r\^i^n (rule 18) from IVD JSgyftt. Nevertheless n'la, from *ia^;%ttf^,
though/(?m£m»& in 3 Sam. xxiii. 5, comp, Deut. xxix. 20, or 31, is
construed as ^, masc. N. Isa. xxviii. 18. If the n be radical, the N:
may be either masculine or feminine;^ thus n^3 a house, from ni cafia-
city^ though generally masc. is yet construed as a fem. in Prov. ii.
18. comp. 2 K. X. 26. In n^T the ^ is radical, so that word comes not
under the latter part of the rule heM^iven; and in vr^FS a sfiear, from
nan to pitch, the ^ is substituted forThe radical, but mutable, n; and
accordingly the word forms its plural with D'' 2 Chroa. xxiii. 9, though
in Isa. ii. 4.Mic. iv. 3, for the plur. in regim. it stakes Xh^fem. form
^ni or ^n.
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237
17. The feminine singular is formed from the maaculiney by post- :
fixing n; as, DID goody nblD feminine .♦
18. But nouns ending in ** add n for the feminine instead of 71; as
from *^)fO an Egyfttian many n^'WD an Egyfitian woman: so when a
letter is dropt the feminine ends in n, as from p a«on,n3 a daughter ^
^ being dropped, from TTiK ortff, nnK feminine, 1 being dropt.
19. The filural of masctUine nouns is formed by adding 0% and
sometimes only 0, to the singular; as from ^SD a king, OoSd, or DdSd
kings,
20. The fihtral masculine of Hebrew nouns is also often formed in
{Mas {*3Sd kingsj Prov. xxxi. 3; j^D wort/*, Job iv. 3; p^n lives. Job
xxiv. 22.
2 1 . The filural of feminine nouns is formed by adding ni to the
migutarj as ^^^ a land, plural nilTW /anrf«; or by changing n or n
into ni, as mm a law, nilin laws; mJ(K a /e«er, nn:tf< letters; or H' or
m into nv, as n^'iay an Hebrew woman, plural nviaj^ Hebrew women%
xsythn a kingdom, HVdSo kingdoms: but in feminines plural the 1 is
often dropt, as in r\T^ for niyn«, in niin lor nnin, &c. Set.
22. Sovae feminine nouns have moreover another plural, formed
by changing n hito 0"*n;| as from nDITl a damsel, D'^nDH'! several dam»
aels, Jud. v. 30: from vh^p idleness, tJ^nVxJ^, Eccles. x. 18.
♦ Videnum*8ai.ante, p. 135.
t These a^Jbyn^ny writers reckoned Chaldee or Syriac forms^
but that |hey_af e also Hebrev^ ones is sij^ciently manifest by;.their
occurring so frequently in the Heb. books written before the Baby-
lonish captivity, and even before the Chaldee or Syriac language was
heard of. pSn occurs no less than thirteen times in the book of Job,
in which whD is also used ten times. See the Concordances, and Mw
r^Grammat. Heb. p. 243,
f Of this filural the grammarians in general have made a dual; and
it must be confessed, that in the absolute form it often has a dual sig-
nification, as D'nJtsr two years. Gen xi. 10. xli. 1. 1 K. xvi. 8. Jer.
xxviii. S.W'mv^two cubits, Exod. xxv. 10, 17, et al. D^fttO two mea*
sures, 1 K. xviii, 32; DTDT two sides, Exod. xxvi. 23; DTiKD two huH'-
dred. Gen. M. 19, 32. But in*the construct form (comp. rule 25)
many such nouns have ti filural signification; as vnilA his lawsy Exod.
xviii. 16, &c.
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I.
,but J
ntry; i
,and 1
238
23. Several maseuHne nornks filural end in n^ as 3K a father j plural
niD«; ninK /fon«, 1 K. X. 19. 2 Chron. ix. 19;» and n^uiy^ feminine
nouns plur. in D%t as D^Sna she-cameU^ Dn^rj tMT;^«9 on^rjSd concubinetf
tnp Bhe-goats (Gen. m. 35), D^'Sni ew« (Gen. xxiii. U), 0^1 tA^-
Aear« (2 K. ii. 24.)
24. A noun is said to be in regimtne^ or in conatrueHon, when it is
in a particular relation to a noun following it, or has a pronoun suffix
(of which see rule 33 to 41); as p«f7D king qfa country, IJSd his king:
in these expresuons ']Sd is ss(id to be in regindntj or construction
25. Nouns masculine singular in regindne suffer no change,
plural ones drop their D, as CTdSd kingsj yi^ ^oSd kings qfa country,
12^:ho our king94 So nouns feminine plural in trn. Comp. rule 22.
note.
26. Nouns feminine singular ending in n, do, when in reginHncf
change their n into D; as, mm a law, nm* n*iin tfie law qf Jehovah^
f niin thy law: but other femimne nouns, as also feminines plural, ex-
cept those in D^n suffer no change m regimine.%
27. Feminines plural in ni, when in regimine, often postfix "• (see
Deut. xxxii. 13. 2 Sam. i. 19, 25), and those in D'n drop the D.1[
OF PRONOUNS.il
28. Pronouns are by grammarians disdnguished into several
kinds; thus, /, thouj hey are called ^rimiti ^c t i^ ffnoun^: mincy thine^
kia^ Ij ga^advt i thia, that, iSSSSSiSSHU* ^^°' whtch^ felat^ f.
• So nmi) aind nima governors, 1 K. xx. 24. Jer, li. 23. Ezek. xxiU.
6. Neh. V. 15. Perhaps so denominated from the extent of their ter-
ritories.
t The plural termination D"* or D signifies multitude, not the gen-
der, from the root nnn. ,
\ Vide num. 627, p. 105, and 691, p. 1 IS.
§ Vide num. 790, p. 126.
If Vide num. 669, p. 111. ^ ' •
> II Under nouns are comprehended fironouna, so called because they
stand pro nominibus, i. e.for, or instead of, nouns or names; as^ J,
thou, he; that; who, which; mine, his, &c.
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259
29* Im Hebrew grammar it is necessary particularly to consider
only the first of these> or the firimiHve flronouns, under which the sc-
cbndy or fiosaesdvej are included;* the demonstrative and relative mxf
be regarded nearly as other nouns. Comp. rules 134, 135.
y Primitive firtmouna arc distinguished into three persona,
30. The first, 'JK, OJ«, and 'HR singular, / and me^ WK, lanJK, and
13ni, plural, we and ua.
31. The second, nnx, nK, "fttC, and IHK, singular, rAow and thee:
k O;^ and DDHK plural masculine; pK, nJHK, and pr^^j plural feminine^
ytf and you.
32. The third, «in and HT!, singular, Ae, she^ it: DH and non, plu-
ral, (generally) masculine; {H and riJn, plural, (generally) feminine,
they and /Aem.
33. Parts of these ^nmtVive fironouna are suffixed, i. e. postfixed,
to verbs and nouns as follows, and are called^ronoun auffixea.
34. From 'J^5, singular, t ^ or % me and my. ^ ^^^^ 1st person.
35. From MK, plural, W, «* and owr. 5 '^
36. From J inK, singular,!, no, and (fern. || O'
f^e and /Ay.
37. From tDDHK masc. plur. DD, you and
yemr^ masc.
38. From \ t^ViK, fern- plur. p, and § n^^, yem
and youry fem.
>.0f the 2dpers(m.
♦ Vide the note to num. 62, ante, p. 21.
t When ^ is thus suflBxed to a plural noun, that noun loses its own
^, or rather the two Yodia coalesce into one, as ^"^21 my worday for
^'131. Comp. rules 24, 25.
% n«in these words may be considered as an independent particle*
II 2 K. iv. 2, 7.
f Ezek. xiii. 18, 20. xxiii. 48, 49.
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240
39. From wn and K7t sing. J ); •;';»^^^^
40. From HDH, and DH, plur. masc. non, DH, D, or ID || 1 Of the
them and their^ masc. > ^Wrd
41. From njn and p, plur. fem. nJH, |n, and j, Mew and j P^'^^-
their y fem. J
42. These i0^oun wffixea are also often postfixed to nouns of
number^ as XX%Y:nf they twoj or both of themj and to several particles,
as {% \% nnn, 3, D, &c. thus U3^K nor hcj D3 m /Aem, &c. &c. &c.
43. Parts of iht firimitive fironouna prefixed or postfixed, form also
the/tfr«on«, and distinguish the temee of verbs; thus,
44. From '3K, K prefixed forms the first pers. sing, fut."^
r I
45. From 'HK, *n postfixed, the first, pers. sing, pret or , ^.
r\
46. From> ,
C i prefixed forms the 1 st pers. pi. fut. I
C W postfixed, the first pers. pi. preter J
^prefixed forms the 2d pers. sing. fut. *"
^ postfixed, the 2d pers. sing, preter.
''"n postfixed is sometimes used for the
2d person, fem. sing, preter.
^ is postfixed to the second pers. fi^m.
sing, future.
' postfixed forms the second pers.
^ fem. sing, imperative. S^f the
^DH postfixed foims the second person 2dpers.
masc. plural preter.
n is prefixed to the tiecond perscm
masc. plural fiiture.
C \n postfixed fortns the second person
/ fem. plural preter.
47. From 5 '
48. From HK, n
49. From§^nK, <
50. From SoftK, <
51.From§tnK,
«o v^^ «-iini# S^ prefixed, an^ HJ postfixed, form the
52. From §narw, ^ *- ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ p,^^ ^^^^^
» See Gen. xxxvii. 20.
t Exod. XV. 2. Deut. xxxii. 10. Jer. v. 32, and observe thatin i:i,
m^, andsHJ, ^ seems added for the sake of sound.
t Gen. ix. 26, 27. Deut. xxxiii. 2. Isa. xliv. 15. liii. 8. Ps. xi. 7.
II Also 1 (see rule 160); and u Jer. xxxi. 15; and t\ Exod. xiv. 25.
Deut. 3^xxii. 11. Psal. IxiiL 11.
$ See note t on page 337. ,
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of the
3 pcrs.
' 241
I postfixed forms the third pers. fern.'
•i^ PrnmM^-i J sing. pret.
5;s. fromKH, < , prefixed forms the 3d pers. masc.
sing, and with 1 postfixed, pi. fut.
54. From ID, • 1 postfixed forms the third person plur.
pret. and, with ^ prefixed, future.
55. From niHy Hi postfixed to the third pers. fem. pi. fut^
56. The pronouns forming the fiersona^ &c. of verbs, are called
personal affixes.
From the two tables above given, it appears that the former part
of pronouns are generally prefixed, and the latter or middle parts of
^em postfixed; thus of 'JN and 'riK, k is prefixed, and 'J and ""n post-
fixed.
OF VERBS.
57. It hath been already remarked, rule 9, that the V€;rb denoteth
the action or state of a being or thing; now an action may be consi-
dered eithev as done^ doingy or to be done; so a state may be either
paaty present^ ov/uture. Hence.
58. The most simple and natural division of time, or tense^ is into
floaty ^fireaenty scod/uture.
59. Again, f " A verb may either indicatcy i. c. declare an action
with certainty and positiveness, as the sun ia aety aettingy or shall set;
or it may carry a commandy as. Sun atand thou atill; or a verb may be
indefinite as to number, person, or tense, and so used very much in
the sense of a noun, as It ia pleasant to see the auny i. e. the aight bf
the aun ia fileaaanty/or youy or me, or thenty now, at any time,**
Hence arise the different mooda of a verb, as the grammarians
call them.
60. A being may either ^er/brm an action itself, or the action may
be performed upon it; it may either cause another to perforin the ac-
* But query, whether 1 postfixed to 3d person plur. preter, and
future, to 2d person /k/ur. wia^c. fut. and imperative, should not ra-
ther be deduced from the root 11, or nil to connecty join together?
t See Dr. Bayly's Introduct. to Languages, Part. I. p. 53.
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242
/*on, or be caused itself to perform it; or lastlfy it may perform it on
itself
Hence in Hebrew verbs arise the three (or, as some choose to con-
sider them, the^v^) conjugations^ so called a conjugandoy because all
conjoined or united in oiie root.
61. Hebrew verbs then have three conjugations^ Kaly Hiphilj and
Hithpael; three moods^ Indicative^ Imperative (commanding),* and
Infinitive (indefinite, see rule 59); two tensesy past and ^fwre— the
past tenscy or \ particifile active being often used for the present tense^
(see rules 57 and 58), and the future tense supplying the place of
the potential or subjunctive mood of other languages, and so it is
frequently to be rendered in English by may, can, mighty wouldy
shouldy oughty couldy all which words evidently imply somewhat/tt-
ture in their signiiication.||
62. Hebrew verbs are varied by two numbersy singular and plural,
three personsy and two gendersy masculine and feminine.
63. The old example of a Hebrew verb was ^1), whence are taken
the following grammatical terms, Mphal Sj^Sl, HiphU hyST\y Huphal
*7j;fln, Hithpael h^^BW^y and Paoul Si;;S; the Hebrew words being pro-
nounced according to the Masoretic points,
•64. The first conjugation Kal (Sp Ughty so called because in the
preter it h burdened with no letter at the beginning) is gcneraHy cc-
tivcy or signifies simply to doy as Ipfl to visit y 'MTto speak,
65. The indicative preter and' the imperative postfix the personal
affixes; the future prefixes them, and in some of its persons postfixes
part.
* See num. 481, page 83, ante.
t I» -^^^ there are two participles, active and passive, otherwise
called Benoni (see note * in page 243) and Paoul, Other conjugations
have also participles (as in the example, rule 75). Participles are so
called a participandOi because they participate of the nature both of a
noun 8^d of a verb, being declined by gender and number, like the
former, and denoting an action or being acted upon as the latter.
I Vide num. 642, ante, p. 107.
II See num. 588, ante, p. 98.
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243
A regular verb in Kai is declined thus,
KAL.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
66. Freter or Past Tense
She n^^B
Ye (fem.) jmpB
Tp3 He
T^npfl Thou
WpD I
nba They
^ ©mp3 Ye
'* unpfi We
visited.
She ipan
Thou (fern.) npfln
They (fem.) HinpflD
Ye (fem.) mnpflD
67. Future Tense,
-Ipfi^ He
ijJan Thou
â– ipflK I
raa- They
inpan Ye
ipaa We
>shall or wiY/ w««^
68
Thou (fem.)
Ye (fem.)
^ipa
mipa
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
-Ipa Visit Thou.
npB Ye.
69. INFINITIVE MOOD.
nips and *lpD To Visit.
70. Farticifile activey or Benoni.*
fem.
fem. plur.
fem.
fem. plur
niplfl Iplfl masc. sing. Visiting,
nnpa i^npia masc. plur.
71. Farticifile fiasstvcy or Paoul.t
nnipa nipa masc. sing. Visited.
nnipa onipa masc. plur.
* '31W, intermediate or middle^ because expressive of the intermedi-
ate time between the past and future, i. e. of the /ire««i^.
t The participle Faoul in Kal differs in sense and application from
the participle Benoni in Niphal (see rule 72.) The former denotes
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244
72. The passive of Kal is JVi/ihaly which prefixes ^ to the past or
preter tense, and signifies to be doncj as lp33 he rV visited, Comp.
rule 60.
73. The second conjugation is Hififdl^ which is formed« in the pre-
ter, by prefixing n to the preter of JEa/, and by inserting ' before the
last radical; thus np9 in Hiphil forms ^^p^^. A verb in Hifibil gene-
rally signifies * to cause another person or thing to doy or to cause a
thing to b( doncy as Tpiffl he caused to visit, ^ The passive of IBfihil is
Hufihaly which is formed from Mifihil by generally dropping the cha-
racteristic % and denotes to be caused to do or to be done.
74. The third conjugation is Mthfuzel^ which is formed, in the pre-
ter, by prefixing nn to the preter of Kal^ and generally signifies re-
fleeted action^ or to act upon oneself y but is often used in a passive sense,
as from "ipfl, Ipflnn he visited himself^ or ivas visited. IRthfiael also of-
ten denotes to make or pretend oneself to be what is denoted by the
root, hence it has by some been called the hypocritical conjugation.
To all these conjugations the personal affixes are joined nearly as
in Kal; but these things will appear more clearly by the following^
paradigma or example.
that the action expressed by the verb is done; Xh& latter, that the ac-
tion is to be doncy or going to be done. Thus in Judg. vL 28, *1J3 that
was or had been built y aedificatum, but 1 Chron. xxii. 19, nj^J that is
to be, or is going to be, built y sdificandum; Gen. ii. 9, nbHJ that is to
be desiredy now or hereafter; in33 to be desiredy Prov. xxii. 1.; Gen.
xlix. 29, f\OH} going, or about, to be gathered. In short the participle
Paoul in Kal nearly answers to the participle preterperfect passive in
Latin, and the participle Benoni in Niphal to the Latin participle fu-
ture passive in du^. See Dr. Bayhfs Introduction to Languages, part
i. p. 71.
* We have in some Eng1Ashst,v\^ something very like the Hebrew
conjugation in HLphily thus to set is, as it werC} the Hiphil of sit; raise
of rise; fell oSfall; lay of He.
t The participle IRphil often imports being about to do a things or
going to do it presently y and, in such instances, nearly answers to the
Latin participle future in rus. See Gen. vi. 13, 17. xix. 13, 14. Exod.
X. 5. So the Heb. participle in Huphal answers to the Latin one in
du8, Ps. xlviii. 1 . Jer. xl. 1 .
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246
OBSERVATIONS
On the above Example of a Regular Verb,
76. The final ^ of the first person singular preter is sometimes^
though rarely, dropt, as in inn^enj for in^n^enD / drew him outy Exod.
ii. 10. So in Hiph. in^lin for yn'lin I^mulUfily theey Gen. xlviii. 4.
But see Dr. Kentdcott^a Bible.
77. In Kal \ is often inserted before the last radical of theyurt^r^
and imfierative, aslipSK for IpSK, nips for IpS)^
78. The 1 in the fiarticifile Benoni in Kal is frequently, and in the
fiartidfile Paoul sometimes, omitted.
79. In the third person masculine plural future of verbs, as } para-
gogic is often postfixed to the 1, so thcl is sometimes dropt, and } only
retained, as in \Tr for pi'T they shall atiHve, Exod. xxi. 18; IP^^'V for
pj^'in'' they shall condemn^ Exod. xxii. 8; \y^H'' for jD'"^K'' they may be
ftrolongedy Deut. v. 16. So more rarely in the second person mascu-
Ime plural future, as in p'iKn for ]D""iKn ye shall firolongy Deut. iv.
26.*
80. In the third person feminine plural future of any conjugation
the n final is often dropt, as in jJ^S^n, Gen. xli. 24; pOKH, Exod. i. 19.
So in irregular verbs, as in I'pa^n, from npl8^. Gen. xix. 33; p'mn, from
nm, Gen. xix. 36; pTin, from n-rr. Gen. xxvi. 35; tTion, from HTD
Gen.xxvii. 1; IKVn, fi'om KV% Exod. xv. 20: and more rarely in the
second person feminine plural future, as in |"nn ye (women) have
preserved aHvey from XVX\y Exod. i. 18.
In the second person feminine plural imperative the final nis
sometimes omitted, as in p^DK^ hear ye {women) Gen. iv. 23; \ifSi1^Jind
ye {women) Ruth i. 9.
81. In Hiphil as the characteristic '* is used only in three words of
the preter, so it is often omitted in all words of that conjugation.
82. In Hithpael the characteristic n is transposed and placed after
the first radical in verbs beginning wither or D, as *iDn»n heJcefit him-
self y for IDiynn, from ^'tXf to keep; S^flDH he loaded himself y for Saonn,
* In the farthest column to the left hand of the above exampki
are addedthe paragogic letters, that is, such letters as are sometinieis
postfixed to the respective persons of all conjugations against which
they stand, and are always emphatical.
Digitized byCjOOQlC-
247
from Sao to load; and in verbs beginning with y, n is not only trans-
posed, but changed into D, as p'IDV J we noill justify ouraelvesy for
pTyni, from plV to justify^ GtVi, xliv. 16; IT^V Met/ wiarfe (or feigned)
themselves ambaaaadors^ for n'*2Cn% from yyi an anibaasadory Jos. ix, 4.
83. When the third person feminine preter ofany conjugation is
followed by a pronoun sufiBx, its n is changed into n> as on33:i, Gen.
xxxi. 32, ahe atole them^ not DH^JJ; innS3«, Gen. xxxvii. 20, hath eaten
him J not rnnSoK; irmarw, l Sam. xviii. 28, she loved him^ not inmriK;
OntS^pa, Hos. ii. 9, she aeeka t/itm^ not oncpD, Comp. rule 26.
84. The second person masculine plural sometimes drops its be-
fore a suffix, as in ''Jnnv ye havefaated to me; for *3DnDV, Zech. vii. 5;
)^'h^ye have made ua come ufi^ for 13on^b;?n, Num. xi. 5.
85. From the first person plural preter of verbs the 1 is dropt be-
fore the pronoun suffix p him or ity as in in^^DK we eat ity for 1nuS^^?,
1 K. xvii. 12; in ini3?;; we have forsaken him^ for iniJDTj;, 2 Cbron.
. xiii. 10. So from the third person plural preter, and future, as in
impn, they atab him, for innp*!, Zech. xiii. 3; IHTjn they knew him,
for iniT^n, Job ii. 13; innj^r they shall terrify ^ for )r\)r^^2\ Job iii. 5;
and from the second person plural future, as in iHJj^n, for inuj/n, 2
K. xviii. 36.' Isa. xxxvi. 21.
OF IRREGULAR VERBS.
%
86. Most irregular verbs are also formed regularly.
Irregular verba may be comprehended under two kinds, defective
and reduplicate.
Defective verbs are such as in some forms drofi one or more of
their radical letters.
87. From the old example ^p (comp. rule 63), those that drop
their first letter were called defective in PcyB; those that were sup-
posed to drop their second, defective in Oin^j;; and those that drop
their third, defective in Lamed, h.
88. Defective verbs, that sometimes drop their Jlrat letter, arc
chiefiy those that begin with ^ or J, hence called defective Pe Yod,
*B; and defective Pe Aww, 3fl.
89. Verbs defective Pe Yod, or nvith ''for the fir at radical, oit^n drop
it in the future, imperative and infinitive of Kal, to which two last
they postfix n, and in Aifihal and Hifihil they change their ' into >.
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248.
Here follows an example of a verb drfective Pe Yod, in whkh the
first word only of each tense^ mood, &c« is given) whence the c^er
words are formed regidarfyf as in lp£).
90. ^Uff Tc
) dwell.
IITHPAEL.
HUPHAL.
HIPHIL.
NIPHAL,
KAL.
3Brnn
aenn
yenr]
DK^W
3Br>
Preter.
:m'
TttfV
., 3OT
3Br^
Future.
regular
not used.
TWVl
DBnn
IMPER
throughout.
INFIN.
aisin
anym
a^nn
ro9
atSHD
awD
3WU
3W*
Benoni.
Paoul.
9 1 . The formadve 1 in Mfihal and Hifthit is sometimes omitted, as
in nV for r\hy Gen. vi. 1; in 'n^K^n for 'nacnn, Jer. xxxii. 37.
92. These three verbs rrr, jn', and n3% in Hith/iaeli change their
■♦ into 1, as rmnn, 8cc.
93. npS ro take or 6^ /aifc^n is in Xal formed like 2tir.
94. Verbs defective Pe Mm^ or ttnth 1 /or their Jirst radical^ drop
it in the future, imperative and Infinitive of Kal (to which last they
also pdstfirn), in the preter of Mfihal^ and throughout Hifi/dl and
HufihaL
An example of a verb d^ective Pe Aww.
95. •^OJ Tofiour.
HITHPAEL.
regular
throughout.
HUPHAL.
HIPHIL.
NIPHAL.
KAL.
"jon
ton
ipi
101
10'
TO'
â– pj'
ID'
not used.
Ton
IDJn
ID
Ton
Ton
loan
too
100
TOO
1"
â– PM
Preter.
Future.
IMPER.
INFINIT.
Benoni.
Paoul.
96. Verbs with n for their first radical often drop it, as 'fiTt^ *X3n.
97. Verbs with K for their first radical ♦ qften drop it in the first
tmmmrmm i 'mm i j.m i I I immammm-^immmmm^ , V n , > „ ■II I I I ■.
* Not alvfayt. See Job xvi. 5.
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249
person lingular future, as lOK for *»0H« IimiU sfieak^ ^xid sometimes
in other forms, as in * insn, for irr£)«n ehe baked //, I Sam. xxviii. 34;
* nDn,,for nD«n yeehail say, 2 Sam. xix. 14; 135^*7::, for UsSkd, teach'
tn^t^A, Johxiqcv. 11.
98. As for the aecond kind of defective verbs aboye mentioned
(rule 87)j namely those that are sufifiosed to drop their second radica)
1 or ^ (hence called defective Oin Vau^ ^];, and Oin Yod, y), as DW, Dip,
yvtj f'5, the truth seems to be this; that the former sort have, proper-
ly speaking, only two radical letters^ but sometimes take a 1 before
the last radical, being in other respects (except that they arc not used
in the simfile form in Hithfiael^ and in Hufihal assume a 1 before the
first radical, as DpIH w«» set ufi, Ekod. xl. 17.) formed quite regular-
ly; and that the latter sort of verbs, namely those with ' Yod insert-
ed, are either verbs in which the ' is radical, fixedy £^nd immutable, as
y^ to infest, in which case they are declined regularly; or else they
are in HifiMt, the characteristic n being idropt, as WVf for O'^lWl, from
Diy or DH5^ to filacer jU for pan, from p to discern, distinguish.
Example of a defective verb of two radical letters.
99. B{y or p1{jf TofUaee,
Preter.
Future;
IMPERATIVE.
INFINITIVE.
Benoni.
PaouL
100. Verbs of this form frequently in JTa/, and sometimes in JW-
fibal^ drop the ^ before^ the last radical.
101. Oiiht third kiad of directive verbh ^^ ^^ those which drop
tbelr r Air cf radical, are Ae verb» Adding in n, h©«Qe called defective
Lamed He, xh, as TKllf^ nSj.
102. Observe in general, first, that these verbs usuafly either drop
their n before a servile, as from ilSj to reveal, hi they revealed; or
change it into ' Toe?, as H'^JI, for tirhx thou revealedst; nr^:in, for
* But in the words marked thus ♦ some of Dr. Kennicott's codi-
ces supply the ». /
21
HUPHAL.
HIPHIL.
[NIPHAL.
KAL.
ossein
D^B^n
nw2
nv
um"
O'lir
GiW^
DIB^*
notusdd.
DWt
own
O\0
w)n
oHs^n
DtB^n
UW
Dieno
WVD
DH7J
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
250
nanSin they (women) ^all reveal; or before a servile n, into n, as
nnSj, for mSjl she revealed: secondly, that they often drop their n
final in lYi^/uturey and sometimes in the fireter and imfierativey as Si%
for rhr\ Jt]r for njsrjr, he shall make; 13f, for HIV he commanded^ Dent,
vi. 6, 24; Sj for nSjl reveal, Psal. cxix. 18; u'jD hath coneukied tw, for