How is steel made ? Describe the kinds of steel. How is steel made
direct from ores of iron ?
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MSTAXX 999
5. MANGANESE.
The ores of manganese have a specific gia\ity below 0*2.
They afford a violet-blue color with borax or salt of phos-
phorus, in the outer flame of the blowpipe ; and on heating
the ozyd with muriatic acid, fumes of chlorine are given out
which are derived from the acid.
KANOANESE SPAB.
Monoclinate. In oblique rhomboidal prisms, with one
distinct cleavage ; usually large massive, with the cleavage
often indistinct
Color reddish, usually deep flesh-red; also brownish,
greenish, or yellowish, when impure ; streak uncolored.
Luster vitreous. Transparent to opaque. Becomes black
on exposure. Hsa5*5— 6'5. Gr=3'4 — 3'7.
Ckmposiiion : oxyd of manganese 52*6, silica 39*6, oxyd
of iron 4*6, lime and magnesia 1*5, water 2-7. The impure
varieties. Rhodonite^ Ph^izHe^ and AUagUe^ contain varia*
ble proportions of carbcmate of iron, Imie, or manganese,
beside alumina. Becomes dark brown when heated, a^ fuses
with borax in the outer flame, giving a hyacinth red globide.
Dif. Resembles somewhat a flesh-red feldspar, but dif-
fers in greater specific gravity, in blackening on long expo-
sure, and in the glass with borax.
06«. Occurs in Sweden, the Hartz, Siberia, and else-
where. In the United States it is found in masses, at Plain-
field, and Cummington, Mass. ; also abundantly at Hinsdale,
and on Stony Mountain, near Winchester, N. H. ; at Blue
HiU Bay, Me. The black exterior is a more or less pure
hydrated oxyd of manganese.
. Uses^ Dr. Jackson has suggested the use of this ore for
making a violet-colored glass, and also fi)r a colored glazing
on stone ware. The finely pulverized mineral, spread on
stone ware as a paste, will afford a permanent glazing,
which will have a black color if it be of considerable thick-
ness, and of a deep violet-blue if quite thin. It may be
used along with the usual salt glazing.
Whftt is said of the ores of manganese 1 What is the appeanmos
of manganese spar ? its composition and blowpipe characters t How
is it distinguished from feldspar ? For what may it be used 1
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J^
k^
840 lUfiTAL8«
>It receives a high polish and is sometimes emplojed for
inlaid work,
TroQtiiU. A silicate of iron and manganese occurring in six-sided
prisms ; R on Ras 115®. Also massive. Color dull greenish to reddish-
brown. Ha5-5. Gr=a4. From Franklin, New Jersey. Tephroite
is a variety of it.
Sustamite. A silicate of manganese and lime occurring in spheri-
eal and reniform masses. Hss6 — ^65. 6rs3*2. From Mexico.
FYROLUSiTE — Bifioxyd of Manganese*
Trimetric. In small rectangular prisms, more or less
modified. M : M=r=93^ 40' ; M : e==:
186^ 50'. Sometimes fibroas and ra-
diated or divergent Often massive
and in reriform <M>atings.
CoIot iron-black ; streak blade, im-
metaUic. Hsi2— 25. Gns:4*6— 5*0.
C<miposUkm: essentially the bin-
oxjd of manganese, consisting of oxygen 86, and manganese
44. With £)rax it gives an amethystine globule. It yields
no water in a matrass.
/>»/*. Difiers from psilomelane by its inferior hardness,
and from ores of iron by the violet glass with borax*
Ofttf. Thisbr6is extensively worked in Thuringia, Afo.
ravia, and Prussia. It is common in Devonshire, Somerset-
shire, and Aberdeenshire, in England. In the United States
it is associated with the foUowing species in Vermont, at
Bennington, Brandon, Monktoin, Chittenden, and* Irasburg ;
it occurs also in Maine, at Conway, and Plainiield, in Mas-
sachusetts ; at Salisbury, and Ken^ in Conn., oH hematite.
The name pyrolusite is from the Greek pur, fire, and luoj
to wash, and alludes to its property of discharging the brown
and green tints of glass, for which it is extensively used.
Uses, Besides the use just alluded to, this ore is exten-
sively employed fi>r bleaching, and for affording (lie gas oxy«
gen to the chemist.
FSILOXELANE.
Massive and botryoidal. Color black or greenish-black.
Streak reddish or brownish -black, shining. H ss5— 6. Gtsssi
•4.
Describe pyrolusite. What is its constitution ? What are its i
Describe psilomelane 7 How does it difier from pyrolnsite.
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XANeANSSB ORBS. 341
Composkian : essentially binoxjd of mangauese with one
|ier cent, of water, and also some baryta or potassa. The
compound is somewhat varying in its constitution. Before
the blowpipe like pyrolusite, except that it affords water.
Obsm This is an abundant ore, and is associated usually
with the pyrolusite. Prof. Silliman, jr., has lately detected
oxyd of cobalt mixed with this ore. It occurs at the diflfer-
ent localities mentioned under pyrolusite, and the two are
often in alternating layers ; it has been considered only an
impure variety of the pyrolusite. The name is from the
Greek psUos, smooth or naked, and mdasy black.
Uses. Same as with pyrolusite.
HtUrocHm, and mttreeUfm are siiiillar ores, omitmining 10 to 16 per
eent. of silica.
WAD. — Bog manganese.
Massive, renaform or earthy ; also in coatings aad dendri-
tic delineations.
Color and streak black or brownish-black. Luster dully
earthy. H=l. Gr=d'7. Soils.
CompasUion. Consists of peroxyd of manganese, in vary-
ing proportions, from 30 to 70 per cent, along with peroxyd
of iron, 20 to 25 per cent, of water, and often several per
cent, of oxyd of cobalt or copper. It is a hydrated peroxyd,
mechanically mixed with other oxyds, organic acids and
other impurities, and like bog iron ore, is fi>rmed in low places
from the decomposition of minerals containing manganese.
Gives off much water when heated, and aftbrds a violet glass
with borax.
Obs. Wad is abundant in Columbia and Dutchess coun-
ties, N. Y., at Austerlitz, Canaan Center, and elsewhere ;
also at Blue Hill Bay, Dover, and other places in Maine ; at
Nelson, Gilmanton, and Grafton, N. H. ; and in many other
parts of the country.
Uses. May be employed like the preceding in bleaching,
but is too impure to afford good oxygen. It may also be
used ft>r umber paint.
TsiPLiTE. — Ferrugincms Phosphate of Manganue.
Massive, with cleavage in ^ree directions. Color black-
bh-brown. Streak yellowish-gray. Luster resinous ; near-
ly or quite opaque. H=s5 — 5'5. Gr=s3'4— 3*8.
Wluit is wad ? its compoatioii ? its origin 7 For what may it be
nsad? Whatiatriplite?
21
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242 KBTALS*
ComposUian : protoxjd of manganese 32*6, protoxyd (jf
iron 31*9, phosphoric acid 32*8, with some phosphate of lime.
Fuses easily to a biack scoria, before the blowpipe ; dis«
solves in nitric acid, and gives a violet glass with borax.
Ohs* From Limoges in France. Rather abundant at
Washington, Conn., and sparingly found at Sterling, Mass.
Heteronte is another phosphate of the oxyds of manganese and
iron, of a grreenish-gray or blaieh color. Contains 41 '77 per cent, of,
phosphoric acid. Huraulite is a hydrous phosphate of the same oxyds,
containing 18 per cent, of water and 38 of phosphoric acid.- Ocean
in transparent, oblique, reddish-yellow crystals. Gras2-27. From the
commnne of Httreaux, near Limoges.
Hausmanniie. A sesquioxyd of manganese containing 72*7 per
cent, of manganese, when pure. Brownish-black and submetallic, oc*
eurring massive and in square octahedrons ; H=5— 5*5. Gr=4'7
From Thuringia and Alsatia.
Braunite. A protozyd of manganese, containing 79 per cent, of
manganese when pure. Color and streak dark brownish-black, and
luster submetallic. Occurs in square octahedrons j H=:6 — 6*5. Gr=3
4*8. From Piedmont and Thuringia.
Manganite. A hydrous sesquioxyd of manganese. Occnrs mas
sivc and in rhombic prisms. Color steel-black to iron-Uack. H=4—
4*5. Gr=s4'3 — 4'4. From the Hartz, Bohemia, Saxony, and Aber-
deenshire.
Feloconite is an ore of manganese and iron, of a bluish-black color,
and liver brown streak, with a weak vitreous luster. From Chili.
Manganblende, or Alabandine. A sulphuret of manganese, of an
iron-black color, green streak, submetallic luster. Hss3'5 — 4. Gr=
3'9 — 40. Crystals, cubes and regular octahedrons. From the gold
mines of Nagyag, in Transylvania.
Hauerite is a sulphuret, containing twice the proportion of sulphur in
the last. Color reddish-brown and brownish'black, resembling zinc
blende. Has4. Grss:3'46. From Hungary.
There is also an arseniuret of manganese, of a grayish-white color,
and i^etaliic luster, which gives off alliaceous fumes. Gss5'55. From
Saxony.
Diallogite. A carbonate of manganese. Color rose-red to brown-
ish ; streak uncolored. Luster vitreous, inclining to pearly. Translu-
cent to subtranslucent. Crystals rhombobedral. Hss3*5. Gr=3*59.
Infusible alone. From Saxony, Transylvania, and the Hartz. Also
from Washington, Conn., with triplite.
GENERAL REMARKS, ON THE ORES OF MANGANESE.
Manganese is never used in the arts in the pure state ; but as an oxyd
it is largely employed in bleaching. The importance of the ore for this
purpose, depends on die oxygen it contains, and the facility with which
On what does the value of manganese ores depend in the art of bleach-
mgl
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NICKEL OSES* 24S
thiB gas 18 given np. As the ores are oftea impure, it is important
to ascertain their value in this respect. This is most readily done by
heating gently the pulverifled ore with muriatic acid, and ascertaining
the amount of chlorine given off. The chlorine may be made to pass
into milk of lime, to form a chlorid, and the value of the chlorid then
tested according to the usual modes. The amount of chlorine derived
from a given quantity of muriatic acid depends not only on the amount
of oxygen in the ore, but also on the presence or absence of baryta and
such oUier earths as may combine with this acid. The binoxyd of man-
ganese when pure, affords 18 parts by weight of chlorine, to 2S parts
of the ozyd ; or 23^ cubic inches of gas from 22 grains of the oxyd.
The best ore should give about three-fourths its weight of chlorine, or
about 7000 cubic inches to the pound avoirdupois.
The chlorine for bleaching is used commonly in ^combination with
lime. To make the chlorid of Hme, the chlorine is generally obtained
either through the action of muriatic acid on the ore, (3 to 4 parts by
weight of the former, to 1^ of the latter,) or more commonly by mix-
ing 1 part of the ore with 1^ parts of common salt, 2 or 2^ parts of con-
centrated snlphuric acid, and as much water. As the chlorine passes
off, it is conveyed into chambers containing slaked lime, by which it is
absorbed.
Manganese is also employed to give a violet color to glass. The
sulphate and the chlorid of manganese are used in calico printing. The
sulphate gives a chocolate or bronze color.
The best beds of manganese ores in the United States, which have
been opened, are at Brandon, Chittenden, and Irasburg, Vt.
6. CHROMIUM.
The ores of chromium are the chromates of lead and
chromic iron, which are described mider Lead and Iron.
There is ahso a native chromic ochve, supposed to consist of
silica chromic acid, alumina, and iron. WolcJumskoiie is an
allied mineral. MUoschine or Serbian is considered a chro-
miferous claj.
7. NICKEL.
The ores of nickel, excepting one or two, have a metallic
luster, and pale color ; their specific gravity is between 3
and 8, and hardness mostly between 5 and 6, (in one, about
3.) They resemble some cobalt ores, but do .lot like them
give a deep blue color with borax.
How is manganese usedl For what other purpose is manganese
used 1 What is said of the ores of chromium t What is said of the
ores of nick°l ?
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£44 MBTAL8.
copFKR KiCKEL — Arsenicol Ntckd.
Hexagonal. Usuallj massive. Color pale copper-red ;
streak pale brownish-red. Luster metallic. Brittle. H=5
—5-5. Grs=7-3— 7-7.
Composition : nickel 44, and arsenic 54 ; sometimes part
of the arsenic is replaced by antimony. Gives off arsen-
ical (alliaceous) fumes before the blowpipe, and fuses to a
pale globule, which darkens on exposure. Assumes a green
coatins in nitric acid, and is dissolved in aqua-regia.
DiJ^ Distinguished from iron and cobalt pyrites by its
pale reddish shade of color ; also from the former by its ar-
senical fiimes, and from the latter by not giving a blue color
with borax. None of the ores of silver with a metallic lus-
ter have a pale color, excepting native silver itself.
Ohs. Accompanies cobalt, silver, and copper ores in the
mines of Saxony, and other parts of Europe ; also sparingly
in Cornwall.
It is found at Chatham, Conn., in gneiss, associated with
smaltine and a tin-white ore of cobalt, where it has been
mined, but with only moderate proceeds.
White nickel is a second araenical ore ; it has a tin-white color, and
contains 30 to 28 per'cent. of nickel, with 70 to 72 of arsenic. Crys-
tals cubic. From Reichelsdorf, in Hesse-Cassel, and Schneeberg, in
Saxony. Cloantkite ia this species.
Placodine is a third arsenical ore, containing 57 per cent, of nickel.
Tts crystals are tabular, secondaries to an oblique rhombic prism. Its
color is bronze-yellow. Hs^-^-S. Grss«7-9^— 81. FromMosen.in
Prussia.
Nickel glance is a fonrth iftsenical ore, occurring in cubes and mas-
sive. Color silver-white to steel-gray. Contains 28 to 30 per cent, of
nickel with arsenic and sulphur. HaBs5*5. Orss^'l. From Helsing-
iand, in Sweden, and also in the Hartz. Also at Schladming, in Aus-
tria, containing .38 per cent, of nickel, and having the specific gravity
6-6— 6-9.
Amoibite is a fifth arsenical ore, containing 14 per cent, of sul-
phur and 10 per cent, more nickel tluin nickel glance. Crystals mono-
metric. Grss6-08. From Lichtenberg, in the Fichtelgebirge.
Nickel Sttbine. An antimonial sulphnret, called sometimes Nickel''
iferous antimony ore, containing 25 to 28 per cent, of nickei. Color
steel-gray, inclining to silver-w^te. In cubical crystals and also mas-
sive. H=S — 55. Gr=6-45. From the Duchy of Nassau.
Antimonial nicktl. Contains 29 per cent, of nickel and no sulphnr.
What is the crystallization and appearance of copper nickel 1 of
what does it consist 1 How is it distinguished from iron and cobalt py-
rites 1 how from silver ores 7 Where does it occur 7
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N'OXRL 0«ES. 24b
It h«8 a pale copper-red color, inclining to violet. HsaS'S— 6. Graa
7*5. Crystals hexagonal. From the Andreasberg mounuins.
Nickel pyrites, or Capillary pyrites. A brass-yellow salphuret o<
nickel, occurring usually in delicate capillary forms ; also in rhombohe-
dral crystals. Gr=5-28. Contains 64*3 per cent, of nickel. From
Bohemia, Saxony, and Cornwall. A sulphuret of iron and nickel, of
a light bronze-yellow, has been reported from southern Norway. It con-
tains 22 per cent, of nickel. Gr=4*6. A similar compound, resem-
bling iron pyrites, containing 9 percent, of nickel, has been observed at
Mine La Motte, Missouri, by Wm. H. King. Still another sulphu-
ret (called bismuth nickel,) contains 14 per cent, of bismuth, with 40.7
of nickel. Color light steel-gray to silver-while ; often tarnished yel-
lowish. H=4-5. Gr==513. From the district of Altenkirchen, Prussia.
Nickel green. An arsenate of nickel, containing 362 per cent, of
oxyd of nickel. Color fine apple-green. Occurs with other nickel
ores in Dauphiny, Prussia, and elsewhere. It is found with copper
nickel at Chatham, Conn.
GREEN HYDRATE OF NICKEL.
Incrusting, minute globular or stalactitic. Color bright
emerald green. Luster vitreous. Transparent or nearly
so. H=3— 3-25. Gr=8-05.
It is a hydrate'of nickel, containing 38*50 percent, of wa-
ter. Infusible before the blowpipe alone, but loses its color.
Ohs. Occurs with chromic iron and carbonate of magne-
sia, on serpentine, in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania.
An earthy oxyd of nickel and sulphuret occurs with black
cobalty at Mine la Motte, Missouri.
Pimelite is a clay colored by green oxyd of nickel. Klap-
roth fi>und 15*6 per cent, in one specimen. Quartz is some-
times colored by nickel. Chyroprase is a chalcedony thus
colored.
GENERAL REMARKS ON NICKEL AND ITS ORES.
The nickel of commerce is obtained mostly from the copper nickel,
or from an artificial product called speiss, (an impure arseniaret,) de-
rived from roasting ores of cobalt with which arseniuretted nickel ores
are mixed. The ores are no where very abundant, and the most pro-
ductive are those of Saxony and Germany.
Nickel also occurs in meteoric iron, forming an alloy with the iron,
which is characteristic of most meteorites. The proportion sometnnes
amounts to 15 per cent. The great Texas metrorite, now in the Yale
College collections, contains 8*8 to 9*7 per cent, of this metal.
Nickel is obtained in the pure state from the speiss, by the following
Describe the green hydrate of nickel. What is pimelite ? What
Ires afford the nickel of commerce ? Whe le else is it found 1
21*
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246 MXTAL8.
proceM, proposed by Wohler : 1 part of the ore is fosed with 3 of
pearlaah and 3 of snlphnr. The arsenic forma a soluble compoond
with the sulphur and potash, and the nickel an insoluble sulphuret.
This is well washed with water and dissolved in nitric acid ; and the
solution, after any lead, copper, or bismuth, that may be present, have
been precipitated by a current of sulphuretted hydrogen, is precipitated
by caustic or carbonated potash or soda. The washed precipitate is
now acted on by an excess of oxalic acid, which forms with the peroxyd
of iron, that is generally present, a soluble, and with the oxyd of nickel
an insoluble, oxalate, which of course includes any cobalt that the ore
may have contained. The oxalate is now dissolved in an excess of am-
monia, and the solution exposed to the air. As the ammonia escapes,
the nickel is deposited as an insoluble double oxalate, while the cobalt
remains dissolved as a soluble double oxalate of the metallic oxyd wi:h
ammonia. The nickel salt, being ignited, leaves an oxyd which may
be reduced by heating with charcoal ; or it may be dissolved in acid and
again converted into oxalate, which this time is free from cobalt and
appears as an apple-green powder. The oxalate of nickel, being well
washed, dried and ignited in a closed crucible, with an aperture for the
escape of gas, leaves metallic nickel, which, if the heat be very intense,
is fused to a button. Its color is between that of silver and tin.
As nickel does not rust or oxydize, (except when heated,) it is supe-
rior to steel, for the manufacture of many philosophical instruments.
An alloy of copper, nickel, and zinc, has been much used for various
purposes, under the name of German silver, or argentane. Good €rer-
man silver consists of copper 8 parts, nickel 3, zinc 3^. An inferior
article is made of copper 8, nickel 2, zinc 3^. Below t|ie proportion
of nickel last stated, the alloy approaches pale brass and tarnishes
readily, while the better kind has the appearance of silver, and retains
well its polish. It is, however, easily distinguished from silver by a
somewhat greasy feel.
But " Grerman silyer*' is not a very recent discovery. In the reign
of William III, an act was passed making it felony to blanch copper in
imitation of silver, or mix it with silver for sale. *' White copper" has
long been used in Saxony for various small articles ; the alloy employed
is stated to consist of copper 88*00, nickel 8*75, sulphur with a little
antimony 0*75, silex, clay and iron, 1-75. A similar alloy ia well known
in China, and is smuggled into various parts of the East Indies, where
it is called packfong. It has been sometimes identified with th«
Chinese tutenague, M. Meurer analyzed the white copper of China,
and found it to consist of copper 65*24, zinc 19*52, nickel 13, silver 25.
with a trace o{ cobalt and iron. Dr. Fyfe obtained copper 40*4, nickel
31*6, zinc 25.4, and iron 2*6. It has the color of silver, and is remark-
ably sonorous. It is worth in China about one-fourth its weight of sil-
Ter, and is not Itllowed to be carried out of the empire.
Nickel alloyed with iron, as in meteoric iron, renders it less liable to
rust ; but with steel the tendency to rust is increased.
Articles are now {dated with nickel, by galvanic precipitation from
the sulphate.
How is nickel obtained from the ore ? For what is nickel oaed 1
What is German silver % What is the Chinese packfong 1
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SBTALS. 247
8. COBALT.
Cobalt has not been found native. The ores of cobalt
having a metallic luster, vary in specific gravity from 6*2 to
7 '2 ; and the color is nearly tin- white or pale steel-gray, in-
clining to copper-red. The ores without a metallic luster
have a clear red or reddish color, and specific gravity of
nearly 3. The ores are remarkable for giving a deep blue
color to glass of borax, even when the proportion of cobalt
is smalL
sxALTiKB.— -TYfi-tDActe CobolL
Monometric Occurs in octahedrons, cubes, and dodeca-
bedrons, more or less modified. (See figs. 1, 2, 3, page 25,
and 32, 37, page 36.) Cleavage octahedral, somewhat dis-
tinct. Also reticulated ; often massive.
Color tin- white, sometimes inclining to steel-gray. Streak
grayish-black. Fracture granular and uneven. H8=5*3 —
Gr=6-4— 7-2.
Composition : essentiaUy cobalt and arsenic ; the cobalt
varies from 18 to 23*5 per cent, and the arsenic from 69 to
79 per cent. A variety contains 9 to 14 per cent, of cobalt
and is called radiated white cohak; another variety con-
tains bismuth.
Gives o^ arsenical flimes in a candle. Colors borax and
other fluxes blue, and afToi-ds a pink solution with nitric acid.
Dif. The arsenical cobalts are at once distinguished
from mispickel or white iron pyrites, by the blue color they
give with borax ; and also by their crystals and specific
gravity.
Ohs. Usually in veins with ores of cobalt, silver, and
copper. Occurs in Saxony, especially at Schneeburg ; also
in Bohemia, Hessia, and Cornwall.
In the United States it is found in gneiss with copper
nickel, at Chatham, Conn.
CohaUine. This is another arsenical ore of cobalt, containing sul-
phur as well as arsenic. Color silver- white, inclining to red. Con-
tains 33 to 37 per cent, of cobalt. Forms of crystals, figures 42, 46j
page 37. From Swedes, Norway, Siberia, and Cornwall. The most
What IS said of the ores of cobalt 1 Describe tin-white cobalt 1
What is its composition 1 its blowpipe characters ? How is it distin-
1 from mis^icke) and white iron pyrites?
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248 MmTALs.
productive minpt are those of Wehna, in Sweden, which wer« &sl
opened in 1809.
Q>baU*pyrite9 is a sulpktrret of cobalt, of tiptile reddish or steel-gray
color. H=5'5. Gr=6-3 — 6-4. Crystals cahic. From Swedes, and
also Prussia ; also Mine La Moue, Missouri.
Another sulphuret of cobalt, with a less proportion of sulphur than
in the last, has been observed in Hindostan. Color steel-gray, a little
yellowish.
XABTHY COBALT. — BlocJc oxyd of CoboHt.
Earthj, massive. Color black or blue-black. Soluble
in muriatic acid, with an evolution of fumes of chlorine.
Ohs* Occurs in an earthy state mixed with oxyd of man-
ganese, and in Missouri has been mistaken for black oxyd
of copper. It is quite abundant at Mine La Motte, Missouri^
and also near Silver Blufi^ South Carolina. The analyses
vary in the proportion of oxyd of cobalt associated with the
manganese, as the compound is a mere mixture. Sulphuret
of cobalt occurs with the oxyd. The Carolina ores afibrded
Dr. J. L. Smith, oxyd of cobalt 24, oxyd of manganese 76.
The ore from Missouri, as analyzed by Prof. Siliiman, Jr.,
afforded 40 per cent* of oxyd of cobalt, with oxyds of nickel^
manganese, iron and copper. H has also been detected
with hematite, in Chester Ridge, Pa.
This ore has been found abroad in France, Germany,
Austria, and England, but much of it contains very little
oxyd of cobalt.
Uses. The ore of Missouri is exported to England in large
quantities, and there purified and made into smalt, for the arts*
COBALT BLOOtf. — ArseuoU of cobali*
Monoclinate. In oblique crystals having a highly perfect
cleavage and foliated structure like mica. Laminae flexible
in one direction. Also as an incrustation, and in renifi)rm
shapes, sometimes stellate.
Color peach and crimson red, rarely grayish or greenish ;
streak a little paler, the powder dry lavender blue. Lus-
ter of laminae pearly ; earthy varieties without luster. Trans«
parent to subtranslucent H = 1-5 — 2. Gr=2'95.