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SEMI-CENTENNIAL HISTORY
OF THE
STATE OF COLORADO
1
By
JEROME C. SMILEY
Frank C. Goudy, Fred P. Johnson, L. E. Lemen, W. F. R. Mills,
Robert S. ilorrison, Walter H. Olio, and Wilbur F. Stone
VOLUME 1
THE LEWIS PUBLISHING COMPANY
CHICAGO NEW TORK
1913
1o
/ PlJl'T
COPYRIGHT
Lewis Publishing CoMPAjry
1913
PREFATORY NOTE
Of the contents of the first volume of this History of Colorado,
Chapter XXIV, on the subject of Mining in Colorado, is by Jlr. W.
P. R. Mills, of Denver. Chapter XXV, on Colorado Agriculture, is
by Prof. Walter H. Olin, of Denver. Chapter XXVI, on Irrigation in
Colorado, is by Hon. Frank C. Goudy, of Denver. Chapter XXVII,
on the Live-stock Industry in Colorado, is by Mr. Fred P. Johnson,
of Denver. Chapter XXIX, on Colorado Legislation, is by Hon. Robert
S. Morrison, of Denver. Chapter XXX, on Colorado Jurisprudence,
is by Hon. Wilbur F. Stone, of Denver, and formerly one of the Justices
of the Supreme Court of Colorado. Chapter XXXI, on the Medical
Profession in Colorado, is by Dr. L. E. Leinen, of Denver. The other
Chapters are by Jerome C. Smiley, of Denver.
The contents of the second volume, the text of which consists of
biographies of citizens of Colorado, were acciuired exclusively by rep-
resentatives of the publishers.
Some i^referenee is given, in the first volume, to the history of
Colorado's Territorial Period; and also, but in lesser extent, to that
of the Pike's Peak Country and ad.jacent sections in times before Colo-
I'ado came into existence.
The annals of Colorado are colored strongly by the elements of
romance, and in many of their parts they are as picturesque in de-
gree as are the physical features of the country that forms the domain
of the State. These qualities are reflected often and often in our pages
of narratives of the great variety of historical facts that pertain to
the origin, rise, and progress of the Commonwealth.
J. C. S.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I.
FORE-HISTORY OP THE LAND OF COLORADO. ā ITS ASSOCLiTION WITH A SPAN-
ISH- PAST. ā ANTIQUITY OF SPANISH EXPLORATIONS OP PARTS OP THE
STATE. NEW SPAIN IN NORTH AMERICA. ā EXTENT OP SPANISH DISCOV-
ERY RIGHTS. ā INTRUSION BY THE FRENCH AND THEIR CLAIJIS TO THE
MISSISSIPPI BASIN. ENGLISH COLONIAL PRETENTIONS TO TERRITORY IN
THE PAR WEST. ā BEGINNING OP SPANISH HISTORY OF OUR SOUTHWEST.
ā ADVENTURES AND WANDERINGS OF CABEZA DE VACA AND HIS COM-
PANIONS. EXCITEMENT CAUSED IN MEXICO BY HIS ACCOUNTS OF THE
NORTHERN COUNTRY. ā GUZMAN 's ATTEMPT TO EXPLORE IT. ā PRELIMI-
NARY EXPLORING EXPEDITIONS DESPATCHED BY VICEROY MENDOZ.\.
MARCOS DE NIZZA AND TILE PUEBLO OP ZUNI. CORONADO 's EXPEDI-
TION INTO THE NORTH. HIS MARCH TO QUIVARA AND RETURN THROUGH
SOUTHEASTERN COLORADO. FATHER PADILLA's VENTURE TO QUn'IRA. ā ā¢
MOSCOSO'S MARCH INTO THE SOUTHWEST. THE HUMANA EXPEDITION
AND ITS FATE. ONATE'S COLONIZATION OP NEW MEXICO. ZALDIVAR's
EXCURSION INTO COLOR.ADO. ONATE's EXPEDITION INTO NORTHEAST-
ERN NEW SPAIN. ā HIS SECOND ADVANCE INTO THAT SECTION. ā SPANISH
ROVERS OF THE PLAINS IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. PENALOSA's
EXCURSION TO QUIVIRA. ā SPANIARDS DRIVEN FROM NEW MEXICO. ā
THEIR RETURN. NEW SPAIN MENACED BY FRENCH SETTLEMENTS. ā
OPERATIONS OP SPANISH TRADERS. VAL VERDE 'S EXPEDITION. ā CALAM-
ITOUS ENTERPRISE OF VILLASUR. SPANIARDS IN THE FAR NORTH.
UNCERTAINTIES AS TO PARTICULARS OP SPANISH EXPLORATIONS. ā
RIVERA AND ESCALANTE IN WESTERN COLORADO. ā NEW SPAIN AT THE
CLOSE OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. ā COLORADO UNDER SPANISH
RULE. ā PIONEER MEXICAN SETTLEMENTS UPON SOIL OP THE STATE. . 1
CHAPTER II.
THE FRENCH IN THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. ā THEIR TERRITORIAL CLAIMS. ā ā¢
PART OP COLORADO INCLUDED IN NEW PRANCE. BELIEFS THAT NORTH
AMERICA AND ASIA WERE UNITED. ā SUPPOSED WATER-PASSAGE PROM
THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN. ā EARLY FRENCH CARTOG-
RAPHY OP THE WEST. LA HONTAN 's GREAT RIVERS. ā SENEX's VERSION
OF LA HONTAN's CHART. PERSISTENCE OF THE WATER-WAY THEORY. ā
THE "mESCHASIPI, OR GRANDE RIVIERE." ā THE " SEA OF THE WEST." ā
TALES OF CHINESE TRADERS IN THE WEST. ā THE WATER-PASSAGE AND
TRADE WITH THE ORIENT. "TARTAR LANDMARKS" AND STRANGE
WHITE MEN. EARLY FRENCH NAMES FOR WESTERN INDIAN TRIBES. ā
MODERN TRIBAL NAMES OP SOME WESTERN INDIANS. ā PART OP COLORADO
IN "grand QUIVIRA." ā PIONEER FRENCH EXPLORERS OF THE CENTRAL
PLAINS REGION. ā EXPEDITIONS OP DU TISNE AND LA HARPE. ā "UNI-
CORNS ' ' SEEN BY LA HARPE. HIS SECOND EXPEDITION INTO THE PLAINS
COUNTRY. EARLA' FRENCH TRADERS IN THE SOUTHWEST. ā BOURG-
MONT's ENTERPRISES. HIS MEMORABLE VISIT TO THE PADOUCAS. ā
V
vi CONTENTS
EXPEDITION OP THE MALLET BROTHERS INTO COLORADO IN 1739. COLO-
RADO COUNTRY SUPPOSED TO BE EASTERN BORDER OF ASIA. ā LA BRUYERE's
HUNT FOR THE ASIATIC PRONTIER. ā THE VERENDRY'E BROTHERS IN WYO-
MING. FRENCH TRAILS AND BOUNDARIES IN THE WEST. UNDEFINED
LIMITS OF NEW PRANCE. GEOGRAPHICAL GUESSING. PROPOSED ENG-
LISH EXPEDITION TO SEARCH FOR THE WATER-WAY'. ā PERIOD OF IN-
ACTION. ā DISAPPEARANCE OF NEW FRANCE. ā RESTRICTIVE FRENCH
POLICY. ā FOUNDING OF THE CITY OF ST.' LOUIS. FIRST HABITATION
BUILT BY WHITE MEN IN THE LAND OF COLORADO 25
CHAPTER III.
ACQUISITION OF THE PROVINCE OF LOUISIANE BY THE UNITED STATES. ZEBU-
LON M. pike's EXPEDITION TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. HIS INSTRUC-
TIONS FROM GEN. .JAMES WILKINSON. SPARKS ' EXPLORATION- OF THE
RED RIVER. pike's DEPARTURE FROM BELLE FONTAINE. ā HIS .VISITS TO
THE VILLAGES OF THE OSAGE AND THE PAWNEE INDIANS. ā SPANISH
COUNTER-EXPEDITION. PIKE's ASCENT OF THE ARKANSAS RIVER INTO
ā THE LAND OF COLORADO. HIS ENCOUNTER WITH MISCHIEVOLIS INDIANS.
HIS BREASTWORK UPON THE SITE OP THE CITY OF PUEBLO. HIS FAIL-
URE TO REACH THE SUMMIT OF HIS MOUNTAIN MONUMENT. ERRONEOUS
MEASUREMENT OF ITS HEIGHT. ā GEOGRAPHICAL MISTAKES. THE
party's WANDERINGS IN THE COLORADO MOUNTAINS. COURSE OF THE
MARCHES. pike's BLOCKHOUSE UPON THE SITE OF CANON CITY.
PREPARATIONS FOR CROSSING THE SANGRE DE CRISTO RANGE. THE
MARCH UP THE WET MOUNTAIN VALLEY. HARDSHIPS AND SUFFERINGS
OF THE LEADER AND HIS MEN. THEIR DESCENT TO THE RIO GRANDE.
pike's FORT ON THE EIO CONEJOS. ā DR. ROBINSON 's DEPARTURE FOR
SANTA FE. ALLEGED PURPOSE OF HIS MISSION. ā APPEARANCE OP SPAN-
ISH SCOUTS AND A COMPANY OP DRAGOONS. PIKE AND HIS MEN TAKEN
INTO SPANISH CUSTODY AND CONDUCTED TO SANTA FE. PIKE'S RECEP-
TION BY GOVERNOR ALLENCASTER. THE PARTY ESCORTED TO CHI-
HUAHUA. INTERVIEW WITH GENERAL SALCEDO. RETURN TO THE
UNITED STATES 44
CHAPTER IV.
CONCEALED PURPOSES OF PIKe's EXPEDITION. ITS EVIDENT IDENTIFICATION
WIT burr's CONSPIRACY. GENERAL WILKINSON'S IMPLICATION IN THE
PLOT. ā -pike's CORDIAL RELATIONS WITH THE TRAITOROUS GENERAL,
AND OTHER SUGGESTIVE CIRCUMSTANCES. FACTS OF THE EXPEDITION
TH.iT ARE IRRECONCILABLE WITH ANY THEORY OF NON-COMPLICITY. ā
WHAT WAS pike's PURPOSE IN BUILDING A FORT ON THE RIO CONE.JOS.^
HIS PRETENDED SURPRISE WHEN TOLD HE WAS ON THE RED RIVER. ā
EVIDENCE THAT PIKE INTENDED AND EXPECTED A COLLISION WITH SPAN-
ISH TROOPS. ā DR. ROBINSON A SPY. THE MORRISON CLAIM PROBABLY
OBTAINED FOR USE AS A PASSPORT BY A SPY. ā ROBINSON 's STORY TO GOV-
ERNOR ALLENCASTER. ā PIKE's DENIAL TH.4T ROBINSON WAS OF HIS
PARTY. ā HIS DUPLICITY AND FLAGRANT PREVARICATION WHILE IN SPAN-
ISH CUSTODY. ā ACTING THE SPY AND INFORMER. THE " SECRET " OF
THE EXPEDITION. ā THE NATCHITOCHES CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN
WILKINSON AND PIKE. SALCEDO 's LETTER TO WILKINSON. ā WILKIN-
SON'S CAUTIONS TO PIKE. PUBLIC OPINION AS TO PIKE's CONNECTION
WITH burr's PLOT. PIKE AND THE SECRET .VRY OP WAR. CONGRESS
REFRAINS FROM GRANTING EXTRA COMPENSATION TO PIKE. WILKIN-
SON'S UNSAVORY^ RECORD. SUBSEQUENT CAREER OF C.IPTAIN PIKE. ā
HIS DEATH AND BURIAL . 71
CONTENTS vii
CHAPTER V.
long's exploring expedition to the rocky mountains of COLORADO.
ORIGIN OP THE PROJECT. ā THE PARTY '.S PERSONNEL AND EQUIPMENT.
departure PROM THE MISSOURI RIVER AND MARCH TO THE PAWNEE
VILLAGE. ā MOVEMENT UP THE PLATTE VALLEY. ā EXPEDITION'S EN-
TRANCE INTO COLORADO. ā ABUNDANT ANIMAL LIFE. ā RECORD OP AN
INDIAN WAR-PARTY. ā FIRST SIGHT OP THE MOUNTAINS. ā LONG's PEAK
MISTAKEN FOR PIKE's. SOURCE OP ITS PRESENT NAME. ā FURTHER AD-
VANCE UP THE SOUTH PL.\TTE. ā CELEBRATION OF THE FOURTH OF JULY.
CONFUSED DET.ULS OF THE MARCH. ā CAMP MADE UPON THE SITE OP
DENVER. ARRIVAL AT PLATTE CANON. ATTEMPT TO ENTER THE SOUTH
PARK. ā CA.STLE ROCK. ADDITIONAL CONFUSED DETAILS. ā DR. JAMES'
ASCENT OF pike's PEAK. ā THE "BOILING SPRINGS." ā LIEUTENANT
swift's MEASUREMENT OP THE HEIGHT OF PIKE's PEAK. ā MOVEMENT
TO THE ARKANSAS RIVER. SEARCH FOR THE SITE OF PIKE's "BLOCK-
HOUSE." JAMES ' VISIT TO THE ROYAL GORGE. ā THE HOMEWARD TURN.
ā DESCENT OF THE ARKANSAS. AN " EVENT" IN INDIAN SOCIETY. ā DI-
VISION OF THE EXPEDITION. ā MAJOR LONG's MARCH INTO NEW MEXICO
AND THENCE TO FORT SMITH. ā CAPTAIN BELL's DESCENT OF THE AR-
KANSAS TO FORT SMITH. ā DISBANDMENT OF THE EXPEDITION, AT CAPE
GIRARDEAU, MISSOURI. ā SKETCHES OF THE LIVES OF LONG AND JAMES.
pike's "highest peak" named for JAMES. RESULTS OF THE EX-
PEDITION 91
CHAPTER VI.
Fremont's several explorations of the far west. ā his unmerited
fame as the "pathfinder." ā some effects op the popularity it
gave him. organization and purposes of his first expedition, in
1842. ā advance across the plains. ā the leader's detour into
Colorado's area and visit to fort st. vrain. ā his second expedi-
tion AND ITS OBJECTS, IN 1843. ā ITS PERSONNEL. ā JOINED BY WIL-
LIAM GILPIN. ā ITS ITINERARY TO FORT ST. VRAIN. ā FREMONT 's SIDE-
TRIP TO THE ARKANSAS RIVER AND RETURN. ORGANIZATION DIVIDED
INTO TWO PARTIES. FREMONT 's COURSE THROUGH NORTHERN COLO-
RADO. THE expedition's MARCH TO THE COLUMBIA RIVER. ā RETURN
FROM THE PACIFIC COAST, IN 1843-44. ā ITS ROUTE THROUGH THE COLO-
R.ADO COUNTRY. ā ARRIVAL AT PORT BENT. ā HOMEWARD COURSE. ā THE
pathfinder's third EXPEDITION. ā ITS PURPOSES. OVER THE PLAINS
TO FORT BENT. ā THE DIVIDE CROSSED BY WAY OF THE ARKANSAS RIVER.
ā ROUTE DOWN THE WESTERN SLOPE AND INTO THE UTAH BASIN. ā FRE-
MONT REMAINS IN CALIFORNIA. ā HIS FOURTH EXPEDITION, IN THE WIN-
TER OF 1848-49. ENTERS THE MOUNTAINS IN A SEVERE SEASON. ā DIS-
ASTROUS FAILURE OF THE UNDERTAKING. ā REORGANIZATION AT SANTA
FE AND COURSE TO THE PACIFIC COAST. SURVEYS FOR A PACIFIC RAIL-
WAY. CAPTAIN JOHN W. GUNNISON 's EXPEDITION, IN 1853. ā TRA-
VERSES THE CENTRAL PART OF COLORADO FROM EAST TO WEST.
COURSE AND INCIDENTS OF THE SURVEY. ā SANGRE DE CRISTO P.\SS
PRACTICABLE FOR A RAILWAY. DIFFICULTIES OF RAILWAY CONSTRUC-
TION IN THE GUNNISON VALLEY. ā GUNNISON AND SEVERAL OTHERS OP
THE PARTY KILLED BY INDIANS. ā FREMONT 's FIFTH AND LAST EX-
PEDITION, LATE IN 1853. ā FOLLOWS IN CAPTAIN GUNNISON 's TRACKS.
HARDSHIPS TO THE PARTY WHEN ON THE WESTERN SLOPE. PRO-
CEEDS TO CALIFORNIA. ā PRACTICABILITY OF A TRANS-CONTINENTAL RAIL-
WAY DEMONSTRATED BY THE SURVEYS BEGUN IN 1853 114
CHAPTER VII.
EARLY MILITARY EXPEDITIONS INTO THE COLORADO COUNTRY. ā COLONEL
HENRY dodge's MARCH TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, IN 1835. ā ITS
viii CONTENTS
PURPOSES. ORGANIZATION AND STRENGTH OF HIS COMMAND. ā ROUTE
TAKEN BY THE EXPEDITION. COUNCILS WITH THE OTOE AND OMAHA
INDIANS. ā ARRIVAL AT THE TOWN OP THE GRAND PAWNEES. CON-
FERENCE WITH CHIEFTAINS OF THAT TRIBE. RESUMPTION OP THE
MARCH UP THE PLATTE. MEETING WITH THE ARICKAREES. CHARAC-
TER OF THAT TRIBE. ā COUNCIL WITH ITS CHIEFTAINS. THEIR PENI-
TENCE AND PROMISES. ENTRANCE INTO AND COURSE THROUGH THE
LAND OP COLORADO. P-\RT OF COLONEL DODGE 's REPORT. FEATURES
OF THE MAP ACCOMPANYING THE REPORTS. THE SOUTH PLATTE COUN-
TRY IN COLORADO. ARRIVAL AT THE MOUTH OP PLATTE CANON.
MARCH TO THE FONTAINE QUI BOUILLE. AT PIKE's PEAK. MOVE-
MENT TO FORT BENT. EXTRACTS FROM LIEUTENANT KINGSBURY 's
JOURNAL. INDIAN TRIBE ON THE ARKANSAS. ā COUNCIL WITH THEM
AT FORT BENT. UPON THE HOMEWARD WAY. COUNCIL WITH CHEY-
ENNES AT THE "BIG TIMBER." MARCH TO FORT LEAVENWORTH.
GENERAL GAINES ' COMMENDATIONS. COLONEL DODGE's CAREER. ā COLO-
NEL STEPHEN W. KEARNY's "SUMMER CAMPAIGN TO THE ROCKY
MOUNTAINS," IN 1845. HIS ROUTE INTO THE WEST AND THROUGH
THE COLORADO COUNTRY. ā HIS REPORT OF THE EXPEDITION. E.XTRACTS
FROM AD.JUTANT TURNER'S JOURNAL. ā THE "aRMY OF THE WESt"
ON THE UPPER ARK,\NSAS. COLONEL WILLIAM GILPIN 's CAMPAIGN
AGAINST HOSTILE INDIANS^ IN 1847-48. HIS WINTER CAMP NEAR THE
SITE OF PUEBLO. ā EFFECTIVE RESULTS OF HIS OPERATIONS. CAPTAIN
R. B. MARCY's MARCH THROUGH THE COLORADO MOUNTAINS, IN THE
WINTER OF 1857-58. ā EXTREME HARDSHIPS AND SUFFERINGS OF HIS
COMM.iND. ā HIS EXPERIENCES WITH A " BLIZZARD " AT THE HEAD OP
CHERRY CREEK, IN THE SPRING OF 1858 135
CHAPTER VIII.
PUR TRADERS AND THEIR TRADING-POSTS IN THE COLORADO COUNTRY.
MAISONNEUVE'S EXPEDITION TO OUR SECTION OF THE ROCKY MOUN-
TAINS, IN 1799. SOME MISTAKEN BELIEFS. FIRST AMERICAN TRADER
UPON COLORADO SOIL. UNFAITHFUL BAPTISTE LA LANDE. ā EZEKIEL
WILLIAMS AND HIS ASSOCIATES. MILLER 's PARTY. PHILLEBERT 's
COMPANY. ā THE UNFORTUNATE ENTERPRISE OF CHOUTEAU AND DE
MUNN. ā " Chouteau's island." ā trading-posts on the upper
ARKANSAS RIVER. GLENN 's AND FOWLER 's EXPEDITION. ā M 'knIGHT
establishment. FIRST " BENT 's FORT." ā GANTT AND BLACKWELL.
LE DOUX's STATION. THE " PUEBLO. " ITS BUILDERS, APPEARANCE
AND REPUTATION. ā THE HARDSCRAPPLE POST. MASSACRE AT THE PUEB-
LO. ā SECOND "bent's FORT," A FAMOUS TRADING-STATION. THE BENT
BROTHERS. TRADING-POSTS ON THE SOUTH PLATTE RIVER. ESTAB-
LISHMENTS OP VASQUEZ, SUBLETTE, SARPY, LUPTON, AND LOCKE AND
RANDOLPH. ā FORT ST. VRAIN, THE " HALF-WAY STATION" BETWEEN
FORT BENT AND FORT LARAMIE. ITS APPEARANCE, WHEN IN RUINS,
IN 1846. ā CERAN ST. VRAIX. TRADERS ON COLORADO'S WESTERN SLOPE.
ā ROUBIDEAU'S POST. ā OTHER AMERICAN PIONEERS IN WESTERN COLO-
RADO. FORTS UINTAH, DAVY, CROCKETT, AND FRAEB. FORT LAEAJIIE.
THE SANTA FE TRAIL. ITS COURSE UPON COLORADO SOIL. OTHER
EARLY TRAILS. DECLINE OF JHE PUR TRADE. THIRD "BENT's FORT."
RELATIONS OF THE TRADERS AND TRAPPERS AVITH THE INDIANS. ā THE
FUR TRADING PERIOD NOT ONE OF DEVELOPMENT 163
CHAPTER IX.
EARLY DISCOVERIES OF GOLD IN THE COLORADO COUNTRY. ā SPANISH PIONEER
MINERS IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES. LOST
PARTY OF PORTUGUESE PROSPECTORS. ā FRENCH THEORIES AND BELIEFS
CONTENTS ix
AS TO THE OPULENCE OF THE GREAT WEST IN GOLD AND SILVER. ā PRIMI-
TIVE FRENCH RUMORS OF SPANISH MINING OPERATIONS IN THE ROCKY
MOUNTAINS. A "COUNTRY FULL OF MINES." MAINSPRING OF THE
FAMOUS "MISSISSIPPI BUBBLE. 'i' ā A "GOLDMINE" IN KANSAS. ā FIRST
DISCOVERY OF GOLD BY AN AMERICAN IN THE LAND OP COLORADO. ā CAP-
TAIN pike's INDIFFERENCE TO ITS SIGNIFICANCE. ā HIS FAILURE TO
SEARCH FOR THE PRECIOUS METALS WHILE IN THE COLORADO MOUN-
TAINS. ā SUPPOSED CONTENTS OF TPIE " SHINING" MOUNTAINS. ā LACK OF
INVESTIGATION BY LONG 's EXPEDITION. ā FREQUENT FINDINGS OF GOLD
DURING THE FUR-TRADING PERIOD. GREGG 's COMMENTS ON THE "ME-
TALLIC minerals" of the west. ROUBIDEAU'S PROSPECTING ON THE
WESTERN SLOPE. ā SAGE's THEORIES. WILLIAM GILPIN 's OBSERVATIONS
AND DISCOVERIES. ā NUGGETS FOUND IN THE SOUTH PARK BY "OLD BILL"
WILLIAMS. GOLD GATHERED BY CHEROKEES. ā REPORTS RECEIVED AT
FORT LARAMIE. ā TALES FROM THE " PIKES PEAK GOLD REGION" IN
THE MIDDLE '50s OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. EFFECTS OF THE
PANIC OF 1857. DELAWARE INDIAN PROSPECTORS IN COLORADO. GOLD
POUND IN THE BED OP CHERRY CREEK BY AN ARMY TE.iMSTER. FIRST
ACTUAL GOLD-MINING IN THE COLORADO COUNTRY BY AN AMERICAN. ā
ADVENT OF THE FIRST COLORADO ARGONAUTS 193
CHAPTER X.
pike's PEAK ARGONAUTS. COLORADO'S FOREMOST PIONEER. ā THE RUSSELL
EXPEDITION. ORGANIZ.\TION OP THE COMPANY AND ITS DEPARTURE
FROM THE KANSAS FRONTIER. ITS DIVISION OF CHEROKEE INDIANS.
PERSONNEL OF THE PARTY. ā ITS ARRIVAL AT THE MOUTH OP CHERRY
CREEK. THE LAWRENCE EXPEDITION. ā CIRCUMSTANCES OP ITS ORGANI-
ZATION AT LAWRENCE, KANSAS. ā MUSTER-ROLL OP THE COMPANY. ā ITS
COURSE TO THE MOUNTAINS. ENCAMPMENT OF THE PARTY IN THE "GAR-
DEN OP THE GODS." ā PRELIMINARY PROSPECTING BY THE RUSSELL MEN.
DEFECTION OF THE CHEROKEES AND THEIR RETURN HOME. ā IMPOR-
TANT DISCOVERY OP GOLD ON THE SOUTH PLATTE BY THE RUSSELL COM-
PANY. THE DRY CREEK DIGGINGS. PROSPECTING EXCURSION INTO
NORTHERN COLORADO. PLANS FOR FUTURE OPERATIONS. ā WINTER
QUARTERS BUILT AT THE MOUTH OF CHERRY CREEK. ā MOVEMENTS OP
THE L.^WRENCE MEN. FAILURE TO FIND GOLD ON THE HEADWATERS OP
THE FONTAINE QUI BOUILLE. ā THEIR TOUR TO THE SANGRE DE CRISTO
PASS IN SEARCH OP THE METAL. ā TPIE PARTY'S TREK TO THE SOUTH
PLATTE. ā ESTABLISH A CAMP AND ORGANIZE A TOWN COMPANY. ā IN-
COMING OP OTHER COMPANIES OF PIONEER FORTUNE-SEEKERS. ā MOUTH
OP CHERRY CREEK THE POPULAR DESTINATION. THE BOULDER CANON
BAND OP PROSPECTORS. GATHERING OF FRENCHMEN AND AMERICANS
ON THE CACHE A LA POUDRE. THE O'dONNELL PARTY AND ITS TOWN-
SITE. SETTLEMENT AT THE MOUTH OF THE FONTAINE QUI BOUILLE. ā
POLITICAL DIVISIONS OF THE PIKE's PEAK COUNTRY IN 1858. ā A " NO
man's LAND." ITS EXEMPTION PROM TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION AND
THE OI'ERATION OP TERRITORIAL LAWS. "ARAPAHOE COUNTY, KANSAS
TERRITORY. " 208
CHAPTER XI.
ORGANIZATION OP PIONEER TOWN COMPANIES IN THE PIKE 's PEAK COUN-
TRY. POUNDING OF MONTANA CITY. LOCALITY OP ITS SITE. ā FORMA-
TION OP THE ST. CHARLES TOWN ASSOCIATION .\T THE MOUTH OP
CHERRY CREEK. ā ITS PROMOTERS' ARTICLE OP AGREEMENT AND CON-
STITUTION.; ā THEIR ELECTION OF OFFICERS AND LOCATION OP A TOWN
SITE. ā ASSEMBLY OF PIONEERS AT THE MOUTH OP CHERRY CREEK.
ORGANIZATION OP THE AURARIA CITY TOWN COMPANY. ā ITS CONSTITU-
TION AND BY-LAWS. ā BEGINNING OF THE CITY OF DENVER. ELECTION
X CONTENTS
OF OFFICERS AND OP A DELEGATE TO CONGRESS AND A REPRESENTATIVE
IN THE KANSAS LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. ā AURARIA THE FIRST SETTLE-
MENT UPON THE SITE OP PIONEER DENVER. ā EFFORTS TO PROTECT THE
ST. CHARLES TOWN SITE. ARRIVAL OF THE LEAVENWORTH-LECOMPTON
PARTY. ITS PERSONNEL. ORGANIZATION OF THE DENVER CITY TOWN
COMPANY. ā ST. CHARLES CLAIM " JUMPED" BY THE NEW COMPANY.
ELECTION OP OFFICERS OP THE DENVER CITY COMPANY. SOURCE OF
ITS NAME. ā PERVERSION OF HISTORICAL FACTS AS TO THE POUNDING
OP DENVER. ABANDONMENT OF MONTANA CITY. ā EMBRYO CITY OF
ARAPAHOE. ā PIONEER MERCANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS. ā RIVALRY OP THE
METROPOLES AT THE MOUTH OF CHERRY CREEK. MEAGER AND DIS-
COURAGING RESULTS OF GOLD-MINING IN 1858. PIKE's PEAKERS' FAITH
IN THE FUTURE OP THE COUNTRY. ā TOWN-BUILDING ENTERPRISES IN
THE WINTER OP 1858-59. FOUNDING OP BOULDER CITY AND LAPORTE.
EL PASO TOWN COMPANY'S EL PASO CITY. ITS LOCATION AND SHORT
LIFE. EL DORADO AND ITS SOLITARY CABIN. FOUNDATION CITT, NEAR
THE MOUTH OF THE FONTAINE QUI BOUILLE. ā AGRICULTURAL OPERA-
TIONS OP SOME OF ITS CITIZENS. ā SPREAD OF THE "pIKE's PEAK EX-
CITEMENT" OVER THE STATES 223
CHAPTER XII.
THE MEMORABLE SPRING OF 1859. ā HEGIRA OP FORTUNE-SEEKERS TO THE
pike's peak country. DISCOVERIES OF GOLD IN THE MOUNTAIN VAL-
LEY OF BOULDER CREEK. PLACER MINING IN THE VICINITY OF THE
CHERRY CREEK TOWNS. ITS MEAGER RETURNS. ARRIVAL OF THE AD-
VANCE OP THE MIGRATING HOST. AURARIA-DENVER THE FIRST OB-
JECTIVE POINT OP THE INCOMING MULTITUDE. ā DEPRESSING CONDITIONS
IN THE "new land OF GOLd" AT THAT TIME. ā AMAZEMENT AND
INDIGNATION OF DISAPPOINTED MEN. ā BACKWARD MOVEMENT OP THE
MALCONTENTS. PANIC-BREEDING EFFECTS OF THEIR REPORTS AMONG
THE THRONGS UPON THE PLAINS. ā PIONEER NEWSPAPERS. ā COMMENTS
OP THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS ON THE CONDUCT OP THE "GOBACKS."
CONTINUED INFLOW OF SANGUINE MEN. VITAL DISCOVERIES OP
GOLD IN THE MOUNTAINS. RESULTS OF PROSPECTING ON UPPER CLEAR
CREEK BY GEORGE A. JACKSON AND JOHN H. GREGORY. DELAY IN
GIVING PUBLICITY TO THEIR SUCCESSES. HEADLONG RUSH OP EAGER
ARGONAUTS INTO THE MOUNTAINS. ā RETURN OP WILLIAM G. AND J.
OLIVER RUSSELL WITH A LARGE COMPANY OF GEORGIANS. THEIR WORK
IN RITSSELL GULCH. MINING OPERATIONS AT CHICAGO CREEK AND ON
THE NORTH FORK OP CLEAR CREEK. ā FURTHER DISCOVERIES ON BOULDER
CREEK. ā CONGESTED CONDITIONS IN THE NEW MINING DISTRICTS. ā EX-
TENSION OP THE SEARCH FOR GOLD. PROSPECTORS ENTER THE SOUTH
PARK. DISCOVERY OF RICH PLACERS IN THAT BASIN. FLIGHT OF THOU-
SANDS INTO THE NEW FIELD. SOUTH PARK MINING CAMPS AND
"cities." ā GOLD-HUNTERS CROSS THE MAIN RANGE. THEIR DISCOVER-
IES ON THE HEADWATERS OF THE BLUE RIVER. ā ATTITUDE OP THE UTE
INDIANS. ā PROSPECTORS SLAIN BY THEM. THE PIKE 's PEAK COUNTRY
NOW PROVED TO BE A GOLD REGION 2-43
CHAPTER Xiri.
EFFECT OF MINING DEVELOPMENTS UPON THE LOWLAND TOWNS. FEVERISH
ANIMATION IN THE CHERRY CREEK " CITIES." ā RIVALRY BETWEEN
THEM. ā FOUNDING OF HIGHLAND CITY. BEGINNING OF REGULAR COM-
MUNICATIONS PROM AND TO THE MISSOURI RIVER. LEAVENWORTH cS;
pike's PEAK STAGE AND EXPRESS COMPANY. ā INFLUENCE OF THE STAGE
LINE UPON AURARIA-DENVER. ACTIVITY IN BOULDER CITY. ā LOSS OP
POPULATION BY COLON.\, EL PASO, EL DORADO AND FOUNTAIN " CITIES. " ā -
RISE OF "cities" AND TOWNS AT THE MOUNTAIN DIGGINGS. MOUNTAIN
CONTENTS xi
CITY AND ITS NEWSPAI'ER. ā BEGINNINGS OP NEVADA, IDAHO SPRINGS
AND GEORGETOWN. ASPIRING MISSOURI CITY. ā NEW TOWNS IN THE
LOWLAND. ā "SHIANN PASS TOWN COMPANY." ROCKY MOUNTAIN
CITY.ā FOUNDING OF GOLDEN CITY.ā ITS NEWSPAPER.ā DECLINE OF
ARAPAHOE CITY. ā BIRTH OF COLORADO CITY. ā AMBITIONS OF ITS
FOUNDERS.ā INCEPTION OF CANON CITY.ā TOWNS OP GOLDEN GATE,
MOUNT VERNON, PIEDMONT, HUNTSVILLE AND BRADFORD. PRIMITIVE
HIGHWAYS TO THE MOUNTAIN MINING DISTRICTS. ā LOCATION AND IM-
PROVEMENT OF PUBLIC ROADS. ā ORGANIZATION OF ROAD COMPANIES AND
CON.STRUCTION OF TOLL-ROADS. CHARACTER OF THE THOROUGHFARES.
ā DROUTHY CONDITIONS IN THE MINING DLSTRICTS. ā PIONEER ENGINEER-
ING WORKS FOR SUPPLYING WATER. ā CONSOLIDATED AND NEVADA
DITCHES. DITCH-MAKING IN THE VICINITY OF AURARIA-DENVER.ā
MINERS' EXPEDIENTS FOR CONVEYING WATER TO THEIR CLAIMS. ā IN-
TRODUCTION OP ARASTRAS AND STAMP-MILLS ON THE NORTH FORK OF
CLEAR CREEK. ā PRODUCTION OP GOLD IN 1859. ā HEGIRA OP MEN WHO
HAD FAILED. ā FAMILY LIFE IN THE SETTLEMENTS. ā BIRTHS OP CHIL-
DREN. FIRST WEDDING AND FIRST SECULAR SCHOOL. ā WINTER OF
1859-60. LABOR AND COMMUNICATIONS INFREQUENTLY INTERRUPTED.
ā PROSPECTS FOR A PROSPEROUS NEW YEAR 260
CHAPTER XIV.
EXTENSION OP THE PIKE's PEAK GOLD-FIELD IN 1860. ā INITIAL GOLDEN
REVELATIONS IN THE MOUNTAIN VALLEY OP THE ARIC\NSAS RIVER. ā
DISCOVERY OF GOLD IN CALIFORNIA GULCH. ā CIRCUMSTANCES ATTEND-
ING IT. ā OPULENCE OF THE GULCH MINES. STAMPEDE OF FORTUNE-
SEEKERS TO THE NEW DIGGINGS. ā MULTITUDE OF PIKE's PEAK IMMI-
GRANTS IN THE SPRING AND SUMMER OF 1860. ā VLSIONARY ANTICIPA-
TIONS AND HARSH EXPERIENCES OF THE MA.JORITY. ā FURTHER DIS-
COVERIES ON THE UPPER ARKANSAS. ā ACTIVITIES IN THE SOUTH PARK.
HAMILTON CITY. ā NEW DLSTRICTS OF BUCKSKIW JOE AND GEORGIA
GULCH. ā MINING OPERATIONS ON THE BLUE RIVER. "lONG's PEAK
MINES." CONDITIONS ON UPPER CLEAR CREEK. ā SILVER VEINS FOUND
AT GEORGETOWN. INEFFICIENCY OF THE EARLIER ST.VMP-MILLS IN
EXTRACTING GOLD PROM QUARTZ. DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED BY THE
LODE MINERS. THEIR IGNORANCE OP SOME FEATURES OP SUCH MINING.
ā IMPROVED SERVICE AND RESULTS BY THE STAMP-MILLS. ā LIVELINESS
OF THE CLEAR CREEK MINING TOWNS. ā FOUNDING OP CENTRAL CITY.
ITS ABSORPTION OF MOUNTAIN CITY. ADVENT OF EMPIRE CITY. ā EX-
HAUSTION OF BOULDER CREEK PLACERS. INCREASED DEVELOPMENTS OP
QUARTZ MINES IN THAT DISTRICT. SIGNS OF DEBILITY IN SOUTH PARK
PLACERS. ā -CONDITIONS IN THE CALIFORNIA GULCH LOCALITY IN THE
AUTUMN OF 1860. ā RISE AND METEORIC CAREER OP ORO CITY. GENERAL
PROSPERITY IN THE LOWLAND TOWNS. ā RAPID GROWTH OF DENVER
CITY IN POPULATION AND BUSINESS. ā PIKe'S PEAK GOLD COINS. ā DAILY
NEWSPAPERS ESTABLISHED. ā COMMUNICATION WITH THE E.VST. ā AGRI-
CULTURE NE.VE DENVER CITY. ā RETARDATION OP BOULDER CITY.
FLOURISHING STATE OP GOLDEN AND COLORADO CITIES. ā NEW CANON
CITY. PROJECTED TOWNS OP THE WESTERN SLOPE. FOUNDING OF
PUEBLO CITY. ā MAGNITUDE OP ITS SITE. FOUNTAIN CITY AND ITS AGRI-
CULTURISTS. ā EXODUS OP DISAPPOINTED AND DISILLU.SIONED MEN IN
AUTUMN OP 1860. OUTPUT OP THE MINES IN 1859-60. GOLD DIS-