1,161,846
51,370,208
*'
1910
996,529
20,690,718
Sheep .
1920
364,196
4,021,678
it
1910
795,033
3,009,196
Swine .
1920
1,832,307
19,477-775
**
IQIO
1,387.938
7,329.622
In 1920 there were 11,835,303 fowls valued at $10,591,690, and
191,898 hives of bees valued at $698,258. In 1919 the reported milk
production was 1 15, 119,224 gal. ; the value of milk, cream, and butter
fat sold and of butter and cheese made was $20,640,849. The office
of inspector of apiaries was created in 1911. The Smoky Mountain
area (59,213 ac. in Blount and Sevier counties) and the White Top
area (33,619 ac. in Johnson and Sullivan counties and Washington
CO., Va.) were approved for purchase in 1912 by the National
Forest Reservation Commission under the Federal Act of March I
1911 to, preserve upland watersheds. In 1920 254,118 ac. of farm
land were reported as provided with drainage and 640,479 as needing
drainage. Capital invested in drainage enterprises, Dec. 31 1919,
totalled $2,925,944. On that date there were completed 777 m. of
open ditches and 42 m.of levees; there were under construction 135
m. of open ditches and 10 m. of levees. Most of these enterprises are
in the western division of the state, where the tributaries of the
Mississippi are utilized. The above figures do not include private
supplementary works installed by individual farmers.
Mineral Products. Tennessee produces most of the copper mined
in the southern states. Its entire product of copper, gold, and silver
comes from mines worked primarily for copper in Polk county.
Lead production, first reported in 1915 (1,660 lb.), amounted to
4,376,000 lb. in 1919. In the latter year gold was valued at $5,662.
The silver output was 98,288 oz. ; copper 15,623,589 lb. ; zinc 47,494,-
ooo lb. Because of strikes the coal amounted to only about 5,000,000
tons. The demands of the World War led to the working of known
manganese deposits in 16 counties. In 1916 oil was discovered in
Scott county, and later some producing wells were drilled. In 1919
the Bankers Petroleum Co., of New York, obtained large tracts of
land in Robertson and Dickson counties, a promising shallow-oil
field. In 1910 natural gas was found near Franklin. In 1919 the
production of phosphate rock was 473,985 tons.
Manufactures, The product of manufactures remains relatively
small, the value of 1914 being less than I % of the total for the United
States. Their growth between 1909 and 1914 was as follows:
1914
1909
Establishments .
Wage-earners
Capital ... . .
Salaries ... . .
Wages ... . .
Cost of materials
Value of product
Value added bv manufacture .
4-775
74-373
$211,423,167
11,828,691
33,082,987
123,430,135
212,071,489
88,641,354
4,609
73.840
$167,923,784
9,186,243
28,251,591
104,015,834
180,216,548
76,200,714
In 1914 lumber and timber products still led, having a value of
$31,430,208. Flour-mill and grist-mill products were valued at
$26,413,574; cottonseed oil and cake $11,414,243. There were nine
other industries each with a product valued at over $4,000,000;
food preparations; foundry and machine-shop products; general
shop construction and repairs by steam railway companies; printing
and publishing; hosiery and knit goods; cotton goods; patent medi-
cines and druggists' preparations; fertilizers; bakery products. In
1914 84-6% ofthe average number of wage-earners were males over
16 years old, 13-6% females, and 1-8% children under 16. In 1909
the respective figures were 85-3%, 11-3%, and 3-3%.
Transportation. On Jan. I 1919 the total railway mileage of the
state was 4,083 m., or 9-79 m. per 100 sq. m. of territory. The chief
railways were: Louisville and Nashville 952 m. ; Nashville, Chat-
tanooga and St. Louis 903 m. ; Southern railway 891 m.; Tennessee
Central 291 m. ; Illinois Central 143 miles.
Finance. The balance in the state Treasury Jan. I 1918 was
$368,818. Receipts for 1918 were $7,954,650 and disbursements
$7,481,756, leaving a balance, Dec. 20 1918, of $841,682. On the
same date the total bonded debt was $11,481,000. On Dec. 20 1912
the balance in the state Treasury was $317,270 and the bonded debt
$15,218,600. The number of all reporting banks, June 30 1920, was
546 ; aggregate resources $489, 162,000; capital stock paid in $35,041,-
900; individual deposits $312,222,000.
Education. By an Act of 1909 state normal schools were estab-
lished in Johnson City, Memphis, Murfreesboro, and (for negroes)
at Nashville. In Jan. 1911 Bruce R. Payne (b. 1874) was elected
president of the George Peabody College for teachers in Nashville.
Later in the year this college was moved from South Nashville to a
new site adjoining the campus of Vanderbilt University. Arrange-
ments were made for an interchange of courses of instruction
between the two institutions. In 1918 the total school pop. was 790,-
959. The enrolment in the public schools was 604,633 and the
average daily attendance 418,709 (368,888 in 1912). The number
of teachers was 11,880, of whom 8,375 were women. In 1919 the
compulsory school age was raised from 14 to 16 years.
History. In 1910 Benjamin W. Hooper (b. 1870) was elected;
governor, following a serious split in the Democratic party over
the prohibition question. He was the only Republican elected
to state office, and was the first Republican governor since;
1883. He took a strong stand for prohibition. The Democratic'
Legislature displayed much opposition to the governor, and his
inauguration was delayed through lack of a quorum until Jan. 25!
1911. The regular Democrats passed a bill depriving the gov-;
crnor of the power of appointing the state board of elections,
and raising the number of members from three to seven. The bill
was vetoed by the governor, and to prevent its passage over
the veto the Republicans and independent Democrats migrated)
to Alabama, where they remained until acquiescence in the veto;
was forced. The governor also vetoed a bill giving $500 addi-
tional salary to each member of the Legislature, but approved an
amended bill reducing the increase to $200. In 1911 the Legisla-
ture chose Luke Lea (b.i879) to succeed U.S. Senator James B. 1
Frazier. In 1912 Hooper was renominated for governor and was 1
reelected over Benton McMillin (b. 1845; governor 1899-1903),!
the Democratic candidate. Robert Love ("Bob") Taylor;
(b. 1850), U.S. Senator since 1907, died March 31 1912. He was '
a representative in Congress 1879-81, governor 1887-91 andi
1897-9, and unsuccessful candidate for governor 1910. He was:
long a picturesque figure in state politics and widely known as a \
popular lecturer. In the gubernatorial campaign in 1886 his
Republican opponent was his own brother Alfred Alexander j
(" Alf ") Taylor (see below). They stumped the state together,
Bob everywhere winning favour by his stories and folk songs and
his " fiddle." As his successor to the Senate the Legislature in
1913 chose John K. Shields (b. 1858), a member of the state ;
Supreme Court since 1902 and Chief Justice since 1910. Another >
prominent politician, James D. Porter (b. 1828), governor j
1875-9, died May 8 1912. In July 1915 the city of Nashville was I
placed in the hands of a receiver, as the result of the disappear-
ance of the city's cash books covering the period 1908-12, and in
1916 the mayor was removed from office for remissness of duty.
In Nov. 1915 the mayor of Memphis, the commissioner of fire
and police, and the judge of the municipal court were removed
from office for failure to enforce the prohibition law. In the
presidential election of 1916 Wilson received 152,955 votes and
Hughes 116,257. In 1920 Harding received 219,829 votes and
Cox 206,558. For the first time since 1868 the Republican
presidential candidate carried the state. A Republican governor
also was elected, " Alf " Taylor, brother of the former Demo-
cratic governor. Taylor received 229,463 votes as against
182,836 for A. H. Roberts, who had been renominated by the
Democrats.
Proposals made by the Legislature to call a constitutional
convention were defeated in 1916, 1917 and 1920. In Sept. 1916
a new bridge across the Mississippi at Memphis was opened.
An Act prohibiting the manufacture of intoxicating liquor in
the state became effective Jan. i 1910; in Oct. 1913 Gov. Hooper
called a special session of the Legislature and secured passage
of the so-called nuisance bill, intended to close every saloon in
the state, forbidding the sale of intoxicating liquor within four
miles of any school; in 1915 provision was made for removal from
office of state, county, or city officials who failed to enforce the
prohibition law; on Feb. 2 1917 Gov. Rye signed a bill forbidding
the importation of liquor into the state. The hours of labour for
women were reduced to 58 per week after Jan. i 1914 and to 57
after Jan. i 1915. In 1913 for the first time the reporting of
accidents was required, wherever persons were employed; pro-
vision was made for enforcing the installation of additional "fire
escapes in factories; and a department of workshop and factory
inspection was created. The same year an Act was passed
TENNIEL TETANUS
717
providing " that married women be and are hereby fully emanci-
pated from all disability on account of coverture, and the com-
mon law as to the disabilities of married women and its effect
on the rights of property of the wife is totally abrogated." On
April i 1913 the Legislature ratified the amendment to the
Federal Constitution for popular election of U.S. senators. In
1915 a law was passed providing for mothers' pensions. In 1917
the letting of prison labour to private contractors was prohibited,
and an Act was passed forbidding the limiting of the output of
coal for increasing the price. The same year a State Budget
Commission was created, having as its members the governor,
the comptroller, the treasurer, the secretary of state, and the
auditor. The wilful setting fire to any woods was made a felony.
On Aug. 1 8 1920 the House by 50 to 46 voted to concur in the
Senate resolution (adopted Aug. 13 by five to four), ratifying
the proposed amendment to the Federal Constitution, providing
for woman suffrage. As the 36th state (out of the 48 in the
American Union) to ratify, Tennessee brought the number up to
the requisite three-fourths. The contest among the legislators
was bitter, and there were attempts to rescind the House's
action on constitutional grounds. Governor Roberts, however,
on Aug. 24, sent certification of the state's ratification to Secre-
tary of State Colby, who on Aug. 26 proclaimed the Federal
amendment for woman suffrage to be in effect.
In the World War Tennessee furnished to the army, navy and
marine corps 91,386 men. Contributions to the various war
loans were as follows: First Liberty Loan $10,924,800; Second
$26,043,650; Third $33,783,250; Fourth $55,867,250; Victory
Loan $37,555,450-
Recent governors have been: Malcolm R. Patterson (Dem.),
1907-11; Benjamin W. Hooper (Rep.), 1911-5; Thomas C. Rye
(Dem.), 1915-9; A. H. Roberts (Dem.), 1919-21; Alfred A.
Taylor (Rep.), 1 92 1- . (G.C.S.)
TENNIEL, SIR JOHN (1820-1914), English artist (see 26.626),
died in London Feb. 25 1914.
TERMONDE (see 26.645). Pop. (1914) 10,138. The town, up
to 1906, was still considered one of the five " fortified places "
in Belgium, but as the fortifications had not been demolished at
the time of the German invasion in 1914 the Belgians decided to
defend it. In an early attempt to outflank Antwerp the Germans
bombarded and took Termonde, setting fire to it and destroying
three-fourths of the town, including the Hotel de Ville and the
spire and vaulting of the isth Century Gothic church of Notre
Dame. The Belgians reoccupied the town on Sept. 10 1914;
on Sept. 16 the Germans renewed the bombardment and com-
pleted its destruction. Von Beseler's army forced the passage
of the Scheldt here on Oct. 7.
Rebuilding was being actively carried on in 1921, together
with the reestablishment of its industries of rope making,
bleaching, wire drawing and cotton spinning. The old Butchers'
Hall has been transformed into a museum.
TERRY, EDWARD O'CONNOR (1844-1912), English actor
(see 26.660), died in London April 3 1912.
TERRY, ELLEN ALICIA (1848- ), English actress (see
26.660), appeared as Mistress Page in The Merry Wives of
Windsor at His Majesty's theatre, London, in 1911, on the
occasion of a special performance to celebrate the coronation
of King George V., and made her last regular stage appearance
as the Nurse in Romeo and Juliet, produced by Miss Doris Keane
at the Lyric theatre, London, in 1919. Her sister, MARION
TERRY (b. 1856), appeared in H. Vachell's Fishpingle at the
Haymarket theatre in 1916 and in Tolstoy's Reparation at the
St. James's theatre in 1919.
TETANUS or LOCKJAW (see 26.669). One of the chief triumphs
of preventive medicine during the World War was in the treat-
ment of this disease. The appearance of tetanus in the British
army during the early days of the retreat from Mons was so
terrifying a phenomenon that immediate steps were taken to cope
with it. It had been suggested that the disease might be prevented
if a dose of anti-tetanus serum was given as soon as a wound was
sustained, for, as is well known, some days elapse before the
bacilli, which remain in the wound, are able to secrete sufficient
poison to precipitate an attack. The suggestion was carried out
and was immediately successful. From that time every wound,
no matter how slight, was followed as soon as possible by a dose
of anti-tetanic serum. The War Office set up a committee for the
study of tetanus (1914-8) under Gen. Sir David Bruce.
Sir David Bruce later presented to the Research Defence
Society a paper dealing with the results of his labours. Out of
1,242,000 wounded men who were sent home to England 1,458
cases of tetanus arose, giving a ratio of rather more than i per
i ,000. How favourably this general figure compares with earlier
ones is shown by the fact that in Sept. 1914 the ratio of tetanus
cases to wounds was 9 per 1,000. In Oct. 1918 the ratio was
0-5 per 1,000. Thus the incidence of cases of tetanus in Sept.
1914 was 18 times as heavy as in the last month of the war.
A sudden fall in the incidence took place in Nov. 1914 when
preventive inoculation, which was introduced about the middle
of Oct. 1914, had begun to exercise its beneficial effects. The
following figures giving the number of cases of tetanus per 1000
wounded men make this clear:
Cases of
Tetanus
Sept. 1914 9
Oct. 1914
Nov. 1914
Dec. 1914
Jan. 1915
7'3
2-3
1-4
o-o
Feb. 1915
March 1915
April 1915
May 1915
June 1915
Cases of
Tetanus
i-i
0-4
O-8
O-2
The same experience was met with in the French and German
armies. As soon as preventive inoculation with anti-tetanic
UNPROTECTED
No Inoculation
PROTECTED
Inoculations
serum became a universal practice the incidence of tetanus
dropped sharply and remained small. Later in the war, June
1917, it was ordered that each wounded man should receive not
one inoculation as formerly but four, at intervals of a week.
This was on account of the fact that the minimizing effect of the
serum passes away rather quickly.
The effect is not always to prevent absolutely. But even in those
cases in which tetanus does supervene in spite of the inoculations the
incubation period is lengthened and
the death-rate is lowered. It is well
known that, other things being
equal, along incubation period tends
to result in a milder attack than a
short incubation period, thus any
circumstance prolonging the incu-
bation period will also tend to lower
the death-rate. The diagram, fig. I
(after Sir David Bruce) , shows clearly
how successful were the inocula-
tions in lengthening the incubation
period.
In other words only 26-9 % of the
inoculated are attacked during, the
first fortnight, whereas 68-9 % of the
uninoculated are attacked. Among
the protected 40-0 % have an incu-
bation period of more than 35
days; among the unprotected only Fit a.
6-5%. The average incubation
among inoculated is 45-5 days, among uninoculated 10-9 days.
7 i8
TEWFIK TEXAS
Indeed, in each year of the war the incubation period tended to
rise, as is shown in the diagram, fig. 2.
Further it was found that the inoculations tended to limit the
degree of tetanus, converting what would be generalized cases
into local or one-limb cases. The following table illustrates this:
Tetanus
type
Percentages
General
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
98-9
98-6
87-0
76-6
83-5
Local
i-i
1-4
13-0
23-4
16-5
Local tetanus tends to occur in the wounded or injured limb and
to be confined to that limb. It is much less severe and far less fatal
than the generalized type.
Naturally the death-rate reflected these successes. Among the
unprotected and unrecorded the death-rate per cent, was 53-5.
Among the protected it was 23-0. The " unrecorded " here undoubt-
edly include cases which had received a dose. This accounts, in
Sir David Bruce's opinion, for the fact that the death-rate is lower
than the old pre-serum rate of 85 %.
It is thus evident that the method employed during the war fully
justified the hopes which were entertained concerning it, and that
an immense amelioration of pain and distress was effected. Indeed,
when the terrible character of this disease is recalled it will be seen
that preventive inoculation did much to support the moral of troops
by assuring them of safety, or comparative safety, in the event of
exposure to the infection.
See Maj.-Gen. Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., The Prevention
of Tetanus During the Great War by the Use of Anti-tetanic Serum.
(Research Defence Society, Form Dz, July 1920.) (R. M. Wl.)
TEWFIK, AHMED, PASHA (1843- ), Turkish statesman,
was born in Constantinople in 1843, and in 1859 entered the
army. In 1870 he quitted the military service and was attached
to the translation bureau of the Sublime Porte. He entered the
diplomatic service and acted as political agent for the army of
the Danube and the Balkans during the Russo-Turkish War
(1877-8). He was subsequently attached to the Turkish lega-
tion at Athens, where he later became minister. In 1884 he was
appointed ambassador to Berlin, but in 1895 was recalled in or-
der to become Minister of Foreign Affairs. After the Young Turk
revolution he became grand vizier (1009), but the same year
was sent as ambassador to London. In 1912 he was again grand
vizier for a brief period. On the close of the World War (Nov.
1918), during which his sympathies were with the Entente, he
became grand vizier for the third time, and formed a Govern-
ment which excluded all members of the Committee of Union
and Progress. He resigned in March 1919, but again became
head of the Government on the resignation of Damad Fend
Pasha in Oct. 1920.
TEXAS (see 26.688). In 1920 the pop. was 4,663,228, as
against 3,896,542 in 1910, an increase of 766,686, or 19-7%,
as against 27-8% in the preceding decade. The urban pop.
(in places of 2,300 or more) was 1,512,689, or 32-4% of the total
as compared with 24-1% in 1910. The average number of in-
habitants per sq. m. increased from 14-8 in 1910 to 17-8 in 1920.
The following table shows the growth of the 10 cities in the
state having in 1920 a pop. of more than 30,000:
1920
1910
Increase
per cent.
San Antonio
161,379
96,614
67-0
Pallas .
158,976
92,104
72-6
Houston ....
138,276
78,800
75-4
Fort Worth
106,482
73,312
45-2
El Paso ....
77.560
39.279
97-4
Galveston ....
44.255
36,981
19-7
Beaumont . . . .
40,422
20,640
95-8
Wichita Falls .
40,079
8,200
388-8
Waco . . . .
38,500
26,425
45-7
Austin ....
34.876
29,860
16-8
Agriculture. The 1910 census gave Texas 417,770 farms, with a
total area of 112,435,067 ac., of which 27,360,666 ac. were improved.
Owing to the fact that in 1900 the large ranches in the western part
of the state were included under farm acreage, there was a decrease
in the farm acreage between 1900 and 1910 of 13,361,950 ac., but an
increase of 7,784,590 ac. in improved land. By 1910 much of this
land had been bought by speculators for sale in small farms and the
land was in their hands or in those of purchasers who had not yet
begun cultivation, and so was not included under farm acreage.
The value of all farm property in 1910 was $2,218,645,164. Advance
figures for the 1920 census, subject to correction, gave Texas 435,666
farms. The principal crops for 1920, in the order of acreage (accord-
ing to estimates of the U.S. Department of Agriculture), were cot-
ton, corn, oats, grain sorghums, wheat, hay, rice, peanuts, sweet
potatoes, cowpeas, potatoes, broom corn, barley, sorghum syrup, rye.
These crops covered 25,435,000 acres. Their farm value, partly es-
timated, was $610,787,000. In 1919, at the peak of post-war prices,
their value was $1,051,817,000. Texas is a large producer of fruits
and vegetables. Ranked according to value of the 22 principal crops
produced in the United States, Texas held first place in igigand 1920;
and first in the value of all crops 1914-20. The average annual yield
of corn 1911-9 was 126,600,000 bus.; of wheat 15,300,000 bus.;
of cotton 3,600,000 bales. Figures (partly estimates) of the U.S.
Department of Agriculture gave Texas Jan. I 1921 4,500,000 range
cattle and 1,184,000 milch cows of the combined value of $213,-
184,000; horses 1,187,000, valued at $89,000,000; mules just under
800,000, valued at $84,744,000; sheep 3,000,000, $19,335,000; and
swine 2,427,000, $28,639,000. In the total value of live stock in
1920 Texas ranked second, between Iowa and Illinois.
Minerals. The most important mineral products are oil, sulphur,
coal and lignite. The first oil in paying quantities was discovered at
Corsicana in the central part of the state, in 1894; but keen interest
was not aroused until the " Spindle Top " discovery near Beau-
mont in 1901. Since that time the surface of the state has been
covered with leases, and remarkable strikes have been made in a
number of places. At the beginning of 1921 production was con-
fined to two general sections the coast, including mainly Harris
and Brazoria counties (Jefferson, Hardin, and Matagorda counties
have in the past been good producers) ; and a region in the northern
and north-central part of the state, including chiefly Wichita,
Eastland, Comanche, and Stephens counties. The Humble field in
Harris county was opened in 1905, Goose Creek in 1911, and Blue
Ridge in 1919. The west Columbia field in Brazoria county was also
opened in 1919. The Burkburnett field in Wichita county first be-
came important in 1917, Ranger in Eastland county in 1917, and
Desdemona and Breckenridge in Comanche and Stephens coun-
ties respectively in 1918. Production dropped from 28,000,000 bar.
in 1904 to less than 9,000,000 in 1910; rose to 27,644,000 in 1916;
32,413,000 in 1917; 38,750,000 in 1918:85,312,000 in 1919; and
54,668,000 for the first three-quarters of 1920. Natural gas and
natural-gas gasoline were developed as by-products of the oil in-
dustry. The value of natural gas marketed in the state rose from
$127,000 in 1909 to $5,027,449 in 1918; and natural-gas gasoline
in 1918 amounted to 7,326,122 gal., giving Texas fifth rank in that
respect. Two sulphur plants in Texas and one in Louisiana were said
in 1920 to yield 98 % of all that produced by the United States. One
of the Texas plants is at Freeport, near the mouth of the Brazos river,
the other is near Matagorda, close to the mouth of the Colorado.
The Freeport plant began producing in substantial quantities in
1916, and the next year, under war pressure, delivered 500,000
tons. The Matagorda plant began operation in 1919, producing
about 500,000 tons a year. The sulphur lies about 1,000 ft. below
the surface and is extracted from wells by " forcing superheated
water (and steam) through pipes, dissolving and suspending the
sulphur and pumping it back.' Bituminous coal production from
1908 to 1918 remained practically stationary, varying from 1,010,-
ooo tons in 1910 to 1,259,000 tons (value $3,140,253) in 1917.
The yield in 1919 dropped to 793,000 tons. Lignite is mined
principally for state consumption, and the relative backwardness
of manufacturing and the competition of other fields keep down
the demand. More than 1,000,000 tons were delivered in each of the
years 1913-5 and 1917-8. The 1919 yield was 860,000 tons. The