Noblesse, loses wealth from 12th to
18th century, 81.
under Louis XVI, 82-84.
OLD REGIME, its decay under
Louis XIV, 6, 64.
under Louis XV, 62-69.
final downfall under Louis XVI,
69-75.
Oath of the Tennis Court, 74.
PAMPHLETS, of Revolution, great
JL numbers of them, 106.
more important, preach doctrines
strongly radical, 106.
" Qu 1 est ce que le Tiers-Etat ? " of
Sieyes, 107.
important writers of, 107w.
Palais Royal, center of radicalism, in
1789, 100.
Paris, its influence in shaping revo-
lutionary principles, 94 sq.
Parties of the Revolution, succeed
each other rapidly, 115.
two chief, 119, 120.
Party, modern socialist, in France,
beginnings of, 278 sq.
factions of, 279 sq.
program of, 281-284.
Pascal, his attitude toward reason,
12.
of Third Estate, 89.
Peasants, of old regime, 84, 84n, a5.
prosperous among them sympa-
thize with new principles, 85.
of to-day, and socialism, 284 sq.
Pecquer, on property, 212n.
on accepted methods of production,
223.
influence on later socialism, 231.
" Philosophes," the general tenor of
their teachings, 8.
artistic gifts of, 9.
iconoclastic influence of, 10.
Philosophy, English, becomes French
doctrine, 76.
396
INDEX.
Physiocrats, doctrine of origin of
society, 15.
definition of happiness, 19.
chief members of the school, 19n,.
definition of liberty, 28.
on civil liberty, 32, 33.
on political liberty, 36.
teach equality of opportunity, 42.
their influence on revolutionary
theory, 53.
appeal to Third Estate, 92.
their doctrine during the Revolu-
tion, 130.
Political concensus, lack of, in
France, 252 sq.
Political Liberty. See Liberty.
Political theory, of England, serves
for French model, 75, 76.
Pope, his influence on the " philoso-
phes" 23.
during the Revolution, 134.
Populace of Paris, force the doctrine
of democracy on France, 114.
Popular Sovereignty. See Sover-
eignty.
Possibilists, faction of modern French
socialism, 279.
Potter, De, on Property, 337.
Power, Distribution of. See Distri-
bution of Power.
Principles of the Revolution, three
stages to their final expression,
110-116.
their radical and inclusive charac-
ter, 129.
absence of economic theory in, 130.
fundamental doctrine does not
change during the Revolution, 132.
explanation of final causes, 133 sq.
recognize Deity, 185.
rejects authority, 136.
on mundane happiness, 137.
on origin of society, 139.
on " Natural Man," 140, 141.
on social progress, ibid.
on social contract, 142 sq.
Principles of the Revolution, theory
of government, 145.
individualism of, 146.
why include Rights of Man, 149-154.
doctrine of liberty of person, 156.
of liberty of thought, 157.
doctrine of equality, 160-163.
theories of property, 165-169.
sovereignty, 170.
right of resistance, 174.
function of state, 178.
summary of, 185.
Production, modern methods of,
criticised by Idealistic Socialists,
212 sq.
bring great changes, 261 sq.
under Integral Socialism, 344-349.
Cf. Mechanical Production and
Capitalistic Production.
Progress, Social. See Social Progress.
Proletariat. See Labor.
Property, doctrines of 18th century in
' regard to, 46-52.
orthodox theory concerning, 46.
Voltaire, Montesquieu and the En-
cyclopedists on, 46, 47.
Physiocratic doctrine of, 48.
18th century communistic and so-
cialistic theories of, 48 sq.
Rousseau on, 50.
revolutionary doctrine of, 163.
revolutionary theory of the state as
protector of, 165.
theory of the state as possessor of,
166.
appropriationist theory of, 169.
Idealistic Socialists' theory of, 211
sq.
Proudhon on, 212n.
Saint Simon on, 212?t.
Fourier on, 212w.
Blanc on, 212w.
Pecquer on, 212n.
Babeuf on, 212n.
Scientific Socialism on, 296, 297,
Marx on, 297,
INDEX.
397
Property, Deville on, 297.
Integral Socialism on, 336 sq.
Revolution and Socialism on, 366.
Prosperity, increase of, during Louis
XVFs reign, 70.
Proudhon, not strictly a socialist, yet
an influence for socialism, 195n.
recognizes Deity, 200.
on social justice, 205.
on property, 212n.
on classes, 224.
influence on later socialism, 231.
Provincial Assemblies, Louis XVI's
plan for them, 71.
their character, 72.
their effect, ibid.
QUESNAY, helps lay foundation of
science of political economy, 8.
leader of a section of the Physio-
crats, 19n.
Quietism, Marxism logically tends
toward, 302.
n ABAUD DE SAINT ETIENNE, his
I\ pamphlet, 107n.
on religious liberty, 157.
Racine, urges reforms, 7.
Rational method of 18th century,
11.
of the Revolution, 136.
Raynal, philosopher and political re-
former, 8.
Reason, worship of, during the Revo-
lution, 135, 135w.
Referendum, in revolutionary theory,
176.
advocated by Integral Socialism,
329.
Religion, Scientific Socialism on, 810.
Renard, oninternationalism,282n.
on value of ideals, 317n.
best exponent of Integral Social-
ism, 318n.
definition of society, 319.
on causes of association, 320.
Renard, on relation between society
and the individual, 321.
on rights of the individual, 323-325.
on functions of state, 326.
on property. 337 sq.
on production under the socialistic
regime, 343 sq.
on distribution, 349.
on value, 352.
R6tif de la Bretonne, school of Rous-
seau, 22.
Revelation, denied by the Revolution-
ists, 136.
Revolutionary Principles. See Prin-
ciples of the Revolution.
Reybaud, cited, 194n, 198, 203ra, 217n,
240w.
Right to fruits of labor, Integral So-
cialism urges, 337.
Right to Equality. See Equality .
Right to Happiness. See Happiness.
Right to Liberty. See Liberty.
Right to liberty of thought, 157, 158.
Right to Property. See Property.
Right of Resistance, derived by Revo-
lutionists from popular sover-
eignty, 174.
Right to security, 156, 157.
Rights of Man, discussed in salons,
96.
proclamation of, creates anarchy,
116.
chief doctrine of the Revolution,
131.
deduced- from theory of Natural
Man, 140.
two interpretations of, during
Revolution, 148, 149.
history of embodiment of, in
French constitutional law, 149.
formulation of, opposed by a
minority, 150 sq.
right to security, 156, 157.
right to liberty of thought, 157,
158.
right to equality, 160-168,
398
INDEX.
Rights of Man, right of resistance, 174.
served as weapon of revolt, 187.
reasserted by Idealistic Socialists,
202.
Integral Socialism on, 322-324.
Robespierre, at Jacobin Club, 99.
on Natural Kights, 139n.
on social contract, 144.
on government, 145.
on property, 167.
on popular sovereignty, 178.
on right of resistance, 175.
on function of state, 181.
Rocquain, cited, 62w, 63w.
Roland, his patriotism, 119.
on equality, 160ft.
Roland, Madame, cited, 119n.
Rousseau, as scientist, 8.
his deism, 13.
on Natural Man, 15.
on means for individual and social
happiness, 22 sq.
definition of liberty, 28.
theory of social contract, 35.
begins the demand for majority
rule, 35.
contradictory position on civil lib-
erty, 36n.
varying point of view on equality,
44.
positive influence in regard to
equality, 45.
dual effect of his teachings, 45w.
on property, 50.
influence of, on the revolutionary
thinking, 54.
appeal of Third Estate to, 92.
political problem posed by, 321.
on government, 330.
Russell, cited, 276w.
SABRAN, MADAME DE, holds re-
actionary salon in 1789, 95.
Sagnac, cited, 162w, 183ft.
Saint Andr6, Jean Bon de, on Natural
Man, 139n.
Saint Etienne, Rabaud de. See Ra-
baud de Saint Etienne.
Saint Just, on popular sovereignty,
174w.
Saint Pierre, his idea of happiness,
22.
Saint Simon (L. de Rouvroy, Due de)
cited, 89.
Saint Simon (Comte de), accepts
Christianity, 200.
advocates legal not natural rights,
202ft.
on social justice, 205, 206.
on social content, 208.
on education, 210.
on property, 212n.
aims to use scientific methods, 217.
on social progress, 219 sq.
not in true sense an Idealistic
Socialist, 219ft.
originates materialistic conception
of history, 220.
centers interest on industrialism,
222.
on classes, 224.
position toward labor, 227n.
his influence, 231.
Salons, of the 18th century, 95.
of 1789, ibid.
their political character, ibid.
emphasize and concentrate new
opinion, 96.
Science, its influence on progress of
socialism, 243 sq.
brings materialism into socialistic
theory, 245.
destroys Utopian character of so-
cialism, 246.
aids to make socialism popular,
246 sq.
Scientific method, Idealistic Socialists
aim to use it, 197.
Scientific Socialism, its beginnings,
279.
definitions of, 291 sq.
its general character, 292.
INDEX.
399
Scientific Socialism, only relatively
scientific, 292.
its theory of individual and social
progress, 293-297.
on property, 297, 298.
on labor and capital, 298, 299.
analysis of present social condi-
tions, 303-312.
on surplus value, 307.
on concentration of capital, 307 sq.
on government, 310.
on religion, ibid.
on family, ibid.
on state, 310 sq.
weakness of, 313 sq.
Sechelles, Herault de, presents Con-
stitution of 1793, 122, 154.
Servan, on Rights of Man, 154n.
Sevigne, Madame de, cited. 90.
Sieyes, his ' Qu' est ce que le Tiers-
Etatf " 107.
advocates the elective principle, 115.
his plan for Rights of Man, 154w.
on liberty, 156.
on freedom of the press, 158.
on function of government, 180.
Social consciousness, developed by
democracy, 256.
by Rousseau's teachings, 256.
by ethical standards of the 19th
century, 257.
by nationalism, 258.
by town-life, ibid.
aids to spread socialistic theory, 259.
Social Contract, given to Fi'ance by
Rousseau, 34n.
the doctrine of, 35.
during the Revolution, 142sq.
Social Justice. See Justice.
Social progress, Idealistic Socialists
adopt the theory, 218.
carefully elaborated by Saint Si-
mon, 219.
Idealistic Socialists foresaw the
completion of, 221.
Scientific Socialism on, 293 sq.
Social progress, man's share in bring-
ing about, 302.
Integral Socialism on, 317 sq.
Socialism, becomes an international
movement during the 19th cen-
tury, 193.
origin of word, 194w.
two periods in development of, 194.
prominence of, in France to-day,
239.
new attitude of scholars and states-
men toward, 239 sq.
present political status of, 241 sq.
is a democratic movement, 251.
gains currency because of increas-
ing social consciousness, 255.
becomes a specific attack as me-
chanical production creates inter-
dependence, 264.
seems annihilated in France after
1848, 275.
return of exiles revives, 275.
influence of Marx and Engels on,
276 sq.
Scientific, Ch. VI, I, passim.
Integral, Ch. VI, II, passim.
principles of modern French,
357, 358.
the distinctive part of the theory,
Socialism, Integral. See Integral
Socialism.
Socialism, Scientific. See Scientific
Socialism.
Socialists, Idealistic. See Idealistic
Socialism.
Society, Rousseau on origin of, 35.
Revolutionists on origin of, 139 sq.
origin of, according to Marxism,
293 sq.
origin of, according to Integral
Socialism, 317 sq.
Integral Socialists' definition of, 818.
Integral Socialism on development
of, 320.
Integral Socialism on end of, 320.
400
INDEX.
Society, Revolution and modern
French socialism on, 364.
Sovereignty, doctrine of popular, 35.
Revolutionists on, 173
Standard of life, alters with new me-
chanical processes, 268 sq.
brings greater social unrest, 271 sq.
effects of this on socialism, 272 sq.
State, French political theory on,
responsibility of, 23, 254.
18th century theories as to func-
tion of, 24 sq.
revolutionary doctrines as to func-
tion of, 178 sq, 182.
Idealistic Socialists on responsi-
bility of, 208, 209.
first duty of, according to Idealis-
tic Socialists, 210.
Idealistic Socialists on control of
industry by, 225.
their method for such control,
228.
Scientific Socialism on, 309.
Integral Socialists 1 definition of,
319.
Integral Socialism on function of,
326 sq.
Integral Socialism on justice of
control of industry by, 335.
Revolutionists and Socialists on
function of, 365.
States-General, of 1789, arrange for,
73.
of 16 5, 88.
Statistical bureau, planned by In-
tegral Socialism, 346.
Sudre, cited, 162, 166.
Surplus Labor, 299.
Surplus Value, 307.
rpAINE, cited, 82n, 8sn, 84n, 85n, 90n,
1 llln.
Talleyrand, on function of the state,
181.
Talma, Madame, her salon during
the Revolution, 96.
Target, on function of government,
180.
Taxation, under old regime, causes
discontent, 68.
effect of, on Third Estate, 91, 92.
Theatres, of the Revolution, active
share of, in spreading new opin-
ion, 103 sq.
Thierry, cited, 81n, 86n, 87n, 88n, 89n,
91n.
Thiers, cited, 121n.
Third Estate, medium to express
principles of the Revolution, 78.
causes of its preeminence in 1789, 86.
radical tendency of, 87.
becomes distinct as a class, ibid.
grows to power, 87, 88.
position of, during reign of Louis
XIV, 89.
during 18th century, 90.
grows indifferent to political rights,
ibid.
increasing wealth of, arouses other
ambitions, ibid.
rebellion of, against code of eti-
quette, 91.
finally undertakes leadership in
spreading the revolutionary doc-
trine, 92.
Tocqueville, De. See De Tocqueville.
Town-life, develops social conscious-
ness, 258.
Trades unions, make for stronger
class feeling. 266.
how aid socialism, 267.
Tronchet, on pi operty, 167 .
Turgot, one of first political econo-
mists, 8.
his plan of reform, 71.
suggests theory of social progress,
140.
\TACILLATING policy of Louis xvi
stirs revolt, 69-75.
Value, Scientific Socialism on, 306 sq,
Marx on, 306n.
INDEX.
401
Value, critical discussion of Marxian
theory of, 306n.
Integral Socialism on, 352 sq.
discussion of Integral Socialists'
theory of, 354 sq.
Vatel, cited, 119.
Vauban, plans for reform, 7.
Veblin, cited, 270.
Vergniaud, at Jacobin Club, 99.
his eloquence, 119.
on Natural Man, 139n.
on social contract, 144.
on property, 166n.
on popular sovereignty, 174.
on right of resistance, 174?i.
on separation of powers, 176n.
Vidal, on productive property, 212.
on methods of production and dis-
tribution, 223.
influence on later socialism, 231.
Villey, cited, 194w.
Volney, on revelation, 136.
on primitive man, 140n, 143n.
Voltaire, as scientist, 8.
on first causes, 12.
on means to happiness, 20.
general standards of, 29.
on intellectual liberty, 29.
on civil liberty, 30.
on political liberty, 37.
on equality, 43.
on property, 47.
nature of influence of, 53.
Von Hoist, cited, 10n, 71w, 91n, 109n,
116n.
YI7ELSCHINGER, cited, 108w.
Werner-Sombart, cited, 276n, 279w.
YOUNG, ARTHUR, cited, 82w,84w,
llln.
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406
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