16
126
17
123
Winter group females
18
109
19
91
20
80
21
118
22
100
23
85
24
91
25
87
26
90
27
120
28
123
29
128
C 5 5
D 5
C 5
D 5 4
C 5 4
D 5 4
C 5
C 5
C 5
D 5 5
C 5 4
C 4 4
C 9 7
D 7 4
D 7
D 7
D 7
D 10 3
C 10
C 10 3
D 10 2
D 10 1
C 10 1
C 9 2
C 9 2
C 8 2
D 8 1
D 8 2
D 8 2
*N. retusus tapes used (all other tapes were of N.
triops ) .
**Summer-generation females were tested only if they
first responded to a continuous song of N. triops of 109
wingstrokes/ sec . by phonota\es, shaking, or walking,
+ = went to speaker end of cage and remained for at
least 20 sec. during the 120-sec. test.
56
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Q <2 WEEKS OLD (SUMMER)
O <2 WEEKS OLD (V.'INTER)
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<2 WEEKS OLD (FALL)
/\ FIELD RECORDINGS(V/INTER)
^ FIELD RECORDINGS (FALL)
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TEMP 'C
VJingstroke rates of Central Florida (Palm Beach
60
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Fig. 3. Wingstroke rates of North Florida (Alachua Co.)
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y (summer) - 3.93(x) + 12.13; y (winter) = 2.51(x) + 22.19.
130
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Fig. 4. Wingstroke rates of Central Florida (Palm Beach
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yw = 3.49(x) + 5.84.
62
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27
Fig. 5. Wingstroke rates of upper Florida Keys (Monroe
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18.25; yw = 4.40(x) - 4.26.
63
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Fig. 6. Wmgstroke rates of lower Florida Kevs (Monroe
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17.20; yw = 5.19 (x) - 25.40.
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Fig. 7- Wingstroke rates of Jamaican field-collected
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ys = 4.76(19) - 4.80.
65
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Jamaica .
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70
wruiXijss^a:s^sia;xv3fjaaimtytv3)if-i¥Kts^saae'3em»^^ iKikXaraB^
Fig. 11. Comparative monthly singing data from eastern
United States. Solid vertical line represents last data
that day length will permit molting to nondiapausing adults.
Broken vertical lines represent first frost.
LITERATURE CITED
Alexander, R. D. 1957. The taxonomy of the field crickets
of the eastern United States (Orthoptera: Gryllidae:
Acheta ) . Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 50:534-602.
Alexander, R. D., and R. S. Bigelow. 1960. Allochronic
speciation in field crickets, and new species, Acheta
veletis . Evolution 14:334-346. '
Alexander, R. D., and T. J. Walker. 1962. Two introduced
field crickets new to eastern United States (Orthoptera:
Gryllidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Aruer . 55:90-94.
Allen, J. A., and B. Clarke. 1958. Evidence for apostatic
selection by wild passerines. Nature 220:501-2.
Baker, F. C. 1935. The effect of photoperiodism on rest-
ing treehole mosquito larvae. Canad . Entomol. 67:149.
Beck, S. D. 1968. Insect photoperiodism. Academ.ic Press,
New York. 288 pp.
Byrne, 0. W. 1962. Colour pattern pol^Tr^orphism in the
Australian plaque locust, Ch ortoi(^cetis termin if era
(Orthoptera acrididae) . Ph.D. thesis, Adelaide (1962) .*
Danilevsky, A. S., and G. G. Sheldeshova. 1968. The
adaptive significance of the photoperiodic and cold
reactivation 80-99. In. Photoperiodic Adaptations in
Insects and Acari. (Danilevsky, A. S., Ed., Leningrad
State Univ., Leningrad, 1968) In Russian.*
Danilevsky, A. S., N. I. Goryshin, and V. P. Tyshchenko.
1970. Biological rhytlim.s in terrestrial arthropods.
Annu. Rev. Entomol. 15:201-244.
de Wilde, J. 1962. Photoperiodism in insects and mites.
Annu. Rev. Entomol. 7:1-26.
*References not seen,
71
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, Fulton, B. B. 1951. The seasonal succession of orthopteran
stridulation near Raleigh, North Carolina. J. Elisha
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Girardie, A. 19 67. Controle neurohormonal de la ineta-
morphose et de la pigmentation chez Locusta nigratoria
cmerascens (Orthoptere) . Bull. BiolTTr^Belq 1'0T~
79-114. *â–
Golding, F. D. 1934. On the ecology of Acrididae near Lake
Chad. Bull. Entomol. Res, 25:263-303.*
Hancock, J. L. 1916. Pink katydids and the inheritance of
pink coloration. Entomol. Nev;s 27:70-82.
Hebard, Morgan. 1932. New species and records of Mexican
Orthoptera. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 58:201-371.
Hodek,_I., and J. Cerkasov. 1958. A study of the imaginal
hibernation of Semi ad all a u ndecimn otata Sehneid. in the
open. Acta Soc. Zool . Bohem. 22:180-192.*
Jackson, R. D., and D. C. Peters. 1963. Biological observa-
tions on the European corn borer in southeastern
Missouri. j. Econ. Entomol. 56:741-747.
Joly, P. 1945. La function ovarienne et son controle
hiunoral chez les Dytiscides. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen.
84:49.*
Joly, P. 1951. Deterrainisme endocrine de la pigmentation
Chez Locusta nigrator ia L. c. r. Seanc. Soc. Biol
145:1362-13 667*
Joly, P. 1952. Determinisme de la pigmentation chez Acrida
tu rrita c. r. hebd. Seanc. Acad. Sci., Paris. 2r5~
1054-1056.*
Joly, P., L. Joly, and M. Holbwachs . 1956. Controle
humoral du development chez Lo custa migratoria. Ann
Sci. Nat. Zool. 11:257-261.*
Lees, A. D. 1955. The physiology of diapause in Arthropods.
Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. 150 pp.
Novak, K., and F. Sehnal. 1963. The development cycle of
some species of the genus Limnephilus (trichootera) .
Acta. Soc. Entomol. Cfech . 60:67-80.*
*References not seen,
73
Otte, 0., and K. Willians. 1972. Environmentally induced
color dimorphisms in grasshoppers. Syrbula admirablis ,
Dichromorpha vir idio , and Cho rtophaga vi ridif asciata .
Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 65:1154-1161.
Pfeiffer, I. W. 1945. Effect of corpora allata in the
metabolism of adult fem>ale grasshoppers. J. Exp. Biol.
99:183-233.*
Rehn, J. A. G., and Morgan Hebard. 1915. Studies in
American Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera) IV. A synopsis of
the species of the genus Neoc onocephalus found in North
America north of Mexico. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc.
40:365-413.
Rowell, C. H. F. 1971. The variable coloration of the
acridoid grasshoppers. Adv. Insect Physiol. 8:145-198.
Walker, T. J. 1957. Specificity in the response of female
tree crickets (Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Oecanthinae) to
calling songs of the males. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer.
50:626-636.
Walker, T. J. 1962. The taxonomy and calling songs of
United States tree crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae:
Oecanthinae) I. The genus N eoxabe a and the niveus and
varicornis groups of the genus Oecanthus. Ann.
Entomol. s'oc. Amer. 55:303-322.
Walker, T. J. 1963. The taxonomy and calling songs of
United States tree crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae:
Oecanthinae) II. The nigricor nis group of the genus
Oecanthus . Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 56:772-7 89.
Walker, T. J. 1964. Cryptic species among sound-producing
ensiferan Orthoptera. Quart. Rev. Biol. 39:345-355.
Walker, T. J. 1969. Systematics and acoustic behavior of
United States crickets: Orocharis (Orthoptera,
Gryllidae). Ann. Entom.ol. Soc. Amer. 62:752-62.
Walker, T. J. 1974. Stridulatory wing movements in eight
species of coneheaded katydids (Orthoptera: tetti-
goniidae: Neoconocephalus ) . Submitted to J. Insect
Physiol.
Walker, T. J., and A. B. Gurney. 1960. A nev; species of
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Fla. Entomol. 43:9-13.
*References not seen,
74
Whitesell, J. J. 1969. Biology of United States cone-
headed katydids of the genus Neoconocephalus (Orthoptera:
Tettigoniidae) . M. S. thesis, Univ. Florida, Gaines-
ville, Fla. 73 pp.
BIOGRAPHIC/^L SKETCH
James Judd Whitesell was born 14 October 1939 in
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In June 1958 he v/as graduated
from the Haverford School in Haverford, Pennsylvania, and
in June 1962 he received the degree of Bachelor of Sciences
with a major in biology from Dickinson College. After
attending the University of Pennsylvania Dental School for
one year, Mr. Whitesell was employed by the Broward County
Board of Public Instruction in 1963 while enrolled in the
Graduate School of the University of Florida. In August
1967 he received the degree of Master of Education and in
June 1969, the degree of Master of Science with a major in
entomology. From September 1969 until the present he has
worked toward the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Depart-
ment of Entom.ology and Nematology.
Mr. Whitesell is presently employed as a research
associate working on the Lovebug Project at the University
of Florida.
75
I certify that I have read this study and that in my
opinion it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly
presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality,
as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
Thomas J. W^ker, Chairmali
Professor of Entomology
and Hematology
I certify that I have read this study and that in my
opinion it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly
presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality,
as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
/
fj^XTt^HJ^
Thomas C. Emmel
Associate Professor of
Zoology
I certify that I have read this study and that in my
opinion it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly
presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality,
as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
Dale H. Habeck
Professor of Entomology
and Nematology
I certify that I have read this study and that in my
opinion it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly
presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality,
as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
.a^
6s E. Lloyd
'Associate Professor of
Entomology and Nematology
I certify that I have read this study and that in rr.y
opinion it conforras to acceptaole standards of scholarly
presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality,
as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy,
s L. N~. cj.on /
Professor of £nto
Nematology
:logy an
This dissertaticn was submitted to the Graduate Faculty of
the College of Agriculture 2nd to the Graduate Council', and
v;as accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirerae.nts for
the Geg:;ee of Doctor of Philosophy.
June 197 4
Dean, Co^cge~of Agriculture
Dean, Graduate 5;ciicol
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
3 1262 08553 0359