number as President, who shall hold his office for one year. It shall be the duty
of such President to call meetings of the Trustees, preside over their meetings, and
to exercise a general supervision over the affairs of said college. And at each
annual meeting thereafter they shall again elect a President from among their
number. Nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to prevent the
re-election of the incumbent. ' '
The Ninth Legislative Assembly, seeming to have believed that the
Board of Trustees, as appointed by the foregoing act, had not been suffi-
ciently vigorous, reorganized it by an act, approved on February 9, 1872,
"to amend Section Two of an act entitled 'An Act for the Establishment
and Location of an Agricultural Society'" [College]. The following is the
language of the new enactment :
"Section 1. That section two of an act entitled 'An Act for the establisli-
ment and location of an Agricultural College' (Laws of A. D. 1870), be and the
same hereby is repealed, and the following inserted in lieu thereof:
"T. M. Smith, H. C. Peterson, J. M. Sherwood, B. H. Eaton, A. H.
DeFrance, Samuel H. Elbert, J. Marshall Paul, A. T. Howes, Granville Berkley,
A. K. Yount, George M. ChUcott, B. F. Whidbee. are hereby appointed trustees
of said Agricultural College of Colorado. ' '
Three public-spirited citizens of the then infantile municipality of Fort
Collins donated to the Territory for the purposes of the proposed College
a tract of land embracing two hundred and forty acres, which adjoined the
town. But aside from this acquisition notliing of importance was accom-
plished toward establishing the institution at that time.
However, as the gift of land had provided a tangible basis upon which
to proceed with further preparations, the Tenth Territorial Assembly, by
"An Act Concerning the Agricultural College of Colorado", that was ap-
proved on February 13, 1874, but which did not take effect until the first
day of the next year, made the first appropriation of money — which was
conditional — to aid in establishing the College. The following are the sec-
tions of the law that pertain to this:
6'>2 HISTORY OF COLORADO
"Section 1. That the sum of one thousand ($1,000) dollars be and the
same is hereby appropriated to aid in erecting buildings and making such other
improvements on the grounds belonging to said institution at Fort Collins, in
the county of Larimer, in said Territory, as the Trustees thereof may deem
necessary.
"Section 2. When the board of trustees of said College shall have raised
by subscription, donation, or otherwise, the sum of one thousand ($1,000) dollars
in money, and shall have expended the same on buildings and grounds, then the
Auditor of the Territory shall draw a warrant on the Territorial Treasurer in
favor of the Treasurer of said Board of Trustees for the sum of one thousand
($1,000) dollars, to be paid out of any money in the Territorial Treasury not
otherwise appropriated. ' '
Section 5 provided that "each county in this Territory shall be entitled
to send to said College, tuition free, one pujjil; said pupil to be selected by
competitive examination before the county school superintendent and
awarded to the highest scholarship". The other sections of the act dealt
with the subject of the surety-bond, responsibilities, and duties of the Trus-
tees' Treasurer.
During the short period between the time of this enactment and the
close of the Territorial era but little progress was made toward consum-
mating the purjjoses of the legislation by the Territorial Assemblies ; and it
appears that the Trustees were unable to comply with the requirement of
the act of February 13, 1874, as to raising "by subscription, donation, or
otherwise, the sum of one thousand dollars" with which to begin making
improvements upon the land that had Ijeen given to be the site of the College.
Moreover, some members of the Board removed from the Territory, and
later the death of the President of that body reduced its membership to
fewer than a quorum. Therefore tlie work of establishing the College was
left to be carried to completion under the auspices of the State Government.
The State Constitution gave the College an independent existence, and
fi.xed its location at Fort Collins. The ne.xt legislation in behalf of the in-
stitution was by the State's First General Assembly, by "x\n Act to estab-
lish a State Board of Agriculture and to define its Duties", approved on
February 27, 1877. and which took effect immediately. This act abolished
the Board of Trustees, which had become impotent, and created in its stead
a State Board of Agriculture, which was to have, and still has, general con-
trol and supervision of the affairs of the College. The law provided that
the new Board should consist of eight members, to be appointed by the Gov-
ernor of the State ; and also that the Governor and the President of the in-
stitution should be, ex officio, members of the organization. These pro-
visions of the act have remained unchanged to the present time.
By "An Act to provide a Fund for the Building and Maintenance of
the Agricultural College of Colorado", approved on March 9, 1877, the First
General Assembly authorized a tax of one-tenth of a mill on all taxable
property in the State, and which was "to be known as the agricultural col-
lege ta.x'". This law further provided that "the fund so created shall l)e ap-
plied exclusively for the building and support of the agricultural college
of this 'State"' ; that "whenever there shall be any money in the hands of
the state treasurer to the credit of the agricultural college fund, deemed
sufficient by the state board of agriculture, to commence the erection of an
agricultural college, the auditor of State is hereby authorized to draw
his warrant upon the treasurer of State, in favor of the treasurer of the said
board of agriculture, in such sums as said board shall deem necessarv to
HISTOEY OF COLORADO nr^
carry on the erection or running expenses of said college"; and thai "this
act shall not take effect unless the fee simple title to the real estate known
as the agricultural- college of Colorado shall, within ninety (90) days from
the passage of this act, be vested in said state board of agriculture free of
any condition whatever".
The enactments by the State's First Assembly opened the way to active
preparations for bringing the College into practical existence. The corner-
stone of trie Main Building was laid on July 29, 1878 ; and in the first half
of the next year the structure was completed and made ready for use.
The institution was opened on SejDtember 1, 1879 ; and ere the close of
the initial term twenty students had been enrolled.
Early in that year, the Second General Assembly increased the general
tax-levy for the maintenance of the College from one-tenth to one-fifth of
a mill, at which sum il has stood since that time. Later Assembhes have
made occasional special appropriations for special purposes, among which
were $58,500 for the biennial period of 1905-0(3 and $27,500 for the period
of 1907-08 for extending the work of the Experiment Station.
By the operation of an act of Congress that was approved on July 3,
1862. the College received an endowment of 90,000 acres of public land.
The ])urpose of this act was to aid States, by such grants, to establish and
maintain colleges in which "the leading object shall bo, without excluding
other scientific and classical studies, and including Military Tactics, to
teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the me-
chanic arts in such manner as the Legislatures of the States may respectively
prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the in-
dustrial classes in the several pursuits and professions of life".
The aid provided l3y this law for founding and maintaining State col-
leges for teaching branches of learning relating to agriculture, was amplified
by Congress in an act. approved on March 2, 1887, '"to establish agricul-
tural ex]ieriment stations in connection with the colleges established in the
several States under the provisions of an act approved July 2, 1862, and
of the acts supplementary thereto". Under the terms and conditions of
this enactment, and of those of a later measure, which was introduced by
Eepresentative William H. Hatch, of Missouri, and became a law on Feb-
ruary 7, 1888, making an appropriation to carry into effect the act of March
2, 1887, our Agricultural College now receives annually from the United
States Treasury the sum of $15,000, to be -used for conducting agricultural
investigations and experiments and for the diffusion of knowledge that may
be gained by these. It was in consequence of this enactment that the Ex-
jjeriment Station was organized as a department of the College. The Col-
lege also shares in the benefits afforded by a law of Congress, enacted in
1906, supplementary to the act of 1888, and which grants an additional
fund to State and Territorial Stations, but for use only for original research
in agriculture. The law appropriated to each of such stations the sum of
$5,000 for the year 1906, and provided that the contribution should be in-
creased annually by the sum of $2,000 until the maximum of $15,000 was
attained, at which figures it was to become a permanent revenue to each
of the several stations. The maximum will be reached in 1911.
Beside the sources of income that have been mentioned above, the Col-
lege receives for the maintenance of its Experiment Station some financial
assistance that is appropriated by the State Board of Agriculture from funds
directlv under its control.
6-24 HISTOEY OF COLORADO
The College is situated at the southward side of Fort Collins, which
now is a flourishing city. The land-holdings of the institution have been
enlarged greatly since it was founded. These consist of the College Farm
proper, containing 480 acres, all under close cultivation ; a tract of 1.53 acres,
half a mile distant from the College buildings, which is used mainly for ex-
periment work; and 1,300 acres of grazing land at the foot-hills, near the
city. The College edifices consist of the Main Building, a Chemical Labora-
tory, a Horticultural Hall, an Agricultural Hall, a Mechanical Engineering
Building, a Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, a Civil and Irrigation
Building, a Zoology Building, a Domestic Science Building, a Lavatory
Building, a Live Stock Pavilion, Green Houses and Forcing Houses, and
various minor structures. The College buildings proper are commodious
and handsome, with environments that are exceedingly attractive.
The work of the College is conducted in harmony with the spirit as
well as the letter of the laws of the State relating to it. In one section
of these it is said that the design of the institution
"is to afford a thorough instruction in agriculture and the natural sciences con-
nected therewith. To effect that object most comiiletely, the institution shall
combine physical and intellectual education, and shall be a high seminary of
learning, in which the graduates of the common schools, of both .sexes, can
commence, pursue, and finish a course, terminating in thorough theoretical and
practical instruction in those sciences and arts which bear directly upon agricul-
ture and kindred industrial pursuits. ' '
The courses which the College now offers are Agriculture, Civil and
Irrigation Engineering, Domestic Science, Electrical Engineering, General
Science for Women, Horticulture, Mechanical Engineering, Veterinary
Science, and Forestry. Provisions also are made for the most efficient in-
struction in Music, Oratory, and Physical Culture.
The present high development of agriculture in the irrigated sections
of Colorado and the prolific results thereof largely are due directly to the
workings and influences of our Agricultural College.
The School of Mines, at Golden, is another of the State's educational
institutions that had its inception in Territorial times. The first of our
Territorial legislation on the subject of such a school was by the Eighth
Legislative Assembly, in "An Act to Establish a School of Mines", approved
on Februarj' 10, 1870, and which reads as follows:
' ' Section 1. That the sum of three thousand eight hundred and seventy-two
and 45-100 dollars, now in the hands of the Treasurer of the territory, to the
credit of the special school fund and derived from the sale cf school mining
claims, be and the same is hereby appropriated for erecting and furnishing a
brick building for the use of a school of mines, to be connected with and to form
a part of Jarvis Hall, a collegiate institution located in Golden City.
' ' See. 2. That the moneys hereby appropriated shall be expended by the
board of commissioners hereinafter provided for, in such proportion as they
may deem proper, for the erection of the building and for the purchase of such
fixtures and apparatus in connection with a laboratory as may be necessary for
the instruction of students in chemistry, mineralogy, metallurgy and geology.
' ' See. 3. That a board of commissioners, consisting of the Right Eev. George
M. Bandall, John Armor, of Denver, Arapahoe county, Colorado territory, and
Charles C. Welch, of Golden City, Jefferson county, Colorado territory, are hereby
appointed for the execution of this trust, who shall annually report to the
Governor the condition of the property pertaining to the school of mines, which
report shall be laid by the Governor before the legislative assembly at its next
succeeding session.
GOVEUXUli JAMES II. PEABUDY
HISTOEY OF COLORADO 625
' ' Sec. 4. That the said eonimissioners shall receive no compensation for
their services from the territory; and all vacancies which may happen in the said
board of commissioners shall be fillta by the appointment by the Governor.
"Sec. 5. All acts and parts ot acts inconsistent with this act, are hereby
repealed. ' '
"Jarvis Hall", with which the proposed School of Mines was to enter
into a partnership, under the provisions of the foregoing act, was a school
for boys that had been established through the instrumentality of Bishop
George M. Randall (appointed in the act as a member of the Board of Com-
missioners), of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and which had been so
named in honor of George E. Jarvis, of Brooklyn, New York, who had de-
frayed the larger part of the cost of erecting the building. The corner-
stone of the Hall was laid by Bishop Randall on September 23, 1868; and
the structure was -almost completed when, in the night of November 23,
1869, a mnd-storm wrecked it. By prompt financial assistance the Bishop
was enabled to rebuild; and the school was opened in October, 1870.
A corner of the campus of Jarvis Hall was assigned for the site of the
School of Mines, and with the funds appropriated by the initial law the
Board of Commissioners constructed thereon a small brick building, of two
stories and an attic, for use by the School, but were unable to equip it with
mechanical appliances and other apparatus necessary to its purposes. So the
future of the institution was left depending on further action by the Ter-
ritorial legislators.
In the meantime, Bishop Randall had instituted a theological school
upon anotlier part of the campus. In response to the Bishop's solicitation,
Nathan Matthews, of Boston, had contributed funds sufficient to constract
a handsome building — "Matthews Hall"' — for use by the new school, which
was formally opened on September 19, 1872, for the reception of students.
The Tenth Legislative Assembly came to the relief of the stalled School
of Mines. It dissolved the partnership with Jarvis Hall, made the School
a Territorial institution, substituted a Board of Trustees in the stead of the
Board of Commissioners, and provided means for equipping the building
and for placing the establishment upon its feet. This was done by "An
Act to Establish a School of Mines, at or near Golden, Jefferson County,
Colorado", approved on February 9, 1874. The more important provisions
of this law are as follows :
' ' That there shall be established at, or near, Golden, in the County of
Jefferson, a School of Mines, to be under the control and management of the
Territory of Colorado, as shall be hereinafter designated.
"Such School of Mines is hereby declared a body corporate, and may sue
and be sued, may take and hold real estate by gift, bequest, devise or purchase,
and may, if not needed for such School of Mines, sell and dispose of the same.
"It shall be the object of such School of Mines to furnish facilities for
the education of such persons as may desire to receive special instruction in
chemistry, metallurgy, mineralogy, mining, mining engineering, mathematics and
mechanics.
"There shall be seven Trustees, namely: W. A. H. Loveland, Alpheus
Wright, N. P. Hill, W. W. Ware, C. C. Davis, J. Marshall Paul and William
Amsbary, who shall compose the Board of Trustees of said School of Mines, and
said Trustees shall, on or before the first (1) day of June, 1874, meet at Golden
and organize as a Board of Trustees, with one of their number as President of
the Board.
"The Board of Trustees are authorized to erect suitable buildings for such
School of Mines, to procure such machinery and other appliances as may be
Vol. 1—40
636 HISTORY OF COLOEADO
necessary and requisite to carry out the intention of this Act, out of any moneys
that may be appropriated for. that purpose.
"The School of Mines shall be open to any inhabitant of the Territory
of Colorado, without regard to sex or color, and with the consent of the Board
of Trustees students may be received from the States or other Territories.
' ' All the property of such School of Mines shall be under the charge and
control of the Board of Trustees.
"There is hereby appropriated out of any money in the Territorial Treasury,
not otherwise appropriated, the sume of five thousand dollars, to be used in the
completion of the building now erected at or near Golden, known as the building
of the Scliool of Mines, and in furnishing the laboratory with such articles as
may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this act. Said sum of money
shall be paid to the President of the Board of Trustees immediately after the
organization of such Board, and it is hereby made the duty of the Territorial
Treasurer to pay said sum of five thousand dollars to the President of the said
Board of Trustees immediately after the organization of said Board.
"No part of the said sum of five thousand dollars shall be paid to the
President of said Board of Trustees until the title to the building now erected
near Jarvis Hall, near Golden, and known as the School of Mines, shall be vested
in the said School of Mines, including five acres of land adjoining and near
said building,
' ' The said Board of Trustees may, out of the said five thousand dollars
received, pay to the authorities of Jarvis Hall any advances made and used in
constructing the building now known as the School of Mines; Providinti, Said
sum so to be paid shall not exceed the sum of five thousand dollars.
' ' If said property and building, known as the School of Mines building,
is not deeded over to said Board of Trustees, on or before the expiration of six
months from the passage of this act, then this act, and provisions thereof, shall
be null and void, and the money so appropriated shall revert back to the Territory."
The law further provided that "should a majority of the Trustees fail
to meet at Golden before the first day of June, 1874, such organization may
be made at any subsequent time, when no less than four of said Trustees
may meet" ; and also that any vacancy in the Board should be filled by ap-
pointment by the Governor.
The Board of Trustees nominated in this act, and of which William
A. H. Loveland became President, equipped the building during the summer
of 1874, and the first session of the School was begun on September 15th,
of that year, for a term that was to consist of three sessions, the last of which
was to end on June 30. 1875. It appears that the sessions of the institution
were not resumed in the autumn of 1875, as the Board of Trustees, in Feb-
ruary, 1876, directed that the School "be reopened immediately". This was
done on the fourth day of the next mouth ; and since that time the work
of the School has continued without interruption.
Among the great body of legislation by the State's First General As-
sembly was "An Act to provide for the Incorporation, Maintenance, Man-
agement and Support of the School of Mines", and which was approved on
April 7, 1877. This law reaffirmed the corporate character and the pur-
poses of the School, and created a new Board of Trustees, consisting of five
members, who were named in the act as follows : William A. H. Loveland,
Francis E. Everett, James T. Smith, Alpheus Wright, and N. P. Hill. The
first three of these were to serve until February 1, 1881 ; and the other two
until February 1, 1879. Vacancies in the Board were to be filled by ap-
pointments by the Governor. The act authorized an annual tax-levy of
one-tenth of a mill for the support of the school, and provided for the trans-
fer of title to its property from the Territorial Board to the now organiza-
HISTORY OF COLORADO 627
tion within eighty days, as a condition precedent to the effectiveness of the
law.
The School occupied its original building, which was inadequate to the
purposes, only a few years longer, when it was removed to new quarters.
Its two companions, Jarvis and Matthews Halls, having been totally de-
stroyed by fire in April, 1878, their owners decided not to rebuild them, as
it was now their intention to re-establish the homeless institutions in Den-
ver. These events were the immediate causes of a change in the location of
the School of Mines. Citizens of Golden proposed to donate a suitable tract
of land lying in the southward part of their town as a site for the school.
The offer was accepted, and the Second General Assembly made provisions
for erecting a building thereon. This structure, known as "the building of
1880"', was the first of the group of substantial edifices now occupied by
the School.
Between that time and the j^resent the institution has had a steady
growth in buildings and equipment, in the numter of students in attend-
ance, and in educational strengtli and influence. Its buildings now consist
of the Hall of Chemistry, which is a combination of the Building of 1880
and two others, one of the additional pair having been erected in 1882 and
the second in 1890; the residence of the President, built in 1888; the En-
gineering Building, constructed in 1894; the Assaying Laboratory, a gift
by Winfield S. Stratton, erected in 1900 ; the Mining and Metallurgy Build-
ing, or Stratton Hall, the cost of which mainly was defrayed by Winfield S.
Stratton, built in 1903-01; the Heating, Lighting and Power House, com-
jjleted in 190G ; the Administration Building, a gift by Simon Guggenheim,
constructed in 1906 ; a Carpenter Shop and a Machine Shop.
The principal financial support of the School now is derived from a
tax-levy of one-fifth of a mill, known as the "School of Mines Tax", upon
all taxable property in the State. To this resource the General Assembly
has added special appropriations as necessity for them has arisen from time
to time.
The Colorado School of Mines ranks with the most efficient of its kind
in America. It is a thorough technical school, and has been of great use-
fulness to the varied mining industries of our State. Its departments of
instruction embrace Mining, Metallurgj-, Geology and Mineralogy, Civil
Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Chemistry,
Physics, and Mathematics.
The Institute for the Blind and Mute, at Colorado Springs, is yet
another of the State's educational establishments that was born in the Ter-
ritorial period. In the beginning it was a school for mutes only, the ad-
dition of instruction to the blind having been authorized and required by
the State's First General Assembly. The legislation under which the In-
stitute was founded was an act by the Territory's Tenth Legislative Assem-
bly "to Establish a School for Deaf Mutes in Colorado Territory"', and
which was approved on February 13, 1874. Section 1, of that law, reads:
•'There shall be organized and established at the town of Colorado Springs,
El Paso County, Territory of Colorado, an Institution, the recognized object of
which shall be: 1. The provision of a school wherein the deaf mutes of the