comes protected by law. Cautious, practical, and with a
homely sagacity, notwithstanding high ideals, he yielded
not to theory, but to trial, respected customs, and pursued
the plans of life with wondrous patience and perseverance.
Father of his country, as Emerson has well said of him, the
pulse of many millions throbbed in his heart, and their
thought was articulated by his tongue. Even as Washing
ton was the typical ruler for a generation bred to traditions
of royalty and privilege, so Lincoln suited the common
conception for a people long confident of themselves. With
him, adventitious birth or wealth went for little; but he
weighed all men by their intrinsic worth, giving to each
the due ponderance that personal character had won, and
avoiding falsehood, whether of the social theorist, who
treats dunces and the wise alike, or of the demagogue, who
courts meanness only. God s greatest miracles on earth
have been wrought out of natural elements, and His
greatest tasks committed to men of true, steadfast
hearts and simple faith. If this President had no great
erudition, in him were happily combined, at least, the
qualities for conducting a great social change a strong
intellect, convictions strong when once formed, a hardy
physical frame, sound moral sense, and a persevering
will.
After all, the real ruler of mankind, and especially of a
vigorous and intelligent community, is he who can rule
himself; and to that type of men Lincoln certainly be
longed. He was plain in manners, unostentatious, unaf
fected, free, to a remarkable degree, from vindictiveness or
fierce passion. Cheery and good-natured by disposition,
calm, and even jocular, while others were angry or excited,
he would show displeasure by raised eyebrows, closed
lips, or a flench of the hand ; but resentment with him
seldom went further, and in action he was just, magnani-
(528 HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR. CHAP. Ill
mous, and bore no malice. The display of others foibles
amused more than it offended him, while for real sorrow
and suffering he mourned in sympathy. Though a giant
in stature he had a woman s tenderness of heart, and he
sorrowed deeply over the calamities that necessity com
pelled him to inflict. Ambitious we may well suppose
him to have been, but his ambition was of that lofty and
laudable kind that prompts to the general good. From
earliest childhood he had known what it was to strive and
struggle upward against the world s disdainful regard, yet
experience of life made him not crabbed, but kind-hearted,
and the poem whose bosom-lines he most loved to repeat
rebuked the spirit of mortal pride and taught a chastening
lesson. No high ruler ever showed less the caste of race
or station in demeanor; and it was Douglass, the man of
colored skin, who pronounced him free from that conde
scending manner that had impressed him much among other
philanthropic friends of his race. It was, indeed, his broad
range of sympathy, and his keen appreciation of human
nature, with all its faults and failings, that kept him so
close to the common heart. Lincoln took the world as he
found it, with always a disposition to make it better.
Holding before followers and the country the loftiest ideals
of public duty, while capable at the same time of using the
selfishness of others for the good of the cause, he required
no sordid or selfish abuse of official spoils, no cunning or
ganisms of petty tyranny, for keeping himself secure in
power; and it was the popular intuition that seldom errs
which secured his reelection for another term, rather
than that cunning thwart of opposition which picks out
delegates and shuts rivals from the suffrage of the
people.
Lincoln was, to a singular extent, representative of the
whole American people, the component of all sections of
the United States. He foresaw and foretold that in the
great struggle between North and South neither side could
afford to disbelieve in the courage and intrepidity of the
other. He had the unfailing courtesy and honor of a Ken-
tuckian born ; but, unlike Henry Clay, he was, in manners
1865. CHARACTER OF LINCOLN. 629
and modes of thought, a denizen north of the Ohio River.
He had the ingenious fertility for contrivance of a New
England Yankee, with, at the same time, the breezy and
unconventional boldness of the Westerner. He approached
the social problem of his age with an average Northern
man s objective dislike of slavery, and yet with something,
moreover, of the subjective misgivings over emancipation
which were felt by border slaveholders and the more humane
of Southern masters. We may recall the various expedi
ents he employed to lighten the coming blow, rather than
offend susceptibilities. So, too, as new areas of the South
were regained, or made secure, his capacity was shown for
soothing Southern fellow-citizens, allaying their former
misconceptions, and reconciling their hearts to the new
order of things. In short, as Lincoln s biographers l have
well pointed out, his blood was drawn from the veins of
every section of the Union, and of East, Middle, South,
together with pioneer civilizing growth in the great North
west, his nature equally partook.
" Ancoln s peculiar methods as President have been ob
served in the course of our narrative. He was true and
steadfast to his main public purpose, a present inspiration,
clearly conceiving the immediate duty to be performed, but
borrowing as little trouble as possible for the far future.
Eminently practical in statesmanship, his exhortation was
to action, and he disinclined to hamper himself by schemes
which might not readily yield to circumstances and a corn
ing exigency. "My policy." he would say, "is to have no
policy;" not intending this literally, but so that political
convenience, or the mercy of exceptions, should give to for
mulas all needful corrective. "I do not cross Fox River
until I come to it," was another saying of his; yet he well
apprehended the general direction in which he headed, and
simply made his way from point to point, with cautious
circumspection, and throwing out skirmishers, so to speak.
He thought and felt with the common people, or rather so
as to educate them to change with himself; hence expres-
1 10 N. & H. final chapter.
630 HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR. CHAP. III.
sions, like his point of view, might shift, though in general
exhortation he was sound and consistent. It is now con
ceded that he chose precisely the right moment, neither too
soon nor too tardy, for issuing his edict of emancipation, so
as to give it actual effect; and so, too, was his time well
selected for giving permanent and comprehensive force to
this new national policy by the sound process of constitu
tional amendment. In all things patient and incessantly
pursuing, his mind would turn to indirect experiment
for gaining the desired end, or so at least as to force
the conviction that expedients were useless. He liked
to approach reform by the flank before assaulting. " Peg
ging away," to use his homely phrase, as of one indus
trious over an humble manual toil, he rounded out his
work by dint of a sound intelligence honestly and with
constancy applied. For, carefully though he watched
the growth of public opinion, and heedful not to get
too far away, he formed and guided opinion, and was no
mere waiter for other men. He took the public into his
full confidence, and, by message, speech, or open letter,
would utter plainly his views and purpose upon critical
occasions.
From one of such tenderness and broad affiliation with his
fellowmen, one whose favorite weapon had been argument,
and not compulsion, this long and sanguinary strife, more
bitter and protracted than he himself or most other country
men could possibly have anticipated, must have truly been
a fearful strain. Yet of the wrestlings and agonies in soul
that this President underwent, the world knew little, be
yond noting the ghastliness he would present, with sunken
cheeks and hollow eyes, after a night s secret vigil of sor
row, while no words but cheerful ones escaped his lips.
His prayerful communings in secret must have been deep
and fervent. Few men ever lived with nerves and a consti
tution to bear responsibilities like these. But he would
relax the tension of mind by abandoning himself to frolic
and play with his children in the inner apartments of the
White House, or by observing the humorous aspect of scenes
about him in his audience chamber, or by reading, with
1865. CHARACTER OF LINCOLN. 631
keen zest, the pages of native humorists, such as Artemus
Ward, 1 who touched off American life in phases familiar to
him. With the jocose manner habitual to him, and little
pleasantries towards those whom he happened to accost, he
would throw off the burdensome anxieties that must other
wise have broken him down. Lincoln s rare vein of humor,
as disclosed in the many authentic stories and pithy sayings
of his, long since recorded, make him stand out, fresh and
original as a public personage, like those early heroes, Greek
or Roman, whose lives and characters are described by anec
dotes. The piquant zest of whatever he might say was
heightened by a quaint dialect and the flavor of a singular
personal experience ; yet many of his parables were doubt
less invented or adapted, on the spur of the moment, to
enforce some argument, or, as often happened, to ward off
inquiries from others too pointed and searching. Of all
rulers who pleased in intercourse, this one, while truthful,
was shrewdest in fencing where he was not prepared to
express ; but on great occasions, strong impulses came well
ing up from that noble heart, and great thoughts found a
most adequate utterance. For, in spite of a rare inelegance
of metaphor, such as would grate upon ears polite, Lincoln
was a master of style, and, while Chief Executive, wrote
more that was clear, forcible, and simply eloquent in liter
ary prose, and sure of enduring, than any other American of
that eventful period. He was not only first among histori
cal actors of this Civil War, but its ablest contemporary
interpreter besides.
If not wholly free from the commission of minor faults,
this Chief Executive was remarkably exempt, as an adminis
trator, from radical error. He was quite at home in Ameri
can politics ; his memory of faces was wonderful, and he
knew well or learned readily the statesmen and managers
of his times, and took in their characters, one by one, their
personal appearance, and their means of helpfulness to his
1 It was with a chapter from this author that, much to Stanton s
disgust, the President regaled his Cabinet, before introducing the
historical proclamation with its graver exordium. 6 N. & H. 158.
632 HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR. CHAP. III.
public purposes. He was true to those purposes, honest
and to be depended on. He trusted the loyal people, and
the loyal people trusted him in return; their predilections
were for peace, and so were his own; and hence for war
much had to be learned. As our narrative has shown, it
was not in the civilian, but the military aspect of his
Presidency that he was seen to grope, to feel out fallibly,
to make imperfect estimates of character and capacity, like
the average of those at the North who stood behind him.
Yet, for all this, he grew in military discretion and knowl
edge with the years, and, though never pretending to be a
technical soldier, he learned to give here a correct super
vision, as in all other matters pertaining to a ruler. He
experimented with generals of differing temperaments and
credentials} he watched campaigns intently in their prog
ress and studied the battles; nor would he rest, day or
night, until the generals were found who could command
and conquer. To the greatest of these, as to all others, he
gave freely and honorably of the nation s resources, and
the fullest confidence deserved. As for war itself, he
must have felt like Washington, who declared, when at
the same stage of human experience, "My first wish
is to see this plague of mankind banished from off the
earth."
The fame of Abraham Lincoln, enhanced by the deep pity
felt for his sad and sudden taking-off, the martyrdom of a
misconception, has reached the stars, and will spread and
endure so long as human rights and human freedom are
held sacred. For Americans his name is imperishably
joined with that of Washington, under the designation,
" Father," which no others yet have borne the one saviour
and founder, the other, preserver and liberator. Washing
ton s work was as completely finished as one great human
life could make it; and had Lincoln been spared to the end
of the Presidency for which he was rechosen, the capstone
to his monument would surely have been inscribed "Recon
ciler." For no man of his times could so wisely and pow
erfully, or would so earnestly, have applied himself to the
compassionate task of binding together the broken ligaments
1865. CHARACTER OF LINCOLN. 633
of national brotherhood and infusing through the body
politic once more the spirit of common harmony and con
tent. Nothing but the clouds of false prejudice and rumoi
could anywhere have obscured or prevented the rays of sc
warming and regenerating a personal influence.
APPENDIX.
A. ELECTORAL VOTE OF 1864 FOR PRESIDENT AND
VICE-PRESIDENT.
PRESI
DENT.
VICE-
PRESI
DENT.
PRESI
DENT.
VICE-
PRESI
DENT.
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NewYork
88
88
88
Florida
3
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North Carolina . . .
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Georgia
9
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26
Ohio
21
/I
21
Illinois
16
1 li
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Oregon
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Indiana
18
13
18
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Pennsylvania
26
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26
26
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Rhode Island. . . .
4
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81
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.
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82
,
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Maine
7
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Vermont
5
5
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Virginia
H
1 1
10
Massachusetts. . .
12
12
12
86
West Virginia. . . .
B
r
Michigan
8
8
3
86
Wisconsin
s
s
..
s
Minnesota
4
4
4
-
*r
7
7
Total
212
21
si
212
21
81
814
B. LENGTH OF SESSIONS OF CONGRESS, 1861-1865.
NUMBER OF
CONGRESS.
NUMBER OF
SESSION.
TIME OF SESSION.
( 1st.
July 4, 1861-August 6, 1861.
37th.
2d.
December 2, 1861-July 17, 1862.
1 3d.
December 1, 1862-March 4, 1863.
38th.
f 1st.
\ 2d.
December 7, 1863-July 4, 1864.
December 5, 1864-March 4, 1865.
635
INDEX TO VOLUME VI.
ABOLITION. (See Slavery.)
Abolitionists, 19, 198, 225-228, 278, 475.
Adams, Charles Francis, 24, 111, 114,
115, 117, 122, 227, 230, 282, 270, 271, 288,
424, 425, 420, 606.
Adams, John Quincy, 217, 227, 229, 606.
Agriculture, 326-82S.
Alabama, 144, 167, 449, 457,548, 556, 586.
Alabama, The, 18, 14, 82, 53, 58, 59, 271,
272, 425, 578-580, 622.
Albany, 323, 624.
Albermarle, The, 580.
Albert, Prince, 123.
Alexander, Czar, 117, 273. (See Russia.)
Alexandra, The, 425,426.
Alexandria, 71, 72, 210.
Allatoona, Ga., 508, 547.
Almonte, 264, 265, 428.
Alton, 90.
Altoona, Penn., 224.
Amelia, 596.
American traits and industries, 316 ; mili
tary, 290-293, 330 ; South undeveloped,
316, 317; Southern men and women,
319, 320, 574, 575; Southern cities, 321,
322 ; Northern civic life, 323 ; new
riches, 325, 326 ; agriculture, 326-328 ;
manufactures, 82S-330 ; petroleum, etc.,
330 ; commerce, 330, 331 ; speculation
in war times, 332 ; patents, photo
graphy, exploration, 334; journalism,
334; education, 336; literature of the
war, 337, 338 ; songs and oratory, 339,
340 ; necrology, 340 ; Northern prepon
derance, 340.
Ames, Adelbert, 577.
Ames, Edward R., 408.
Anderson, Richard II., 494, 495, 499.
Anderson, Robert, 12, 16, 27, 28, 30, 31,
32, 33, 34, 104, 106, 609.
Anderson ville, 412-414.
Andrew, John A., 42, 43, 46, 216, 402.
Anna Rivers, 502, 504, 587.
Annapolis, 45, 46, 48, 486.
Antietam, 223, 224, 232, 284-238, 369.
Appomattox, Va., 313, 504, 595-602, 607,
616, 617.
Arkansas, 40, 42, 51, 64, 90, 92, 96, 99, 141,
142, 258, 374, 375, 387, 393, 394, 399, 506.
Arkansas Post, Ark., 375.
Arlington, Va., 68, 72, 77, 80, 340.
Armistead, Lewis A., 367.
Armstrong, William E., 307.
Army, 290 ; organization and officers, 294,
295; pay, bounties, etc., 295, 296, 3o5 ;
quotas, 296 ; organization, 296-298 ;
bands, 298 ; dags, 299 ; uniform and
equipments, 300-304 ; monuments, 802 ;
tents, 304 ; ration, 305 ; camp life, 308 ;
methods in battle, 308, 309 ; railroads,
telegraphs, and signals, 811 ; spy and
detective system, 312; drill manuals,
312 ; spirit of comradeship, 812, 318 ;
blanks and reports, 313; military sur
gery, 814 ; reconciliation, 815 ; (Union),
49, 86, 461, 568 ; total for war, 619 ; (Con
federate), 571, 578; total, 619. (See
Conscription, Militia, Volunteers.)
Arrests, Civil, 421-424.
Ashley, James M., 529, 532.
Atchison, 90.
Atlanta, Ga., 186, 311, 485, 506, 507, 510,
511, 512, 518, 514, 546-551, 555, 556, 562,
571, 572.
Atlanta, The, 438.
Atzerodt, George, 613, 614,
Augusta, Ga., 582.
Austria, 428, 429, 430. (See Maximilian.)
Averysboro, 583.
Ayres, Romeyn B., 592.
Bailey, Theodoras, 172.
Baker, Edward D., 6, 135, 334.
Balloons, 312.
Ball s Bluff, 135, 136.
Baltimore, Md., 27, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48,
69, 83, 94, 322, 358, 361, 365, 465, 466,
468, 469, 475, 516, 525, 528, 623.
Bands, 298, 299.
Bank, National, 282, 283.
Banks s Ford, 344, 345, 347.
Banks, Nathaniel P., 47, 65, 203, 209, 213,
214, 259, 878, 385, 398, 399, 403, 409, 448,
485, 486, 501.
Barlow, Francis C., 496, 498, 542.
Barnard, John G., 197.
Barn well, Robert W., 167.
Bates, Edward, 8, 9, 16, 223, 401; 525.
Baton Rouge, La, 383.
Battle methods, 183, 308-311.
Bay Point, S. C., 139.
Bayard, James A., 280.
Bayou Pierce, 384.
Bazaine, Marshal, 428, 429, 431.
Beaufort, S. C., 139, 219. 531.
Beauregard, Pierre G. T., 13, 27-33, 65,
77, 78, 80, 83, 147, 166, 175, 178-183, 186,
197, 252, 300, 438, 439, 504, 541-548, 555,
556, 562, 582, 620.
Bee, Bernard E., 80.
Beecher, Henry Ward, 227, 609.
Behring s Straits, 462.
Belgium, 112, 436.
Bell, John, 41.
Bellows, Henry W., 314.
Belmont, Mo., 110, 150.
637
638
INDEX TO VOLUME VI.
Benjamin, Judah P., 54, 89, 167, 537, C20.
JJenton, The, 881.
Benton, Thomas H., 57, 97.
Bentonville, 583.
Bermuda Huudred, Va., 503, 504, 542,
588.
Big Bethel, 72.
Big Black River, 384, 386, 388, 389, 392,
395.
Biff Shanty, 508.
Bigler, William, 472.
Birney, David B., 363, 489, 490, 498, 542,
545.
Blaine, James G., 128.
Blair, Austin, 42.
Blair, Francis P., Sr., 93, 525, 535, 536.
Blair, Francis P., Jr., 93, 95, 98, 374, 389,
393, 450, 4G8, 506, 508, 511, 514, 525, 550,
603.
Blair, Montgomery, 8, 10, 12, 16, 93, 104,
223, 224, 469, 525, 527.
Blanc, Louis, 117.
Blockade, 49, 63, 68, 138, 140, 273, 291,
436, 568, 575-573.
Blue Ridge, 238, 353, 354, 518.
Bocock, Thomas S., 167.
Boggs, Charles S., 173.
Bolivia, 436.
Bonds. (See Currency, Debt.)
Boonsboro, 333, 234.
Boouville, 95, 96.
Booth, John Wilkes, 611-615.
Boston, 42, 49, 122, 318, 321-323, 326, 402.
Botts, John Minor, 18, 167.
Boutwell, George S., 285.
Bo wen, John S., 383, 388, 396, 397.
Bowling Green, 106, 144-148, 175.
Bragg, Braxton, 179, 25-2-256, 383, 410,
441-459, 482, 508, 583, 584.
Bragg, Thomas, 167.
Brandy Station, 352.
Brashear City, 399.
Brazil, 328.
Brazos, 619.
Breckinridge, Robert J., 466.
Breckinridge, John C., 5, 8, 60, 65, 106,
152, 291, 394, 523, 528, 571, 618, 620.
Bridgeport, Miss., 389, 449, 450.
Bright, Jesse D., 152.
Bright, John, 427, 615.
Bristoe Station, 482.
15 rod head, J. M., 157.
Brooklyn, X. Y., 29, 325.
Brooklyn, The, 563.
Bnmgh, John, 423.
Brougham, Lord, 427.
Brown, George W., 43, 44.
Brown, John, 226.
Brown, Joseph E., 168, 571.
Browning, Orville H., 4, 74.
Browning, Robert and Elizabeth, 338.
Brownlow, William G., 144.
Bruinsburg, Miss., 382.
Buchanan, Franklin, 564.
Buchanan, James, 5, 6, 7, 34, 111, 115, 159,
261, 521.
Buckner, Simon B., 60, 105, 106, 147, 149,
443, 444, 459.
Buell, Don Carlos, 107, 142, 143-148, 17C-
187, 218, 255, 341, 416, 441, 455, 603.
Buford, John, 360.
Bull Run, Va., 78-89, 97, 98, 100, 106, 180,
143 194 210, 214, 253, 300, 302, 408, 446.
Bulloch, James I)., 62, 271.
Bulwer, Edward L., 338.
Burlingame, Alison, 112.
Burnett, Henry C., 152.
Burnside, Ambrose E., 78, 140, 235, 239,
242-251, 341-343, 349, 350, 357, 366, 421-
423, 442, 443, 447-451, 490, 491, 495-500,
505, 542, 544, 603.
Burkeville, 596.
Butler, Benjamin F., 46. 47, 65, 72, 170,
172, 174, 217, 258, 259, 403, 409, 485, 487,
492, 497, 501-504, 523, 542, 545, 576,
577.
Butterfield, Daniel, 247.
Cabinet, 8-10, 19, 222-224, 277, 287-289,
524-526, 567, 568, 610, 611, 617.
Cadwalader, George, 47.
Cairo, 91, 99, 109, 144, 146, 175, 186, 256.
Calhoun, John C., 51, 52, 59.
California, 90, 98, 140, 827, 329, 330.
Cameron, Simon, 8, 9, 16, 74, 103, 107, 134,
157, 158, 160, 273.
Campbell, John A., 13-15, 29-31, 536, 607,
60S.
Canada, 38, 112, 122, 411, 472, 521, 568.
Canby, Edward R. S., 501, 547, 585, 618,
619.
Capitol, 6, 43, 275, 324, 565, 566, 623.
Carlisle, Pa., 355, 360.
Carlotta, Empress, 429.
Carlyle, Thomas, 113, 427.
Carpenter, F. B., 22, 223.
Carrick s Ford, 84, 85.
Carroll, Samuel S., 247, 364, 499.
Casey, Silas, 205.
Cassj Lewis, 34.
Cassville, 508.
Catron, James, 287.
Cedar Mountain, 210.
Cedar Run, 518.
Cemetery Ridge, 359-366.
Cemetery, Oak Ridge, 624.
Centreville, 78, 80, 188, 189, 212, 482.
Chambersburg, Pa., 355, 359, 360, 517.
Champion s Hill, Miss., 887, 394.
Chaucellorsville, Va., 348-349, 357, 358,
488, 511, 512.
Chandler, Zachariah, 533.
Charleston, S. C., 12, 13, 16, 17, 27-30,
32,36, 46, 56, 58, 115, 139, 192, 273, 318,
322. 436, 487, 438, 439, 440, 575, 582, 609.
Charlottes ville, Va., 587.
Chase, Salmon P., Secretary of the Treas
ury, 8-10, 16, 23, 74, 158-158, 199, 218,
224, 260, 277, 278, 282, 287-289, 334,
468-465 ; resigns, 468, 469, 471 ; Chief
Justice, 527, 528, 532, 565.
Chattahoochee River, 506, 509, 510, 513.
Chattanooga, Tenn., 187, 252, 410, 442-
458, 478, 482, 485, 506-508, 512, 548,
549.
Cheatham, Benjamin F., 559.
Cheraw, 582.
Cherbourg, 578, 579.
Chesapeake Bay, 139, 165, 189, 196, 200.
Chester Gap, 243.
INDEX TO VOLUME VI.
639
Chicago, 111., 9, 35, 325, 327, 472, 474, 47G,
MO, 5 22, 523, 624.
( hickahouiiny River, 199-207, 502, 503, 541.
Chickatnauga, Tenn., 444, 450-454, 459,
559.
Chickasaw Bluffs, 374.
China, 112, 435, 436.
Chittenden, L. E., 157.
Cincinnati, Ohio, 83, 104, 108, 253, 325,
327, 422, 442.
Circle, Golden, 52.
City Point, 409, 492, 514, 517, 560, 561,
594, 595, 607, 608, 616.
Clay, Cassius M., 112, 291.
Clay, Henry. 22, 52, 283, 628.
Cleveland, Ohio, 325, 465, 468, 475, 624.
Cleveland, Grover, 212.
Club, Union League, 326.
Cobb, General, 0. 8. A., 248.
Cobb, Howell, 408, 556.
Cobden, Richard, 340, 427.
Cochrane, John, 465.
Cold Harbor, Va., 502, 504, 509.
Colfax, Schuyler, 460.
Collamer, Jacob, 155.
Collins, Wilkie. 338.
Colorado, 90, 462, 466.
Columbia, District of, 220.
Columbia, 8. C., 554, 582.
Columbia. Tenn., 556, 557, 561.
Columbus, Ky., 105, 109, 110, 144-147,
175, 371.
Columbus, Ohio, 624.
Commerce, 330, 331.
Concord, Mass., 42.
Conduct of War Committee, 163, 251, 544.
Confederacy, Southern commissioners, 13,