undue pressure in the means of sub-
sistence can be found only in emigration. A large
proportion of the inhabitants, especially in the south-
ern^half of the group, are Roman Catholics, who, in
the style which prevails in Ireland, very numerously
sanction early marriages, and form a surprisingly low
estimate of what constitutes the comforts or the ne-
cessaries of life.
LONG-NEWTON. See Ancrum.
LONGNIDDRY, a decayed, curious, and anti-
quated village in the parish of Gladsmuir, Hadding-
tonshire. It stands a little south of the Edinburgh
and North Berwick turnpike, half-a-mile from the
nearest part of the frith of Forth; 2i miles from
Port-Seaton; 3^ from Tranent; and 5^ from Had-
dington. It is straggling and irregular, 'and but the
wreck of a formerly large and important little town.
The population is about 200. Several streets have
wholly disappeared, the houses having been razed
by the score to give place to the operations of the
plough. A baronial mansion-house, whicn once pre-
sided over the village, is now let out to a tenant,
and wears a desolate appearance. Longniddry sug-
gests some pleasing reminiscences of John Knox.
See Gladsmuir.
LONGSIDE, a parish in the district of Buchan,
Aberdeenshire ; bounded on the north by Old Deer
and I>onmay ; on the east by St. Fergus and Peter-
head ; on the south by Cruden ; and on the west by
Old Deer. The form is an irregular square, about
5 miles in diameter, and containing 19 square miles.
Houses 582. Assessed property, in 1815, £3,398.
Population, in 1801, 1,825; in 1831, 2,479. The
surface is, in general, so level, that, till embankments
and other expedients were resorted to, the Ugie —
which runs along the northern boundary of the par-
ish, while the principal tributary to that river inter-
sects it from west to east — was wont to overflow
its banks, and lay a large portion of the land under
water. Amongst the remedial projects suggested,
previous to the embankment, was the idea of a canal,
along the banks of the river, from the village of Old
Deer to its mouth, near Peterhead, a distance of
about 10 miles. The soil of this parish is light,
easily improved, and in a good state of cultivation.
There are considerable plantations, and peat-moss
for fuel is abundant. The soil is superincumbent on
granite, some of which is very beautiful. At the small
village of Kilmundy woollen cloth was at one time
manufactured to a considerable extent, and weaving,
wool-combing, and flax-spinning, are still carried on
in the parish. There are two other villages besides
that of Kilmundy, namely, Longside and Mintlaw.
The Episcopal chapel in the former was for 65 years
the scene of the ministrations of the Rev. John Skin-
ner, author of the celebrated songs ' Tullochgorum,'
' the Ewie wi' the crooked horn,' &c. an ' Ecclesias-
tical history of Scotland,' and various other learned
works. " This excellent and venerable clergyman,"
says a cotemporary, " one of the best scholars of his
time, and a correspondent of Burns, resided at Lins-
hart, a small cottage consisting of ' a butt and a
ben,' or kitchen and parlour, and his income scarcely
exceeded that of Goldsmith's country pastor, who
was ' passing rich with forty pounds a-year.' " — This
parish is in the presbytery of Deer, and synod of
Aberdeen. Patron, the Crown. Stipend £217 9s.
4d ; glebe £17. Unappropriated teinds £213 lis.
5d. A new church has been built, and was opened
on 7th August, 1836; sittings 1,000. The Episcopa-
lian congregation above alluded to, has existed here
since the Revolution: chapel built in 1800: sittings
551. The income is solely derived from seat-rents:
income from 1831 to 1835 inclusive £34 to £38
half-yearly. There are three parochial schools in
this parish: salary of principal schoolmaster £31
6s. 7d.; fees, &c. £24. Each of the others has a
salary of £10, with about £16 of fees. The two
subsidiary schools were established in 1829. There
are also 8 private schools.
LONMAY, a parish in the district of Buchan,
Aberdeenshire ; bounded on the north by Rathen
and the North sea ; on the east also by the sea ; on
the south, by Crimond, from which it is divided by
Strathbeg loch ; and on the west, by Strichen and
Rathen. It runs north-east and south-west foi
about 10 miles, by 4 in extreme breadth: area, 24
square miles. Houses 369. Assessed property, in
1815, £3,226. Population, in 1801, 1,607; in
1831, 1,798. The surface is chiefly disposed into
two extensive plains, running north and south, di-
vided by two or three small ridges running from
west to east, and watered on the south-west and
south by a branch of the river Ugie. The land near
the shore is flat, and the beach low and sandy. The
soil is various, but chiefly light, dry, and sandy, rest-
LOR
309
LOT
injj on the red sandstone formation in the north plain.
In other parts the soil is clay. The mosses were
once extensive, but much land has been reclaimed.
There is a line of benty sand-hillocks on the east;
and to the north a fine expanse of grassy links or
downs, affordinq; excellent pasture for cattle and
sheep. The whole district is well-cultivated, and
upwards of 200 acres have been planted within the
last twenty years. Trench-plon4i:hing is practised.
The breeds of cattle, sheep, and horses are in course
of great improvement. Limestone is found in the
noith-eastern part of the parish, but sienite and
greenstone are the prevalent rock. The chief man-
sions are Cairness-house, an elegant residence, de-
signed by Playfair, and tastefully adorned with plea-
sure-grounds and plantations, and Crimond-mogate
mansion, another handsome edifice, recently erected.
There are two fishing-villages on the coast, one of
which is named St. Colm. The only antiquity
is a Druidical circle at Newark, Crimond-mogate.
A castle named the Castle of Lonmay once existed
on the links near the sea. — The parish is in the pres-
bytery of Deer, and synod of Aberdeen. Patron,
Gordon of Beithlaw. Stipend £225 13s. 3d.; glebe
£18 !5s. Unappropriated teinds £224 7s. 4d.
Church built in 1787. Sittings C49. Access to the
church being impeded to the inhabitants of the lands
of Kiiminmonth and Crimond-mogate, by a large
tract of mossy bad roads and distance, a new church
has been erected by subscription in the district of
Kinninmonth : sittings 3()0. The presbytery have
been petitioned to have the district annexed to the
new church, — including parts of Strichen, Deer,
Longside, and St. Fergus, — erected into a parish,
quoad sacra. An Episcopalian congregation was
established here shortly after the Revolution : sit-
tings 342. Stipend about £50. There are three
parochial schools: salary of first master £28; fees
£23 8s., besides £25 from the Dick bequest : —
salary of second master £21 6s. 3d. ; fees £21 6s.
3d.: — salary of the third master £10; fees £15.
There is one private school.
LORN,* a district in Argyleshire ; bounded on
the north-west by Linnhe-Loch, which divides it
from Morvern ; on the north by Loch-Leven, the
river Leven, and the chain of lochlets drained by the
Leven, which divide it from Inverness-shire; on the
east by an arbitrary line across the Aloor of Ran-
iioch, and by the great central southward ridge of
Grampians, which divide it from Breadalbane in
Perthshire; on the south by brief arbitrary lines,
and chiefly by Lochs Awe, Avich, and Slelfort,
which divide it from Cowal and Argyle ; and on the
west by Lower Loch-Linnhe, which divides it from
Mull. Its extent from north to south varies be-
tween 33 and 22 miles, and from east to v.'est be-
tween 32 and 15. The district of it which extends
along the coast opposite to JMuU and Morvern, and
possesses the extreme length of 33 miles by a mean
breadth of about 9, bears more emphatically, or by
more uniform usage, the name of Lorn ; and is di-
vided into Upper Lorn, lying north of Loch-Etive,
and including Appin and Airds,^ — -INliddle Lorn, lying
immediately south of Loch-Etive, and including
Muckairn, — and Nether Lorn, lying immediately
north of Lochs Melfort and Avich, but separated
from Middle Lorn by no natural boundary. The
remaining district nearly all lies north of the north
end of Loch-Awe, and is chiefly distributed into
Glenorchy, Glencoe, and the minor part of the Moor
of Rannoch. The coast-district, watered by many
* This is evidently a modern contraction, if not a corruption,
of tlie ancient name of tliis interesting district, — a district so
frequently alluded to by the Scottish historian and antiquarian.
'J'he Gaelic orthoxr^phy is Labkiin, pronounced by tlie Gael
ul lliu district Laurm.
lakes and rivulets, and possessing along their banks
much arable land, a considerable aggregate of wood,
and extensive results of assiduous and skilful culti-
vation, is the most fertile and pleasant district of
Argyleshire. It anciently formed the focus of the
Dalriadan Scottish kingdom, and possessed both its
capital town and its royal castle, the chief residence
of its kings. See Berkgonium, Dunstaffnage,
and Dai.riads. Its name seems to have been given
it from Labhrin or Loam, one of the three brothers
sons of Ere, who, in 503, immigrated from the Irish
Dalriada, and founded the Scottish monarchy ; Loam
having adopted this district as the seat of his nascent
tribe, while his brothers Fergus and Angus adopted
respectively Kintyre and Islay. The district is rife
in remains of religious structures, both Druidical and
Christian, and of ancient towers, and fortified places.
Lorn gives the title of INIarquis to the Duke of Ar-
gyle's eldest son. In 1470, one Earl of Argyle was
created Baron of Lorn; and, in 1701, another was
created Duke of Argyle, and IMarquis of Lorn and
Kintyre. The presbytery of Lorn, in the synod of
Argyle, comprehends 7 quoad civilia and 3 quoad
sacra parishes.
LORNTY (The). See articles Clunie and
Lethendy.
LOSKENTIR. See Harris.
LOSSIE (The), a small river in INIorayshire,
which issues from Loch-Lossie, near the centre of
the county, in the parish of Edenkillie, and runs north-
wards and north-eastwards through Dallas, and by the
royal burgh of Elgin, to the Moray frith, at Lossie-
mouth, in the parish of Drainy, — a course upwards
of 26 miles in length. This river is too small for
navigation beyond its mouth. Since the great floods
of 1829, which s\^•elled the Lossie to inundation,
with serious damage to the vicinity, large embank-
ments of earth have been raised at great expense
along the margins of the river to prevent a recur-
rence of similar calamities.
LOSSIEMOUTH, a village, the sea-port of El-
gin, at the mouth of the Lossie, in the parish of
Drainy, county of JMoray, 5 miles north-east of El-
gin. The harbour here being small and without
sufficient depth of water, a new one has been erected
by a compaiiy incorporated by act of parliament in
1834. The work was finished and opened end of
1829. The depth of water obtained is 12 feet at
neap-tides, and 16 feet at spring-tides. There is
an inner harbour, completely protected, and provided
with many conveniences for shipping. The expense
was estimated at £20,000. The undertaking is
likely to be successful ; the coasting trade has in-
creased ; several vessels now belong to the port, and
the place is fast rising into importance. The im-
provement is of vast advantage to the trading and
agricultural interests of Elgin, and the surrounding
district ; a direct and uninterrupted communication
with liondon and other markets by steam, &c., for
exports of farm-stock and grain, and for imports of
merchandise and coals being thus opened up. The
population of Lossiemouth, in 1831, was 535. See
also article Drainy.
LOTH, a parish on the east coast of Sutherland-
shire. It is bounded on the north-west and north
by Kildonan ; on the north-east by Caithness ; on
the east and south-east by the Moray frith ; and on
the south-west and west by Clyne. It forms a stripe,
extending 11| miles north-eastward, with a breadth
of from 2 to nearly 4 miles. The Ord of Caithness,
at the north-east boundary, rises, with mountain
vastness, sheer up from the ocean, and forms a stu-
pendous barrier along the whole march with Caith-
ness : see Ord. A range of steep hills, whose lof-
tiest summits attain altitudes of about 1,900 above
LOT
310
LOU
sea-level, extends along the inner fionticr of the 1
parish in a line nearly parallel with the sea-coast;
and, excepting at a point about 3 miles from the
Ord range, wliere it is cloven by the line strath of
the Helmsdale, it forms over all its extent a water-