I IS, l ID
116,309
92.777
94.538
27-3
23-0
59
Norfolk, Va. .
"5,777
67.452
71-6
60
Albany, N. Y. .
"3,344
100,253
13-1
6l
Lowell, Mass. .
"2,759
106,294
6-1
62
Wilmington, Del.
110,168
87,411
26-0
63
Cambridge, Mass. .
109,694
104,839
4-6
64
Reading, Pa.
107,784
96,071
12-2
65
Fort Worth, Tex. .
106,482
73,312
45-2
66
Spokane, Wash.
104.437
104,402
67
68
Kansas City, Kan. .
Yonkers, N. Y. . .
101.177
100.176
82,331
79.803
22-9
25-5
69
Lynn, Mass.
99,H8
89.336
I I-O
70
Duluth, Minn. .
98,917
78,466
26-1
7 1
Tacoma, Wash.
96,965
83.743
15-8
72
Elizabeth, N. J.
95.783
73.409
30-5
73
Lawrence, Mass.
94,270
85.892
9-8
74
Utica, N. Y. .
94,56
74419
26-5
75
Erie, Pa
93,372
66,525
dO'J.
/ o
76
Somerville, Mass.
93,091
77.236
IfV hf
20-5
77
Flint, Mich.
9L599
38,550
137-6
78
Jacksonville, Fla.
9L558
57,699
58-7
79
Waterbury, Conn. .
9L7'5
73,141
25-4
So
Oklahoma City, Okla. .
9,295
64,205
42-2
81
Schenectady, N. Y. .
88,723
72,826
21-8
82
Canton, O. . . .
87,091
50.217
73-4
83
Fort Wayne, Ind.
86,549
65.933
35-4
84
Evansville, Ind.
85.264
69,647
22-4
85
Savannah, Ga. .
83,252
65,064
28-0
86
Manchester, N. H. .
78,384
70,063
n-9
87
St. Joseph, Mo.
77,939
77.403
0-7
88
Knoxville, Tenn.
77,8i8
36,346
114-1
89
El Paso, Tex. .
77,560
39,279
97-5
90
Bayonne, N. J.
76.754
55,545
38-2
OI
Peoria, III.
76,121
66,950
13-7
7
92
Harrisburg, Pa.
75.917
64,186
18-3
93
San Diego, Cal.
74.683
39,578
no _
tto'7
94
Wilkesbarre, Pa.
73.833
67,105
IO-O
'IS
Allentown, Pa. . .
73,502
51,913
41-6
7 J
9 6
Wichita, Kan. .
72,217
52,450
377
97
Tulsa, Okla. .
72,075
18,182
296-4
98
Troy, N. Y. . . .
72,013
76,813
-6-2
99
Sioux City, la. .
71,227
47,828
48-9
100
South Bend, Ind.
70,983
53,684
32-2
IOI
Portland, Me. .
69,272
58,571
18-3
102
Hoboken, N. J. . .
68,166
7 ,324
-3-1
103
Charleston, S. C.
67,957
58,833
15-5
104
Johnstown, Pa.
67,327
55.482
21-3
105
Binghamton, N. Y.
66,800
48.443
37-9
1 06
East St. Louis, 111. .
66,767
58,547
14-0
107
Brockton, Mass.
66,254
56,878
16-5
1 08
Terre Haute, Ind. .
66,083
58,157
13-6
109
Sacramento, Cal.
65,908
44,696
47-5
no
Rockford, 111. .
65,651
45,401
44-6
III
Little Rock, Ark. .
65,142
45.941
41-8
112
Pawtucket, R. I.
64,248
51,622
24-5
113
Passaic, N. J. .
63,841
54.773
16-6
114
Saginaw, Mich. .
61,903
50,510
22-6
US
Springfield, O. .
60,840
46,921
29-7
UNITED STATES
855
TABLE 7 (Continued).
Rank
1920
1910
Percent-
age in-
crease
116
Mobile, Ala.
60,777
51,521
18-0
1 17
60,331
52,127
I s ;-?
1 * /
118
Holyoke, Mass.
60,203
57,730
* j /
4-3
119
New Britain, Conn.
59,3i6
43,9i6
35-i
120
Springfield, 111.
59,183
51,678
H-5
121
Sg.'IQ-J
38,002
54-2
122
Chester, Pa. ...
O w , J7O
58,030
38,537
J^
50-6
123
Chattanooga, Tenn.
57,895
44,604
29-8
124
Lansing, Mich.
57-327
31,229
83-6
125
Covington, Ky.
57-121
53,270
7-2
126
Davenport, la.
56,727
43,028
31-8
127
Wheeling, W. Va. .
56,208
41,641
35-o
128
Berkeley, Cal. .
56,036
40,434
38-6
129
Long Beach, Cal.
55,593
17,809
212-2
T-2O
55,378
16,802
229'6
*o
T-JI
Lincoln, Neb.- .
54,948
43,973
25-O
*o
132
Portsmouth, Va.
54,387
33,190
63-9
133
Haverhill, Mass.
53,884
44,"5
22-1
134
Lancaster, Pa. .
53.150
47-227
12-5
135
Macon, Ga.
52,995
40,665
30-3
136
Augusta, Ga.
52,548
41,040
28-0
137
Tampa, Fla.
51,608
37,782
36-6
138
Roanoke, Va. .
50,842
34,874
45-8
139
Niagara Falls, N.Y.
50,760
30,445
66-7
140
East Orange, N. J. .
50,710
34,371
47-5
141
Atlantic City, N. J.
50,707
46,150
9-9
142
Bethlehem, Pa..
50,358
12,837
292-3
'43
Huntington, W. Va.
50,177
31,161
61-0
144
Topeka, Kan. .
50,022
43,684
14-5
The cities with increases of over 100% were Detroit, Mich., due
to the development of the automobile industry; Akron, O., the
home of several large rubber factories which manufacture tires for
automobiles; Flint, Mich., also an automobile city; Tulsa, Okla., a
centre of oil activity ; Gary, Ind., a city recently built up by the U. S.
Steel Corp.; Bethlehem, Pa., also a steel city; Knoxville, Tenn.;
and Long Beach, Cal. With the exception of Bethlehem, no one of
these cities is in the east.
Nearly one-fourth of the gain in the total pop. was due to the
growth of the 12 largest cities, which in 1920 all had more than
500,000 inhabitants each. In 1910 there were only eight cities with
a pop. of 500,000 or over. In the earlier year 12-5%, or one-eighth
of the total pop., lived in cities of this size; in 1920 the proportion
was 15-5%. In 1910 there were 42 cities with a pop. between
100,000 and 500,000; in 1920 there were 56.
Occupations. The proportion of the pop. engaged in gainful occu-
pations increased from 38-3% of the total pop. in 1900 to 41-5%
in 1910. This was largely due to the greater number of females
receiving wages. In 1900 the percentage of- females 10 years of age
and over in gainful occupations was 18-8; in 1910, 23-4, a gain of
4-6 per cent. The percentages for males for the two dates respec-
tively were 80 and 81-3, a gain of only 1-3 per cent. Table 8
classifies those engaged in industry according to the principal divi-
sions of occupations.
TABLE 8. Industrial Occupations.
Occupation
Number
Per cent.
1910
1900
1910
1900
Males:
Agricultural pursuits
10,760,875
9,404,429
35-8
39-6
Professional service .
1,151,709
827,941
3-8
3-5
Domestic and personal
service .
2,740,176
3,485,208
9-1
14-7
Trade and transportation
6,403,378
4,263,617
21-3
17-9
Manufacturing and me-
chanical pursuits .
9,035,426
5,772,641
30-0
24-3
All occupations (male) .
30,091,564
23,753,836
IOO-O
IOO-O
Females:
Agricultural pursuits
1,807,050
977,336
22-4
18-4
Professional service .
673,418
430.597
8-3
8-1
Domestic and personal
service ....
2,620,857
2,095,449
32-5
39-4
Trade and transportation
1,202,352
503,347
14-9
9;5
Manufacturing .and me-
chanical pursuits .
1,772,095
1,312,668
21-9
24-7
All occupations (female)
8.075,772
5,319,397
IOO-O
IOO-O
Table 8 does not include all those engaged in economic serv-
ices. Many children and wives work for their parents or husbands;
technically they do not receive wages and consequently are not
recorded as engaged in gainful occupations, but in reality they con-
tribute to the household economy. If these be included, approxi-
mately two-thirds of the pop. was engaged in some degree of creating
wealth or in services which might be valued in economic terms.
Nearly one-third of all the workers were engaged in agricultural and
allied industries, and a little over one-fourth in manufacturing and
in tool industries. If we divide the pop. of the United States into
groups according to age, the following were the percentages of each
age-group engaged in gainful occupation in 1910: 10 to 13 years,
males 16-6% and females 8-0%; 14 to 15, 41-4% and 19-8%; 16 to
20, 79-2% and 39-9%; 21 to 44, 96-7% and 26-3%; 45 years and
over, 85-9% and 15-7%; 10 years and over, 81-3% arid 23-4%.
There was a slight decrease between 1900 and 1910 in the two lower
age-groups for males and a slight increase for females. More than
8 out of 10 of the gainful workers in the United States as a whole
in 1910 were 21 years of age and over, and about 95 out of 100 were
1 6 years of age and over.
Education. In 1918 there were 20,853,516 children enrolled in
the public schools, constituting 70% of the pop. from 5 to 18 years
of age. There were 650,709 teachers in the public schools, or one
to every 32 pupils. Of the teachers 16% were males. The total
expenditure for public schools was $763,678,089 or about $37 per
pupil. The above enrolment of pupils includes 1,735,619 attending
public high schools. In addition there were 158,745 pupils in pri-
vate high schools and academies. There were over 300 public and
private normal schools with an enrolment of nearly 140,000. Uni-
versities, colleges and schools of technology numbered 672 in 1918,
having 44,600 students of preparatory grade, 239,707 students of
collegiate grade, and 14,406 graduate students. Nearly one-half
of the students of collegiate grade were female. Professional schools
in 1918 numbered 424, as follows: theology 141, with 9,354 students;
law 101, with 11,820 students; medicine 72, with 13,802 students;
dentistry 37, with 8,314 students; pharmacy 54, with 4,053 stu-
dents; and veterinary medicine 19, with 1,250 students. (See EDU-
CATION, section United States.)
The statistics of illiteracy for 1920 showed a diminution com-
pared with those for 1910. The Census Bureau classifies as illiter-
ate any person 10 years of age or over who is unable to write in any
language, regardless of ability to read. Illiterates in 1920 num-
bered 4,931,905, or 6% of the pop. at least 10 years of age, as com-
pared with 7-7 % in 1910. The proportion of illiteracy for the
individual states in 1920 ranged from 1-1% in Iowa to 21-9% for
Louisiana. Illiteracy is. very marked in those states in which the
colored pop. or the foreign-born pop. is relatively large. I n 1 9 1 o nearly
one-third (30-4%) of the negroes were recorded as illiterate, but this
showed a marked decrease from 44-5% in 1900. Of the native
whites of native parentage only 3-7% m 1910 were illiterate, but in
six of the southern states the percentage ran over 10%.
Vital Statistics. In 1915 the Census Bureau began the annual
analysis and publication of birth statistics based upon data obtained
from state registration records. In 1919 the birth registration area
covered nearly three-fifths (58-6%) of the total population. The
birth-rate varied in the five-year period 1915-9 from 25-1 per 1,000
in 1915 to 22-3 per 1,000 in 1919. The ratio of male births was 1,057
to 1,000 female births. The fecundity of foreign-born mothers was
much greater than that of native mothers. For example, in Connecti-
cut, although the white married women of foreign birth, age 15 to
42, constituted only 46% of the total' pop. of white married women
of that age group, they gave birth to 57% of the children. In
Massachusetts 49 % of foreign-born mothers gave birth to 53 % of
the children; and in New York 43% of foreign-born mothers gave
birth to 49 % of the children. The first and second children formed
50 % of all children born to native white mothers, while only 34 %
born to foreign-born mothers were first and second children.
The registration area for mortality statistics covers more than
three-fourths of the population. Between 1900 and 1921 the death-
rate varied from a minimum of 13-5 per 1,000 in 1915 to 18 per
1,000 in 1918. This latter high rate was due largely to the great
influenza pandemic. The rate of infant mortality (the number of
deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 born alive) for the
registration area in 1918 was 83 for the white pop.; for negro pop.,
131 ; and for the total pop., 87.
A third nation-wide compilation of statistics of marriage and
divorce was made by the Bureau of Census, covering the year 1916.
There were 1,040,778 marriages, or 10-5 per 1,000 of the popula-
tion. In some of the southern states the rate ran as high as 11-9
per 1,000. There were 112,036 divorces. The statistics were not
analyzed to show ratios of divorce to marriage, but only the ratios
to population. For the whole country the ratio of divorce was 112
per 100,000 population. In New England the ratio was 80, Middle
Atlantic states 43, Southern states 59, and Pacific states 210.
Of the divorces 31-1% were granted to the husband and 68-9%
to the wife.
Religious Bodies. For statistics of Christian churches, see the
article CHURCH HISTORY: section United States. Statistics of mem-
bership in Jewish churches are unsatisfactory for purpose of com-
parison with other denominations, for they are restricted to heads
856
UNITED STATES
of families. In 1920, according to returns published in the Year
Book of Churches by the Federal Council of Churches, there were
2,960 Jewish congregations with a membership of 260,000; 784
Sunday-schools with a membership of 108,534. These figures may
be compared with the report of the Bureau of Census which gives
1,901 congregations and 357,135 members for the year 1916. Accord-
ing to the American Jewish Year Book for 1920 there were in 1918
3.390,300 Jews as against 1,777,185 in 1907. According to the same
authority nearly one-half, or 48-6 %, of the Jews resided in the state
of New York in 1918, and 45% in New York City. It is estimated
that 26 % of the total pop. of New York City is Jewish. Between
1907 and 1918 the Jewish pop. of New York state increased from
905,000 to 1,603,923; Pennsylvania, from 150,000 to 322,406; and
Illinois, from 110,000 to 246,637. It was also estimated that the
Jewish pop. constituted about 3-2 % of the total pop. of the United
States; in New York it was 15 %; in Connecticut and Massachusetts
5 /a and in Maryland 4-5%. Jewish immigration 1899-1919 num-
bered 1,551,315, or 10-4% of the total number of immigrants.
Agriculture. During the decade 1910-20, the number of farms
showed a slight gain, 1-4%. In 1920 there were 6,448,343 as com-
pared with 6,361,502 in 1910. A comparison of these numbers with
the total pop. shows that in 1910 there was one farm for every 14
of the pop., and in 1920 one farm for every 16. The decrease in the
number of farms was particularly marked in states east of the Mis-
sissippi; for example, in Connecticut 15-5%; Massachusetts 13-4%;
New York 10-5 %; Ohio 5-6 %; and Illinois 5-8 %. In New England
the number of farms decreased by 32,238, giving in 1920 one farm
for every 47 persons. The total farm acreage increased somewhat
more rapidly than the number of farms, from 878,798,325 ac. to
955-883,715 ac., nearly 8-8%. The greater portion of this increase
was due to the use of jand for dry farming in the arid states of the
Rocky Mountain section and also to the enclosure of large areas
for grazing. In 1919 there were 507,000,000 ac. under cultivation.
One half of the total land area of the United States was in 1920
included in farms, as compared with 46-2 % in 1910. Of the 956,000,-
ooo ac. included in farms, 88,000,000 in 1919 was devoted to corn;
73,000,000 to wheat; 73,000,000 to hay; 38,000,000 to oats; and
33,000,000 to cotton. Nearly one-third of the farm area and nearly
one-sixth of the total land area is used for the growing of these five
products. The average size of farms slightly increased between
1910-20, from 138-1 ac. to 148-2 acres. Notwithstanding the small
increase in the number of farms, and of acreage in farms, the value
of all farms, lands and buildings increased from $35,000,000,000 in
1910 to $66,000,000,000 in 1920, or 90%. This increase, however,
was due largely to the abnormally high prices prevailing in 1920,
rather than to new investments and improvement of property. For
the same reason the average value of land and buildings per farm
for the United States as a whole greatly increased, rising from
$5,471 in 1910 to $10,284 in 1920. In 1910 62-1% of farms were
owned by their cultivators and in 1920 60-9%. In New England,
New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania, there was a decline in
tenancy but there was a marked increase in the Mountain and
Pacific states. During the decade 1910-20 native white farmers
increased from 4,721,063 to 4,917,386; foreign-born white farmers
decreased from 669,556 to 581,068; coloured farmers increased
from 920,883 to 949,889. The countries furnishing the greater
number of foreign-born farmers were, in 1920, Germany (140 667),
Sweden (60,461), Norway (5L999), Canada (48,688), Russia' (32,-
388), Austria (30,172), England (26,614), Denmark (25,565), Italy
(18,267), Poland (17,352), Ireland (16,562), Holland (15,589), Fin-
land (14,988), Switzerland (13,051), Mexico (12,142), Scotland
(7.605), Hungary (7,122), France (6,119).
The United States is an agricultural country, but the question is
frequently asked whether agriculture is keeping pace with the growth
of the population. A comparison of the annual crop for the three-
year period 1907-9 with that for the period 1917-9 for corn, wheat,
and oats gives the following :
Average 1917-9
bushels
Average 1907-9
bushels
Corn
Wheat .
Oats
2,828,000,000
833,000,000
1,459,000,000
2,678,000,000
679,000,000
856,000,000
_ A comparison of these figures with the population at the respec-
tive dates shows that the per capita product of corn is slightly less,
that of wheat and oats greater.
Table 9 shows the estimated annual crop of some of the most
important agricultural staples for each of the 10 years, 1910-9.
TABLE 9. Annual Crops; in millions.
Corn
(bus.)
Wheat
(bus.)
Oats
(bus.)
Cot-
ton
(bales)
Irish
pota-
toes
(bus.)
To-
bacco
Ob.)
Wool
db.)
1910
2,886
635
1,186
n-6
349
1,103
321
1911
2,531
621
922
15-7
293
905
319
1912
3,125
730
,418
13-7
421
963
304
1913
2,447
763
,122
14-2
332
954
296
1914
2,673
891
,141
16-1
410
1,035
290
1915
2,995
1,026
,549
1 1 -2
360
1,062
286
1916
2,567
636
,252
n-4
287
1,153
288
1917
3,065
637
,593
"3
442
1,249
282
1918
2,503
921
,538
12-0
412
1,439
299
1919
2,346
945
.055
"3
290
1,372
307
The annual production of cotton did not greatly change in the
IO years 1910-0, running about 1 1,000,000 bales (500 lb.). Domestic
consumption, however, slowly increased, leaving a smaller amount
for export. During the five-year period, 1910-4, the average annual
export was 8,811,000 bales, and in the five years 1915-9, 6,310,000
bales, a decline of 28 per cent. The production of wool also remained
fairly constant, approximating 300,000,000 lb. annually. Imports
in the years 1915-9 were greater than ever before and the total con-
sumption therefore larger, as exports were insignificant. The aver-
age annual consumption, domestic and foreign, 1910-4, was 509,-
000,000 lb., and 1915-9 690,000,000 lb. Since 1914 the United
States has been dependent upon foreign countries for more than
one-half its wool consumption as compared with two-fifths, or even
only one-third in the earlier years of the century.
Strenuous efforts were made during the World War period, even
before the entry of the United States, to increase the production of
wheat. In 1916 the average farm value per bus. for the first time
since the decade following the Civil War, was above Si. A record
crop was produced in 1915, amounting to over a thousand million
bushels. The average annual production for the five years 1910-4
was 697,000,000 bus., and in the succeeding five years 1915-9,
822,000,000, giving an average annual increase of 125,000,000;
on the basis of an annual per capita consumption of five bus.
this provided bread for 25,000,000 people. In the years 1910-4
the average annual export was 125,000,000 bus., and in 1915-9,
240,000,000 bushels.
The domestic beet-sugar industry during the 10 years 1910-9
became firmly established. Until 1907 the volume of beet-sugar
E reduction was less than that of cane sugar; in later years it has
een far in excess. The production, in millions of pounds, was
1,775 in 1910 (cane 750, beet 1,025); 1,937 in 1915 (cane 493, beet
1,444); and 2,091 in 1919 (cane 569, beet 1,522). The outlying
possessions of the United States (Porto Rico, Hawaii and the
Philippine Is.) provide an amount of sugar approximately equal to
that produced at home. This, however, does not meet the demands
of domestic consumption, and the United States is still dependent
upon foreign countries for half its needs. The annual per capita
production of sugar was approximately 80 lb. in 1920 as compared
with 70 lb. in 1900.
The crops of hay, sweet potatoes, rye, barley, and rice, as esti-
mated by the Department of Agriculture for 1910 and 1919, are
seen in Table 10.
In 1919 the production of apples was 26,174,000 bar., of which
one state, Washington, yielded one-fourth (6,440,000 bar.). The
peach crop amounted to 50,690,000 bus. valued at a little over
$100,000,000. In 1918 1,525,792 ac. were devoted to truck crops.
The number of cattle on farms in 1920 was 66,652,559, as com-
pared with 61,803,866 in 1910. This increase did not keep pace
with the growth in population. The number of swine was 59,346,-
409 as compared with 58,185,676 in 1910, and again the increase
was not in proportion to population. The number of sheep as esti-
mated by the Department of Agriculture in 1920 was 48,615,000 as
against 52,447,861 in 1910. The wool product in 1919 was 307,459,-
ooo lb. as compared with 321,363,000 lb. in 1910. In 1919 the
product of Wyoming was 33,415,000 lb. ; Idaho, 22,145,000 lb.;
Montana, 17,750,000 lb.; Utah, 15,800,000 lb.; New Mexico,
15,076,000 lb.
The Department of Agriculture in its Year Book of 1918 esti-
mates that 350,000,000 ac., or nearly one-fifth of the land area of the
United States, is too rough or hilly for the successful cultivation of
crops. It may, however, be adapted to the growth of forests or used
for grazing purposes. Nearly one-third of the land area, or 600,000,-
ooo ac., receives insufficient rainfall for the profitable production of
TABLE
10. Hay and other Crops.
1919
191
o
Amount
Farm Value
Amount
Farm Value
Hay (short tons)
Sweet potatoes (bus.)
Rye
Barley
Rice
91,326,000
78,091,000
88,478,000
165,719,000
41,059,000 .
* 1, 839,967 ,000
124,844,000
119,041,000
200,419,000
109,61 -5,000
60,978,000
59,938,000
34,897,000
173.832,000
24,510,000
1747,769,000
40,216,000
24,953,000
100,426,000
16,624,000
UNITED STATES
857
crops at normal prices and affords no possibility of irrigation. A
total of 40,000,000 ac. is absolute desert. It is estimated that 200,-
000,000 ac. of forest, " cut-over " land, and woodland including
that in farms, could be used for crops after clearing. This, if divided
into farms averaging 160 ac., would provide 1,250,000 farms, or an
addition of about 20% to the number of farms in the country.
Moreover, 60,000,000 ac. of swamp land can be drained, and 30,000,-
ooo ac. of potentially irrigable land can be converted into farms if
available sources of water supply are fully utilized. In all there are
about 850,000,000 ac. of land at present in crops and potentially
available. A little over 1,000,000,000 ac. of non-arable land con-
sist of 360,000,000 ac. of absolute forest land, 615,000,000 ac. of
grazing land, 40,000,000 ac. desert land and 40,000,000 ac. in cities,
roads and railway rights of way. It is also estimated that 360,000,-
ooo ac. of forests will not be sufficient to supply a population of
150,000,000, but that 450,000,000 ac. will be needed for that num-
ber. To provide food, therefore, more intensive methods of farm-
ing will be required. For corn the average yield per ac. in the five
years 1900-4 was 24-2 bus., and in 1915-9, 26-3 bushels. The
yields for wheat were 13-4 and 14-3 bus. ; for oats 31 and 33-7 bus. ;
and for barley 25-7 and 25-6 bus., respectively, for the two periods.
(See also the section Agriculture.)
- Manufactures. A census of manufactures was taken for 1914 and
another for 1919. The results of the latter had not been fully pub-